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Document Sample
Development of a Roadmap to
Achieve Excellence in ICT Higher
Education in the Arab region
Pr. Bouchaib BOUNABAT
National Higher School for Computer Science and Systems analysis (ENSIAS)
Med V – Souissi University, Rabat, Morocco
International Expert in ICT Strategies and e-Government
bounabat@ensias.ma
November 02-06, 2009 – Ifrane, Morocco
Outline
• Current situation diagnosis
• Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
• Strategic Action Plan
• Roadmap Implementation
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 2
Current situation diagnosis
• ICT in Arab countries
• ICT Higher Education: Present status
• International Benchmarking
• Synthesis (SWOT matrix)
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 3
Current situation diagnosis
ICT in Arab countries
• Substantial strides in integrating the new strands of the information society into traditional, social,
economic, and cultural patterns. 7th annual Global Information Technology Report (2008):
– Adaptation of the legal and regulatory frameworks for ICT
– Deployment of ICT infrastructure enhancement programs
– Improvement of ICT accessibility : Internet, mobile telephone use, etc.
– Development of national e-government programs
– Successful interregional connectivity initiatives : ArabSat
– Creation of a research-promoting environment via clusters and/or technology incubators
• Major challenges in ICT adoption and usage to be met by Arab states :
– Weakness of local ICT competencies almost all needed equipment is imported
– Poor performance of R&D and Innovation (RDI) in ICT intensifying reliance on foreign expertise and the “brain
drain”
– Low speed rate deficient services
– Higher costs of services discouraging both demand and supply
– High software piracy rates recorded in the Arab region
– Weakness of digital Arabic content
– Triple digital divide in Arab states: (1) between the Arab world as a whole and the rest of the world, (2) across Arab
states, and (3) within Arab states.
“Enhancing the process of developing human and institutional capabilities in ICT: All aspects
related to the building of ICT capacity (planning, delivery and partnerships management)
must be dealt with in a comprehensive manner in order to train a critical mass of ICT
specialists, set-up a strong policy of RDI and achieve excellence in ICT higher education”
“The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2007” - Recommendation
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 4
Current situation diagnosis
ICT Higher Education: Present status
• Developing ICT industry challenge faced by all Arab countries launching of numerous
ambitious programs of training on ICT : “10, 000 Engineers by 2010” initiative in Morocco,
“Education Reform for the Knowledge Economy” program in Jordan, “Tunisian Virtual Schools”
in Tunisia, “Iraqi Networking Academies Project” in Iraq, “Professional Training Program” in
Egypt, etc.
• Major problems to be solved:
– Bring up-to-date ICT courses and teaching strategies offered in Arab institutes
– Deal with the severe shortage of professors in Computer Science and Computer Engineering
– Enhance the aptitudes of human resources involved in ICT training and R&D processes
– Develop pertinent and strong RDI activities in ICT fields
– Establish a clear policy aimed at building strong and sustainable partnerships between Arab ICT
Higher Education Institutes (AIHEIs) and both the private business community and the public
administration
– Adopt rigorous and regular assessment as a means to achieve higher quality in higher education
The offered ICT curricula must be market-oriented, based on strong theoretical foundations, aligned
on international academic and industrial requirements and standards, and updated in line with
advances in technology and business.
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 5
Current situation diagnosis
ICT Higher Education: SWOT Matrix
Helpful Harmful
to reach the objective to achieve the objective
Strengths Weaknesses
Launching and setting-up a comprehensive national reform of Poor performance of RDI in ICT
higher education in most Arab countries Real difficulties to satisfy the local market needs of graduating students
National, regional and international recognition of many Arab Teaching methods tend to focus on passive rather than proactive
ICT higher institutions learning
High demand and increasing job opportunities for Arab ICT Limitation of the available programs in scope and applicability
Internal institutions graduates Very few contracts signed between Arab universities and both the
origin Noticeable strides towards the relevance of programs aimed at private business community and the public Administration
(attributes of the increasing employability No clear policy to set-up real certification systems of acquired
system) Increasing Investment of Arab universities in developing local professional knowledge in ICT fields
and regional RDI Deficiency of the student/ lecturer ratio
Existence of incubating technological start-ups and small
business projects
Growing openness of the Arab university to its socio-economic
environment
Development of international collaboration
Opportunities Threats
Noticeable improvements in technology-readiness of the Arab Persistent digital divides within and across Arab states, and between the
region Arab region and the rest of the world
External Elaboration and carrying out of strong national ICT Strategies Weakness of local ICT capabilities confirmed by the fact that nearly all
Strong national and regional willingness to boost scientific equipment is imported
origin research Strong brain drain to which local graduates are exposed
(attributes of the launching of pan-Arab foundations for the development of High software piracy rates recorded in the Arab region
environment) world-class knowledge in the Arab region Weakness of the Arabic content
Setting-up of dedicated techno poles and techno parks of
international standards.
Successful interregional connectivity initiatives (Arabsat, etc.)
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 6
Current situation diagnosis
International Benchmarking of Good
Practices
• Increase the number of highly-skilled ICT graduates
• Enhance and update ICT curricula continuously
• Ensure a global adequate environment to ICT institutions
• Set up and/or reinforce a quality monitoring system
• Promote R&D activities in ICT fields that are consistent and
meet industry and development needs
• Reinforce innovation ability of ICT higher education
institutions
• Build strong collaborative partnerships and networks
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 7
Outline
• Current situation diagnosis
• Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
• Action Plan
• Strategic Roadmap Implementation
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 8
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
• Vision
• Strategic-Objective-1- Training ICT quality
graduates
• Strategic-Objective-2- Strengthening the
openness of AIHE Institutions
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 9
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
Vision
• The strategic vision of the targeted roadmap consists of
achieving excellence in ICT higher education in the Arab
region.
• It mainly aims to use ICT higher education to :
– reinforce the development of Arab countries in various aspects –
economic, social, political and cultural, and, thus,
– develop this region to become knowledge-based and able to benefit from
innovations and increased competitiveness in the international arena.
• Two Strategic-Objectives :
– To train ICT quality graduates
– To strengthen the openness of AIHE Institutions
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 10
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
Strategic-Objective-1- Training ICT quality graduates
• Objectives :
– To deal with the difficulties related to the satisfaction of the local
market needs of ICT professionals
– To provide the market with highly qualified graduates who can :
• develop the Arab region from an ICT consumer to an ICT producer and
even exporter
• serve as national leaders for the future in this sensitive and strategic
domain.
• Two Strategic Levers (SL) :
– Reviewing and updating ICT curricula
– Providing AIHEIs with the necessary environment to attain excellence
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 11
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
Strategic-Objective-1- Training ICT quality graduates
Strategic Lever 1.1 - Reviewing and updating ICT curricula
• Training graduates capable of leading new ICT industry activities :
– Application oriented solutions development,
– ICT systems implementation, management and support,
– ICT selling and consultancy
• Ensuring Balance between :
– Solid mathematical and scientific understanding
– Fundamental skills based on traditional computer science such as Programming, Data structures, Data basis, Top-Down
Program Design, Operating Systems, Hardware Architecture and Electricity
– General or vocational specialization skills mainly including : Information Systems, software Engineering, Communication
Networks, and Processors and Platforms
• Introducing and/or enhancing of ICT curricula related to the integration of systems and technological
convergence, namely :
– Interoperability, Business Intelligence,
– Embedded Systems, Information Security, and
– Interdisciplinary modules (e.g. e-Government, e-Business, e-Commerce, e-Education, etc.)
• Enhancing managerial and behavioural graduates skills, mainly by :
– Introducing more specific courses : e.g. business fundamentals, Information projects management, leadership, problem-
solving skills, capability to innovate, etc.
– Including multicultural aspects in AIHEIs curricula.
– Giving more importance to international ICT degrees to help students be more culturally sensitive,
– Providing double majors or double degrees by combining ICT with commerce, law and other disciplines.
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 12
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
Strategic-Objective-1- Training ICT quality graduates
Strategic Lever 1.2 - Providing AIHEIs with the necessary environment
to attain excellence
• Developing the academic skills of the staff in parallel with the rapid evolution of
ICT
• Setting-up and/or reinforcing the ICT based reform of the teaching and learning
methods (specific online directories, e-learning platforms, etc.), as well as the
prerequisite change management within universities.
• Setting-up and/or reinforcing the quality monitoring system enabling AIHEIs to
function with responsibility, accountability and transparency.
The quality monitoring system can eventually become a real national and/or regional
ranking system of AIHEIs in order to create and enhance the necessary competitiveness
for any excellence willingness.
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 13
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
Strengthening the openness of
Strategic-Objective-2-
AIHE Institutions
• Objective : To enable AIHEIs
– To be opened up to get engaged effectively and actively in their socio-
economic environment, and to meet community-identified needs,
problems and issues,
– to generate and apply knowledge which promotes economic,
environmental and social prosperity,
– to provide leadership and highly skilled graduates for the development
of both ICT in business and ICT industries.
• Two strategic levers (SL):
– Promoting ICT RDI Activities
– Building collaborative partnerships and strong networks
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 14
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
Strengthening the openness of
Strategic-Objective-2-
AIHE Institutions
Strategic Lever 2.1 - Promoting ICT RDI Activities
• Encourage talented people with productive skills to pursue both fundamental and action
research, in collaboration with laboratories, universities, industries and professionals
• Make Arab ICT R&D activities flexible and responsive to the real needs of the economic and
social environment in terms of co-operative projects and programs
• Reinforce the innovation ability of Arab ICT higher education in order to help local firms to
produce high-quality products at low costs, and to deal with the increasingly individualized
customer’s demands
• Improving ICT RDI domains Selection Process :
– Adaptation of international recognised and trustworthy classification of ICT research fields : e.g.
CISTRANA- the European initiative for the Coordination of IST Research and National Activities
– Interdisciplinary domains : e-government, e-commerce, e-education, e-health + cyber-security
– Special domain : Arabic content development
– Domains with potentially revolutionary importance for science and economy: such as Biotechnology
and Nanotechnology.
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 15
Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
Strengthening the openness of
Strategic-Objective-2-
AIHE Institutions
Strategic Lever 2.2 - Building of collaborative partnerships and strong
networks
• Maintaining a narrow, cross-sectoral and bi-directional collaboration between Industry and
AIHEIs, especially their R&D Centres.
• To launch joint industry academia research projects targeting :
– The creation of a useful and innovative knowledge base
– The forecasting of the necessary actions to deal with the future needs and requirements of industry
– The emergence of technological clusters
– The setting-up of real certification traditions of ICT acquired professional knowledge.
• Creating partnerships and networks able :
– To avoid duplication of R&D efforts and to make a better use of financial, infrastructural and human
resources
– To build an Arab critical mass of researchers and expertise in ICT fields,
– To allow Arab institutions to emerge at the international level and
– To make the Arab region become respectable interlocutor, especially vis-à-vis global ICT
corporations.
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 16
Outline
• Current situation diagnosis
• Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
• Action Plan
• Strategic Roadmap Implementation
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 17
Action Plan
• Roadmap Collaborating stakeholders
• Strategic Action (SA):
– Building-up of a national e-skills framework and an ICT needs data
collaborative platform
– Strengthening AIHEIs internal capacities
– Launching relevant programs for the enhancement of AIHEIs Academic
cooperation
– Creation of an Arab-wide e-skills qualifications framework
– Development of a pan-Arab collaborative ICT skills e-learning platform
– Structuring and reinforcement of AIHEIs RDI units
– Promotion of innovation within AIHEIs’ research structures
– Reinforcement of regional and international ICT RDI cooperation
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 18
Action Plan
Roadmap Collaborating stakeholders
• Major challenges to be met by AIHEIIs :
– To make the various stakeholders work together by appropriating planned
actions following their prerogative and expertise.
Stakeholder Contribution
ICT Education and • Training world-class ICT graduates and researchers
R&D communities • Making Arab ICT innovations reach local and international markets
4.5% (Japan 2%)
ICT industry actors • fostering e-skills of the Arab region’s ICT workforce.
• providing leadership, and ICT expertise to back up projects and
programs promoting ICT training, R&D and the innovation
ICT policy makers • Shaping the proposed strategic actions in the national context
• Ensuring an adequate global environment (legal, funding, governance,
coordination, etc.) to the targeted roadmap
• assessing the outcomes of the planned strategic actions and their real
impact
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 19
Action Plan
SA-1- Building-up of a national e-skills framework and
an ICT needs data collaborative platform
• Purpose:
– To elaborate and apply a common and seamless national e-skill framework
taking into account newly-introduced technologies, employees’ skills
requirements and development actors’ perspectives
Expected Outcome International similar initiative
National e-skills Framework • UK’ SFIA - Skills Framework for the
Information Age
• “Light” version for countries with a lack of
adequate vocational training
ICT needs data collaborative • The European e-Skills Forum project
platform
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 20
Action Plan
SA-2- Strengthening AIHEIs internal capacities
• Purpose:
– To launch and achieve pertinent projects enhancing AIHEIs internal
capacities
Expected Outcome International similar initiative
Training programs for ICT
academic staff
ICT curricula certification the Council of European Professional
programs Informatics Societies (CEPIS) :
Comprehensive list of existing in today's
training and certification market
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 21
Action Plan
SA-3- Launching relevant programs for the
enhancement of AIHEIs Academic cooperation
• Main purpose :
– to launch a pan-Arab program “ TAIMAR ( ” ثمارTrans-Academic ICT-staff
Mobility in the Arab Region), supporting and funding ICT higher
education joint Arab projects.
Expected Outcome International similar initiative
• Multilateral partnerships between • The European program TEMPUS (Trans-
AIHEIs and their partners European Mobility Program for
University Studies)
• Introduction of new diplomas and
Double degrees
• Mobility activities for AIHEIs p rofessors
and researchers
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 22
Action Plan
SA-4- Creation of an Arab-wide e-skills qualifications
framework
• Main purpose :
– To set up an Arab-wide framework (JISR – “ ) ”جسرfacilitating the mutual
recognition and transferability of ICT qualifications among AIHEIs and
partner institutions
Expected Outcome International similar initiative
Arab-wide e-skills qualifications • The European e-Skills Forum project
framework - JISR – “( ” جسرJoint ICT
Skills Recognition)
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 23
Action Plan
SA-5- Development of a pan-Arab collaborative ICT
skills e-learning platform
• Main purpose :
– To build a strong Arab network for ICT learning, first step towards the
setting-up of an Arab inter-university postgraduate programs on ICT
Expected Outcome Requirements
Creation of an innovative world- • Development of detailed ICT curricula based on a
class Arab ICT skills e-learning common e-skills framework (planned in Strategic
platform Action 1)
• Development of local AIHEIs’ e-learning platforms
(planned in Strategic Action 3)
• solution of various technical and semantic
interoperability problems
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 24
Action Plan
SA-6- Structuring and reinforcement of AIHEIs RDI
units
• Main purpose :
– To structure and reinforce RDI activities as a first inevitable step towards
the building up of real Excellence Centres in AIHEIs
Expected Outcome Goals
ICT RDI Centre • to deal with all ethical ICT RDI aspects, namely those related to the protection
Excellence charter of intellectual property rights
ICT infrastructure • to be able to carry out RDI projects including high performance computing,
for ICT RDI Centres broadband communication networks, digital libraries and large scale
information repositories
Online ICT RDI • To support cooperative RDI projects, and especially shape and enhance
information sharing industry AIHEIs joint ICT RDI projects in an e-collaborative way
system
• To ensure the availability of the full text of ICT doctoral dissertations, master
theses and relevant research papers
ICT RDI monitoring • To set up benchmarks in the institution as indicators of the quality and
and evaluation achievements of all the planned RDI projects, and as a basis of its rating and
system
ranking
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 25
Action Plan
SA-7- Promotion of innovation within AIHEIs’ research
structures
• Main purpose :
– To clearly define the innovation process, ensure its quality, and prepare the
adequate environment so that it can succeed
Expected Outcome Recommendations
Launching of joint industry academia research • Setting-up of specific incubators
projects
Web-enabled collaborative platform for • Maintained and shared by each AIHEI and local
managing the Innovation ICT industry stakeholders.
Launching a technological park • Encouraging high-value-added technological and
creative activities
• Attracting foreign investors thanks to a high
international profile.
Setting-up of permanent local innovation task • Making involved representatives from AIHEIs’
forces Excellence Centres, ICT industry and public
sectors
• Using of all the mentioned tools (i.e. national e-
skills framework, national ICT labour market
data repository, Excellence Centre active
directories)
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 26
Action Plan
SA-8- Reinforcement of regional and international ICT
RDI cooperation
• Main purpose :
– To promote inter-institutional RDI cooperation projects involving only
AIHEIs and/or including AIHEIs and their international partners.
Expected Outcome International similar initiative
Elaboration and Application of IRFAN - • EUROINDIA :Euro-India ICT Cooperation
“ ( ”عرفانICT Research Framework Initiative
program for Arab Nations) • “PRO INNO Europe” European Initiative
Pan-Arab web-based collaborative • European technology platforms
platform for ICT RDI sharing and initiatives
dissemination
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 27
Outline
• Current situation diagnosis
• Roadmap Vision and Strategic Objectives
• Action Plan
• Strategic Roadmap Implementation
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 28
Strategic Roadmap Implementation
Regional profile of ICT capacity building
• Objectives :
– To customise the planned strategic actions following national needs and priorities
– To make Arab states collaborate efficiently for the benefit of a regional integration
• Approach : ESCWA’ maturity levels concept grouping Arab countries into homogenous
cluster:
– Maturity Level 1: It underlines the lack of adequate vocational training and insufficient
university level involvement in terms of curricula and outputs. This level also indicates the
absence of RDI in ICT.
– Maturity Level 2: Vocational training is available, and universities have established some form of
ICT oriented curricula and its related output. RDI in ICT is still in the early stages.
– Maturity Level 3: It denotes consistent vocational training output in terms of quantity and
quality which suits the job market. This level also signals increased output from universities in
both outcomes and curricula.
• Due to the lack of updated information and relevant indicators on ICT capacity
building in Arab countries, the nominative classification of these countries may
seem subjective.
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 29
Strategic Roadmap Implementation
Strategic Roadmap projects
Strategic Projects National Implementation bodies members ML 1 ML 2 ML 3
action (SA)
SA-1 Development of a National e-skills framework MT ST ST
AIHEIs, ICT Industry, Ministry of Education,
Building of Web-based platform specific to the needs of ICT labour market ICT Governmental authorities or agencies LT MT ST
Setting-up of a National ICT Skills e-Forum LT MT ST
SA-1 Carrying out of training programs for ICT academic staff AIHEIs ST ST ST
Setting-up of an ICT curricula certification System AIHEIs, ICT Industry MT ST ST
Building of ICT skills e-learning platforms/ Students AIHEIs MT ST ST
Building of an ICT knowledge platform / AIHEIs professors AIHEIs LT MT ST
Setting-up of National ICT e-learning academies AIHEIs, Ministry of Education LT LT MT
Development of a Gateway linking to other regional and international virtual AIHEIs, ICT Industry, Ministry of Education, LT LT MT
universities ICT Governmental authorities or agencies
Implementation of an accountability system and particularly of an ICT AIHEIs, Ministry of Education MT ST ST
curricula monitoring and evaluation system
SA-1 Implementation of Multilateral partnerships between AIHEIs and their AIHEIs, ST ST ST
partners
Introduction of new diplomas and double degrees AIHEIs, Ministry of Education LT MT ST
Launching of Mobility activities for AIHEIs professors and researchers National level : AIHEIs ST ST ST
Regional level : Arab Coordination Commission
SA-1 Development of an Arab-wide ICT qualifications framework - JISR – “ ” Arab Coordination Commission MT MT ST
(Joint ICT Skills Recognition)
SA-1 Building of an Arab ICT skills e-learning platform LT LT MT
Arab Coordination Commission
Development of Arab inter-university postgraduate programs on ICT LT LT LT
SA-1 Elaboration and implementation of RDI Excellence Centre charter AIHEIs, LT MT ST
Providing ICT infrastructure for AIHIEs’ RDI Structures AIHEIs, Ministry of Education ST ST ST
Setting-up an of an online ICT RDI information sharing system AIHEIs MT ST ST
Settinn-up of an ICT RDI monitoring and evaluation system AIHEIs, Ministry of Education MT ST ST
SA-1 Launching of joint industry academia research projects AIHEIs, ICT Industry, Ministry of Education MT ST ST
Building Web-enabled collaborative platform for managing the Innovation AIHEIs LT ST ST
Launching technological park AIHEIs, ICT Industry, Ministry of Education, LT MT ST
ICT Governmental authorities or agencies
Setting-up of permanent local innovation task forces AIHEIs, ICT Industry, Ministry of Education, LT MT ST
ICT Governmental authorities or agencies
SA-1 Carrying out of joint ICT RDI inter-Arab and international projects ST ST ST
Building of Pan-Arab web-based collaborative platform for ICT RDI sharing LT MT ST
and dissemination Arab Coordination Commission
Setting-up a Regional ICT watch system LT MT
30MT
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat
Launching of an Arab Technology Platforms initiative LT ST LT
Strategic Roadmap Implementation
Roadmap Governance bodies
• Two Roadmap governance levels :
– Senior-level decision making: Developing, adopting, articulating, and communicating the
decisions by which strategic actions and their related projects are conducted
– Implementation: Ensuring that the decisions are implemented effectively
• Recommendations :
– Creation in each Arab country of a Centralized Steering Committee (CSC) :
• Dedicated to the fulfilment of the roadmap strategic actions
• Integrated into a broad concept of educational reform
• Key Success factors : political support at a high political level, independence from stakeholders
and transparency
– Creation of a Regional Coordination Commission (RCC) : essential for
• The harmonization of the works of national roadmap governing bodies,
• The achievement of the pan-Arab planned project (e.g. Development of “ JISR – - ” جسرJoint ICT
Skills Recognition, “ TAIMAR - ” ثمارTrans-Academic ICT-staff Mobility in the Arab Region, IRFAN
- “ ”عرفانICT Research Framework program for Arab Nations, Building of Pan-Arab web-based
collaborative platform for ICT RDI sharing and dissemination, etc.).
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 31
Strategic Roadmap Implementation
Roadmap evaluation and assessing
• Objective :
– To ensure the availability of reliable and consistent information related to the
evaluation of the real impact of the undertaken projects on the excellence
achievement process in AIHEIs.
• Recommendations :
– To take into account the value of both qualitative and quantitative information .
– To distinguish between :
• Indicators gauging implementation activities : e-skills frameworks elaboration,
developing specific web-based platforms development, AIHEIs ICT infrastructure,
professors training, etc. and
• Indicators measuring the economic, environmental, and social effects or outcomes
of implementation.
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 32
Wisdom is knowing what to do next…
Skill is knowing how to do it, and…
Virtue is doing it!
David Starr Jordan
...وشكرا
Pr. Bouchaib BOUNABAT
bounabat@ensias.ma
November 02-06, 2009 – Ifrane, Morocco
Excellence in ICT Higher Education - B. Bounabat 33
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