728 Projective drawings—Cross-examining general considerations

							§ 7:28 Projective drawings—Cross-examining general considerations re the DAP

  [USE THE 22 FOUNDATIONAL QUESTIONS FROM CHAPTER ONE IF YOU HAVE NOT
                              YET DONE SO]

   1. The journal Psychological Bulletin is a generally recognized and accepted, peer-reviewed
journal in your field—Correct?

  2. And a 1957 article by Swenson published in Psychological Bulletin, titled "Empirical
Evaluations of Human Figure Drawings," might be relevant to your opinions in this case—
Correct?

  3. Please consider Swenson's comments regarding the DAP:

     [ read ]
     The evidence presented in this paper does not support Machover's hypotheses about the
  meaning of human figure drawings. More of the evidence directly contradicts her hypotheses
  than supports them.

     Now, my question: If more evidence contradicts the use of the DAP than supports it, your
  relying on the DAP could misinform and mislead this proceeding—Correct?

   4. You have not published anything in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Swenson's position in this regard— Correct?

   5. You cannot cite anything published in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Swenson's position in this regard— Correct?

   6. The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology is also a generally recognized and
accepted, peer-reviewed journal in your field—Correct?

   7. And a 1969 study by Wanderer published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, titled "Validity of Clinical Judgments Based on Human Figure Drawings," might be
relevant to your opinions in this case—Correct?

  8. Please consider the following 4 steps in Wanderer's study:
     [Consider printing these four steps on a piece of paper you can hand to the witness.]

    (1). Wanderer obtained DAP drawings from different groups of subjects including normals
  and schizophrenics.

     (2). Twenty well-recognized DAP experts were asked to identify the diagnostic group
  corresponding to each drawing.

     (3). The experts identified the drawings of mentally retarded individuals with considerable
  accuracy.

     (4). The accuracy with which they identified other diagnostic groups, including normal and
  schizophrenic subjects, did not exceed what would be expected from random guessing.
     Now, my question: If experts cannot accurately discriminate the DAPs of normal and
  schizophrenic individuals, then your relying on the DAP in this case could misinform and
  mislead this proceeding—Correct?

   9. You have not published anything in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Wanderer's findings—Correct?

   10. You cannot cite anything published in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Wanderer's findings—Correct?

  11. We have already established that the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology is a
generally recognized and accepted, peer-review journal in your field—Correct?

   12. And a 1970 study by Adler published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, titled "Evaluation of Human Figure Drawing Technique," might be relevant to your
opinions in this case—Correct?
  13. You knew that Adler found that the scoring procedures for the DAP were not used
consistently by different psychologists—Correct?

   14. And if the scoring procedures for the DAP are not used consistently by different
psychologists, the variations in scoring can lead to inconsistent conclusions when two or more
psychologists evaluate the same drawings —Correct?

   15. And inconsistent conclusions relying on the DAP could misinform and mislead this
proceeding—Correct?

   16. You have not published anything in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Adler's findings regarding inconsistent conclusions premised on the DAP—Correct?

   17. You cannot cite anything published in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Adler's findings regarding inconsistent conclusions premised on the DAP—Correct?

   18. Adler further indicated: "The literature is generally pessimistic about the validity of
drawings for personality and diagnostic evaluation."

     Now, my question:If "the literature is generally pessimistic about the validity of drawings
  for personality and diagnostic evaluation," then your relying on these drawings could
  misinform and mislead this proceeding—Correct?

   19. You have not published anything in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Adler's position in this regard—Correct?

   20. You cannot cite anything published in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Adler's position in this regard—Correct?

   21. Please consider Standard 2.02 (a) of the 1992 Ethical Code for psychologistsStandard
2.02 (a) of the 1992 Ethical Code for psychologists, addressing "Competence and Appropriate
Use of Assessments and Interventions," which states:

      [ read ]
     (a) Psychologists who develop, administer, score, interpret, or use psychological
  assessment techniques, interviews, tests, or instruments do so in a manner and for purposes
   that are appropriate in light of the research on or evidence of the usefulness and proper
   application of the techniques.

     Now, my question: Your work in this case obligates you to comply with this standard—
   Correct?

   22. If "the literature is generally pessimistic about the validity of drawings for personality and
diagnostic evaluation," your relying on the DAP neglects Standard 2.02 (a) of your ethical
codeStandard 2.02 (a) of your ethical code—Correct?

   23. Because if "the literature is generally pessimistic about the validity of drawings for
personality and diagnostic evaluation," you cannot use the DAP in a manner that is "appropriate
in light of the research on or evidence of the usefulness and proper application of the technique"
—Correct?

  24. Also please consider Standard 2.02 (b) of the 1992 Ethical CodeStandard 2.02 (b) of the
1992 Ethical Code for psychologists, addressing "Competence and Appropriate Use of
Assessments and Interventions," which states:

       [ read ]
      (b) Psychologists refrain from misuse of assessment techniques, interventions, results, and
   interpretations and take reasonable steps to prevent others from misusing the information
   these techniques provide. This includes refraining from releasing raw test results or raw test
   data to persons, other than to patients or clients as appropriate, who are not qualified to use
   such information.

      Now, my question: Your work in this case obligates you to also comply with this
   standard—Correct?

   25. If "the literature is generally pessimistic about the validity of drawings for personality and
diagnostic evaluation," your relying on the DAP also neglects Standard 2.02 (b) of your ethical
codeStandard 2.02 (b) of your ethical code—Correct?

   26. Because if "the literature is generally pessimistic about the validity of drawings for
personality and diagnostic evaluation," you are at risk for misusing this "assessment technique"
and its "interpretations" —Correct?

   27. Adler further indicated: "More diagnostic errors in the use of drawings probably stem
from the failure to distinguish between cognitive immaturity and psychopathology than from any
other cause."

     Now, my question: If psychologists neglect to distinguish between cognitive immaturity
   and psychopathology when using the DAP, your relying on the DAP could further misinform
   and mislead this proceeding—Correct?

   28. You have not published anything in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Adler's position in this regard—Correct?

   29. You cannot cite anything published in a peer-reviewed journal necessitating that we
reconsider Adler's position in this regard—Correct?