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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES STUDIES UNIT
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA
Department of Botany
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
(808) 948-8218
Clifford W. Smith, Unit Director
Associate Professor of Botany
Technical Reports 38 & 39
HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DISTRICT
RESOURCES BASIC INVENTORY
38. CONIFERS AND FLOWERING PLANTS
by L. Stemmerrnann, P. K. Higashino,
and C. W. Smith
39. FERNS AND FERN ALLIES
by T Herat, P. K Higashino,
. .
. .
and C W Smith
July 1981
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contract No. CX 8000 7 0003
Contribution Numbers CPSU/UH 011/21
011/22
V
HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER D I S T R I C T
RESOURCES B A S I C INVENTORY:
FERNS AND FERN A L L I E S
T i s s a Herat
Paul K . Higashino
Clifford W. Smith
Department of Botany
U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii a t Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
ABSTRACT
Forty- nine s p e c i e s of ferns and fern allies were found
in the Crater District of Haleakala National Park during t h e
three- year Resources Basic Inventory program from 1 9 7 5 to 1977.
Ninety- six percent of the species a r e n a t i v e t o t h e Hawaiian
Islands. None of t h e n a t i v e s p e c i e s are threatened or endan-
gered. The e x o t i c s p e c i e s a r e n o t p o t e n t i a l weeds because they
a r e r a r e and a t t h e i r upper d i s t r i b u t i o n a l limit in the Park.
One new s p e c i e s i s t o be described whose type l o c a l i t y i s P a l i k c .
Two a r e a s a t P a l i k c a r e recommended f o r c o n s e r v a t i o n . I t is also
recommended t h a t f e r a l p i g s be e l i m i n a t e d in the Park because
they d e s t r o y f e r n s and f e r n h a b i t a t s .
vi
T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S
ABSTRACT.. ........................ V
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
METHODS AND M A T E R I A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
R E S U L T S AND D I S C U S S I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
APPENDIXI.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
APPENDIXII.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
L I S T OF T A B L E S
Table
The s t a t u s of t h e f e r n f l o r a of t h e C r a t e r
1
.........
D i s t r i c t of H a l e a k a l a N a t i o n a l P a r k . 61
59
INTRODUCTION
T h i s annotated Catalog and S t a t u s Report of t h e Ferns and
Fern A l l i e s of t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t of Haleakala National Park
(Appendix I ) i s based mainly on f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s and p l a n t s
c o l l e c t e d during t h e 1975 t o 1 9 7 7 Resources Basic Inventory ( R B I )
e x p e d i t i o n s . Further information obtained from specimens depos-
i t e d i n t h e h e r b a r i a of t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii (HAW) and t h e
B. P. Bishop Museum ( B I S H ) , Honolulu, a s well a s M i t c h e l l ' s
( 1 9 4 5 ) c h e c k l i s t , h a s been incorporated i n t o t h i s r e p o r t .
T h e d e l i m i t a t i o n of f a m i l i e s recognized is i n accordance
with Pichi-Sermolli ( 1 9 7 7 ) . The g e n e r i c and s p e c i f i c names have
been updated i n accordance w i t h r e c e n t monographs and o t h e r pub-
l i c a t i o n s , and t h e s p e c i e s a r e recorded i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r .
The common Hawaiian names of t h e s p e c i e s and t h e p l a c e names used
a r e i n accordance w i t h P o r t e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) and w i t h P u k u i , E l b e r t , and
Mookini ( 1 9 7 4 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . For each taxon, t h e following
information i s provided:
1. Name ( i n r e g u l a r t y p e ) . As updated i n accordance w i t h r e c e n t
monographs and o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s .
2. S t a t u s . Endemic s p e c i e s a r e t h o s e r e s t r i c t e d t o one or more
of t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s . Indigenous s p e c i e s ( v a r i e t i e s ,
e t c . ) a r e n a t i v e t o Hawai'i b u t a r e a l s o found o u t s i d e of t h e
Hawaiian I s l a n d s .
3. Comments. T h e s e may be of a g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n a l , eco-
l o g i c a l , morphological, or h i s t o r i c a l n a t u r e and a r e s e l f -
explanatory. Generalized d i s t r i b u t i o n i n the Hawaiian
I s l a n d s of a l l s p e c i e s i s also g i v e n .
For each s p e c i e s and v a r i e t y , a map showing d i s t r i b u t i o n within
t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i s provided i n Appendix 11.
The Abundance Ratings o f s p e c i e s naturalized throughout
Haleakala National Park a r e a s follows:
ABUNDANT A major component of t h e v e g e t a t i o n ;
COMMON Widely d i s t r i b u t e d i n l a r g e numbers i n an a r e a ;
NOT COMMON Seen s e v e r a l times i n an a r e a ;
RARE Seen o r reported one or few times i n an a r e a .
The h i s t o r y o f c o l l e c t i o n s and p u b l i c a t i o n s on f e r n s i n t h e
C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i s t h e same a s t h a t presented i n t h e c o n i f e r s and
flowering p l a n t s r e p o r t (Stemmermann e t a l . 1 9 8 1 ) from t h e R B I .
Most previous e x p e d i t i o n s were conducted by g e n e r a l c o l l e c t o r s
who tended t o c o n c e n t r a t e on f e r n s and flowering p l a n t s . This
60
R B I i s probably t h e f i r s t occasion on which f e r n s p e c i a l i s t s have
s y s t e m a t i c a l l y s t u d i e d t h e a r e a which accounts f o r t h e s i g n i f -
i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e number of s p e c i e s now known t o occur i n t h e
Crater D i s t r i c t .
METHODS AND MATERIALS
I n order t o reduce t h e chances of specimens becoming moldy
i n t h e f i e l d , they were pressed and t r e a t e d w i t h a s o l u t i o n O f
formaldehyde. L a t e r , they were s o r t e d , r e p r e s s e d , and dryed over
a p l a n t d r y e r . Three specimens of each s p e c i e s were c o l l e c t e d
and a s e t of each i s deposited i n t h e following h e r b a r i a :
B. P . Bishop Museum ( B I S H ) , Honolulu, Hawai'i;
U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii ( H A W ) , Honolulu, Hawai'i;
Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawai'i.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e herbarium specimens, o t h e r materials--espe-
c i a l l y from t h e g e n u s Dryopteris- - were c o l l e c t e d f o r anatomical,
chromosomal, and spore s t u d i e s . The type specimen of t h e new
s p e c i e s p r o v i s i o n a l l y proposed w i t h i n Dr o t e r i s w i l l be depos-
i t e d i n t h e U . s. National Herbarium ( U S)+!xh=o n i an I n s t i t u-
t i o n , i n Washington, D. C . , and i s o t y p e s i n t h e t h r e e h e r b a r i a
mentioned above.
RESULTS AND D I S C U S S I O N
Forty- nine s p e c i e s of f e r n s and f e r n a l l i e s a r e p r e s e n t
i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t of Haleakala National Park (Table 1;
Appendix I ) . T h i s number i s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e from t h e
2 4 s p e c i e s l i s t e d by Mitchell ( 1 9 4 5 ) . Two s p e c i e s , l i s t e d below,
a r e included from M i t c h e l l ' s (1945) l i s t although t h e i r presence
or e x i s t e n c e i s q u e s t i o n a b l e :
rhipidoneuron Rob.
aemulum ( K a u l f . ) Brack.
Both s p e c i e s a r e probably erroneous. They a r e extremely v a r i a b l e
and s u b j e c t t o m i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
The f e r n f l o r a of t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t h a s a remarkably low
number of e x o t i c s p e c i e s p r e s e n t (Table 1 ) . They a r e :
Adiantum raddianum P r e s l iwa' iwa
Pityrogramma calomelanos ( L . ) Link gold f e r n
Neither of t h e s e s p e c i e s i s a p o t e n t i a l weed i n t h e Crater
D i s t r i c t s i n c e even t h e lower e l e v a t i o n s o f t h e Kaupz Gap a r e
marginal h a b i t a t a t t h e upper d i s t r i b u t i o n a l l i m i t s of t h e s e
species.
TABLE 1. The s t a t u s of t h e f e r n f l o r a of t h e Crater D i s t r i c t of
Haleakala N a t i o n a l P a r k .
NO. of Per cent
Status Species (%I
Endemic 24 50%
Indigenous 22 46%
Exotic -
2 -
4%
TOTAL 48 100%
~
62
None of t h e s p e c i e s p r e s e n t i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i s on
e i t h e r t h e Federal R e g i s t e r L i s t (Anon. 1 9 7 6 ) or Fosberg and
H e r b s t ' s ( 1 9 7 5 ) l i s t of r a r e and endangered s p e c i e s . However,
t h e absence of endangered s p e c i e s does not mean t h e r e a r e no
management problems r e l a t e d t o t h e f e r n f l o r a . Two a r e a s ( b o t h
i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y o f t h e Paliki? c a b i n s ) a r e q u i t e sen-
s i t i v e and deserve s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n .
1. The a r e a immediately behind t h e c a b i n s up t o t h e c l i f f s
s u p p o r t s a s i g n i f i c a n t f e r n f l o r a i n terms o f t h e number of
p l a n t s and d i v e r s i t y of s p e c i e s p r e s e n t . I n some r e s p e c t s i t
i s an example of t h e type of v e g e t a t i o n t h a t grows a t a s i m i l a r
a l t i t u d e i n Kipahulu Valley. A s such i t may be a u s e f u l a r e a
f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . However, a c t i v i t y w i t h i n t h e a r e a should be
r e s t r i c t e d because t h e d i s t u r b a n c e from people moving t h r o u g h
such a f r a g i l e a r e a would c r e a t e a n o t i c e a b l e impact.
2. The g u l l y between t h e two c a b i n s i s t h e type l o c a l i t y of
a new f e r n s p e c i e s , Dr o t e r i s a l i k u e n s i s sp. nov. prov. ( a pro-
v i s i o n a l name which li-=--Tg_?Tar_published t o d a t e ) . The
a s n o t een va 1 y
a r e a s u p p o r t s a l u s h v e g e t a t i o n o f mosses and o t h e r f e r n s . In
t h e p a s t t h e a r e a h a s been used a s a dump. T h i s p r a c t i c e s h o u l d
be h a l t e d immediately.
The m a j o r i t y of t h e f e r n s a r e f o u n d along t h e n o r t h e r n and
e a s t e r n boundaries of t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t . T h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n is
n o t unexpected because most f e r n s p r e f e r moist h a b i t a t s . Though
not p a r t i c u l a r l y p a l a t a b l e t o g o a t s , most f e r n s a r e destroyed by
pig- rooting a c t i v i t y . Some s p e c i e s , e . g . , bracken and h z p u ' u ,
a r e a p r e f e r r e d food source of p i g s . After d i s r u p t i o n , recovery
o f t h e f e r n f l o r a is slow because t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e l i f e
c y c l e a r e c r i t i c a l l y dependent on moist h a b i t a t c o n d i t i o n s .
T h u s , p i g a c t i v i t y i n f e r n h a b i t a t s i s doubly d i s r u p t i v e : the
f e r n s a r e destroyed and recovery i s decreased b y t h e opening up
and thereby drying o u t of t h e h a b i t a t . The invasion of e x o t i c
g r a s s e s normally a s s o c i a t e d w i t h pig- rooting a c t i v i t y f u r t h e r
d e c r e a s e s t h e a b i l i t y of t h e f e r n s t o r e e s t a b l i s h themselves
because t h e germlings a r e shaded o u t by t h e dense growth. F e r a l
pig p o p u l a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y along t h e o u t e r n o r t h e r n Slopes,
s h o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d . A s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e n a t i v e f e r n
f l o r a , e s p e c i a l l y o f 'ama'u ( S a d l e r i a c a t h e i o i d e s ) , can be ex-
-5F-T-r
pected w i t h i n f i v e y e a r s o f t h e sTccess L imp ementation of a
I
f e r a l pig c o n t r o l progiam.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
e
W would l i k e t o e x p r e s s our a p p r e c i a t i o n t o Dr. Charles
Lamoureux f o r h i s c r i t i c a l advice during t h e course of t h e f i e l d
s t u d y and t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s paper. Thanks a r e due a l s o t o
Dr. William Hoe, M s . Lani Stemmermann, and t h e o t h e r members o f
t h e Resources Basic Inventory e x p e d i t i o n s f o r t h e i r v a l u a b l e s u g -
g e s t i o n s and h e l p extended i n t h e f i e l d . W a l s o w i s h t o thank
e
Mr. Hugo Huntzinger, Park Superintendent; Mr. Dave Dunatchik,
63
C r a t e r D i s t r i c t R a n g e r ; and Dr. P e t e r v a n Royen, C h a i r m a n o f t h e
D e p a r t m e n t of B o t a n y , B i s h o p Museum, f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e and
c o o p e r a t i o n . T h i s work was f u n d e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e
through t h e Cooperative National Park Resources S t u d i e s Unit a t
t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii ( C o n t r a c t No. CX 8000 7 0 0 0 3 ) .
REFERENCES
A n d e r s o n , W. R . , and M. R. C r o s b y . 1966. A r e v i s i o n of the
Hawaiian species o f E l a p h o g l o s s u m . B r i t t o n i a 1 8 : 380- 397.
Anonymous. 1976. Endangered and t h r e a t e n e d specdes: Plants.
F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r 4 1 ( 1 1 7 ) : 24524- 24572.
B i s h o p , L. E . 1 9 7 4 . R e v i s i o n o f t h e g e n u s A d e n o p h o r u s (Grammit-
i d a c e a e ) . B r i t t o n i a 26: 217- 240.
C h r i s t e n s e n , C. 1905-06. Index Filicum. Hagerup, Copenhagen.
*
-
- . 1934. Index Filicum. Supplementum Tertiurn Pro Anni
1917- 33. Hagerup, Copenhagen.
C o p e l a n d , E . B. 1947. Genera F i l i c u m , t h e g e n e r a o f f e r n s . New
York: The R o l a n d P r e s s .
F o s b e r g , F. R . , and D. Herbst. 1 9 7 5 . Rare a n d e n d a n g e r e d spe-
c i e s of H a w a i i a n v a s c u l a r p l a n t s . A l l e r t o n i a 1: 1- 72.
H e r a t , T. R. 1979. A s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y of t h e genus D r y o p t e r i s
i n Hawaii. Ph.D. D i s s e r t a t i o n i n Botany, U n i v e r s i t y of
Hawaii, H o n o l u l u .
H e r a t , T. R . , and R. M . Herat. 1 9 7 6 . A checklist and s t a t u s
r e p o r t o f t h e f e r n a n d f e r n a l l i e s i n Hawaii v o l c a n o e s
N a t i o n a l P a r k . CPSU/UH T e c h . Rep. 8 . (Dept. of B o t a n y ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i ) . 58 pp.
H i l l e b r a n d , W. F. 1888. F l o r a o f t h e Hawaiian Islands. New
York: H a f n e r P u b l i s h i n g Co. R e p r i n t e d .
H o l t t u m , R. E . 1954. A r e v i s e d f l o r a of Malaya. Vol. 11.
F e r n s o f Malaya. S i n g a p o r e , Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e .
Second ed it i o n .
. 1 9 7 7 . The F a m i l y T h e l y p t e r i d a c e a e in the Pacific and
A u s t r a l a s i a . A l l e r t o n i a 1: 169- 234.
Y i t c h e l l , A. L . 1945. Checklist of higher flowering p l a n t s ,
g r a s s e s , s e d g e s , r u s h e s a n d f e r n s o f t h e Haleakala s e c t i o n ,
Hawaii N a t i o n a l P a r k . N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e f i l e s .
64
Pichi-Sermolli, R. E. G. 1958. The higher taxa of the Pteri-
dophyta and their classification. In 0 Hedberg, ed. Sys-
.
tematics of today. Univ. Ursskrift, Uppsala.
. 1977. Tentamen Pteridophytorum genera
ordinem reaigendi. 'Webbia 31: 3z5" 5 1 7
-
& taxonomicum
Porter, J. R. 1972. Hawaiian names for vascular plants.
College of Tropical Agriculture, Haw. Agri. Exp. Sta.,
University of Hawaii, Departmental Paper 1. 63 pp.
Pukui, M. K.# S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini. 1974. Place
names of Hawaii. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.
Rev. and Enlarged ed.
Robinson, W. J. 1912a. A taxonomic study of the Pteridophyta
Of the Hawaiian Islands - I. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39:
227-248.
. 1912b. A taxonomical study of the Pteridophyta of the
Hawaiiax Islands - 11. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 567-601.
. 1913. A taxonomical study of the Pteridophyta of the
Hawaiian Islands - 111. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 193-228.
Stemmermann, L., P. K. Higashino, and C. W. Smith. 1981. Hale-
akala National Park Crater District, Resources Basic Inven-
tory: Conifers and flowering plants. CPSU/UH Tech. Rep. 38
(Dept. of Botany, University of Hawaii).
65
APPENDIX I
A CATALOG AND STATUS REPORT
OF THE FERNS AND FERN A L L I E S
OF THE CRATER D I S T R I C T OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK
Adenophor u s ( F a m i l y : Grammitaceae)
t a m a r i s c i n u s ( K a u l f . ) Hook. b Grev.
Wahine- noho- mauna
Endemic
A w i d e s p r e a d and common e p i p h y t e , f o u n d g r o w i n g i n r a i n
f o r e s t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s . W i t h i n t h e
Crater D i s t r i c t i t i s n o t common b e i n g found o n l y on t h e
cliffs a t Paliku.
t r i p i n n a t i f i d u s Gaud.
Wahine- noho- mauna
Endemic
Found g r o w i n g i n r a i n f o r e s t s a b o v e 6 0 0 m e l e v a t i o n i n
t h i c k mats o f b r y o p h y t e s t h a t c a r p e t t h e g r o u n d . W i t h i n
t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t t h e t a x o n i s n o t common b e i n g found
o n l y on t h e c l i f f s a t P a l i k u .
m n t urn (Family: Adiantaceae)
c a p i l l u s - v e n e r i s L.
Iwa' iwa,
maidenhair f e r n
Indigenous
R e p o r t e d m a i n l y from t e m p e r a t e and s u b - t r o p i c a l p a r t s o f
t h e w o r l d . Found growing i n f a i r l y e x p o s e d b u t m o i s t
l o c a l i t i e s . Within t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t t h e s p e c i e s is
r a r e a l o n g t h e Kaupz T r a i l .
raddianum P r e s l
Iwa' iwa
Exotic
R a r e i n t h e w i l d a l t h o u g h a few h a v e e s c a p e d from c u l t i -
v a t i o n . Within t h e Crater D i s t r i c t it has been c o l l e c t e d
o n c e a l o n g Kaupz T r a i l a t ca. 1880 m e l e v a t i o n .
66
Amaur-opelta ( Family: Thelypter idaceae)
g l o b u l i f e r a (Brack.) Holttum
Palapalai-a-kama-pua'a
-
m
End e i c -
Usually found growing a t higher e l e v a t i o n s throughout t h e
Hawaiian I s l a n d s . I n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t t h i s s p e c i e s
i s r a r e and found o n l y a t P a l i k u . Listed a s Dr o t e r i s
?
q l o b u l i f e r a (Brack.) Kuntze i n M i t c h e l l (1945
A s p 1 i um
en (Family: Aspleniaceae)
adiantum-nigrum L .
Iwal iwa
Indigenous
Reported from many t r o p i c a l and temperate c o u n t r i e s of t h e
world. I n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s t h e s p e c i e s i s q u i t e common
a t higher e l e v a t i o n s growing i n a wide range of s i t u a t i o n s
from moist shaded t o d r y open a r e a s . I t i s common w i t h i n
the Crater D i s t r i c t .
contiguum Kaulf.
Indigenous
W i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s i t grows between 6 2 0 and 2 2 6 0 m
e l e v a t i o n s i n moist shaded f o r e s t s . The s p e c i e s i s not
common i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t except behind P a l i k u where i t
i s common.
densum Brack.
See Asplenium trichomanes L .
horridum Kaulf.
'Alae, alaea,
' iwa , kaumauna
Indigenous
W i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s i t grows between 300 and 1 3 0 0 m
e l e v a t i o n s i n moist shaded a r e a s . I t i s not common i n t h e
C r a t e r D i s t r i c t w i t h most c o l l e c t i o n s from P a l i k c .
macraei Hook, & Grev.
Macrae's spleenwort
Endemic
W i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s i t i s f o u n d growing mainly i n
moist shaded f o r e s t s . I t i s n o t common w i t h i n t h e C r a t e r
D i s t r i c t where i t i s o c c a s s i o n a l l y found below Palikii.
67
monanthes L .
Monosoral spleenwort
I n d i g enou s
I n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s i t i s uncommon and i s reported
from Kaua'i and Maui, growing i n moist shaded a r e a s . T h i s
species is rare i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t being found along
t h e Kaupz T r a i l i n moist shaded a r e a s .
normale Don
Indigenous
Found growing i n moist shaded a r e a s u s u a l l y above 7 0 0 m .
I t i s not common w i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t b u t i s
o c c a s i o n a l l y found along t h e KaupE T r a i l .
p r aemor sum S w .
Iwa' iwa-a-kane
Endemic
Found growing i n moist shaded a r e a s along t h e e a s t e r n
boundary of t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t .
rhipidoneuron Rob.
Endemic
T h i s record by Mitchell ( 1 9 4 5 ) is probably an e r r o r s i n c e
t h i s s p e c i e s i s n o t known t o occur above 6 0 0 m .
t r ichomanes L.
spleenwort
Indigenous
Common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s and throughout t h e C r a t e r
D i s t r i c t . Recorded a s A. densum by M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 4 5 ) .
L
Athyr i u m (Family: Athyr i a c e a e )
microphyJlum (Sm.) Alston
Akolea
Endemic
Found growing i n wet f o r e s t s . W i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t
t h i s f e r n i s n o t common and found only i n t h e P a l i k u a r e a .
L i s t e d i n M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 4 5 ) a s Athyrium poiretianum (Gaud. )
Presl.
goiretianum (Gaud.) P r e s l
See Athyrium microphyllum.
68
sandwichianum P r e s l
Hg'i'O, pohole
Endemic
U s u a l l y f o u n d i n wet f o r e s t s o f t h e H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s .
I t i s r a r e w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t b e i n g f o u n d o n l y
above P a l i k u . L i s t e d i n Mitchell ( 1 9 4 5 ) a s Diplazium
sandwichianum ( P r e s l ) D i e l s .
Chr i s t e l l a (Family: Thelypter idaceae)
cyatheoides (Kaulf.) Holttum
Kikawaiz,
kupukupu-makali' i ,
pakikawaio
Endemic
Found g r o w i n g i n wet f o r e s t s of t h e H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s . I t
is rare along t h e e a s t e r n boundary of t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t .
,Conioqramme (Family: Hemionitidaceae)
f r a x i n e a (Don) Diels
LO' ulu
Indigenous
W i t h i n t h e H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s i t i s a n uncommon f e r n
restricted t o moist, shady h a b i t a t s . It is p r e s e n t only a t
P a l i k u i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t .
~ T h i s s p e c i e s u n d e r t h e name
o f Conioqramme g i f o s a ( B r a c k . ) H i e r o n bas m i s t a k e n l y
r e f e r r e d t o a s b e i n g endemic t o t h e H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s i n
Herat and Herat ( 1 9 7 6 ) .
Cyr tom i u m ( F a m i l y : Aspidiaceae)
caryotideum (Wall.) Presl -
'Ahina-kuahiwi,
k a I ape ape
Indigenous
I n t h e H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s i t is uncommon and g r o w s i n d r y
o p e n f o r e s t s . I t i s r a r e a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n b o u n d a r y of t h e
Crater D i s t r i c t .
Cystopteris (Family: Athyriaceae)
f r a g i l i s ( L . ) Bernh.
Indigenous
Rare i n t h e H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s . I n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i t i s
f o u n d g r o w i n g i n somewhat o p e n b u t v e r y m o i s t s i t u a t i o n s
along t h e e a s t e r n boundary.
Diplazium (Family: Athyriaceae)
sandwichianum ( P r e s l ) D i e l s
See Athyrium sandwichianum.
69
m o p t e r is (Family: Aspidiaceae)
f u s c o - a t r a Robinson
Olua, opeha,
palapalai-'aumakua
Endemic
A r a i n f o r e s t f e r n found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s
a t e l e v a t i o n s between 500 t o 2000 m . A r a r e f e r n i n t h e
C r a t e r D i s t r i c t found only a t P a l i k c .
&bra
v a r . ambiguum comb. nov. prov.
Kilau
Endemic
W i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t t h i s f e r n i s common a t P a l i k u .
T h i s p r o v i s i o n a l v a r i e t a l combination i s based on Aspi-dium
qlabrum v a r .
Dryopteris
i n size.
s c a l e s , t h e rhizome looks much bigger than t h e o t h e r
v a r i e t y . Furthermore, t h e u l t i m a t e p i n n u l e s a r e much
broader than v a r . g l a b r a . Very o f t e n , e s p e c i a l l y t h e
specimens c o l l e c t e d from t h e Park, t h i s v a r i e t y h a s more
or l e s s folded laminae w i t h dense s c a l e s covering t h e
stipes.
q l o b u l i f e r a (Brack.) Ktze.
See Amauropelta g l o b u l i f e r a .
p a l e a c e a ( S w . ) C. Chr.
See Dryopteris Earallelogramma ( K t z e . ) Alston.
p a l i k u e n i s s p . nov. prov.
Endemic
Endemic t o Maui. So f a r t h i s s p e c i e s h a s been recorded
only from t h e n o r t h e r n s l o p e s of Haleakala C r a t e r , espe-
c i a l l y from t h e Paliku and Wai'znapanapa a r e a s , and t h e
s u m m i t of P u ' u k u k u i , ranging i n e l e v a t i o n from 1 9 0 0 t o
2200 m. T h i s species is rare. I t g e n e r a l l y i s found i n
wet shaded a r e a s e s p e c i a l l y i n gulches and c r e e k s . I t i s
found growing i n t h e gulch between t h e two Paliku c a b i n s .
I n t h e f i e l d t h i s taxon looks very much l i k e D . p a r a l l e l o -
crramm_a_ i n i t s m a j e s t i c look and form; however: D. p a r a -
lelloqramma h a s a " s h u t t l e cock" appearance and-g. p a l i k u -
e n s i s can be r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d by i t s b i p i n n a t e
p i n n u l e s and oblong t o l a n c e o l a t e lamina. The e p i t h e t o f
t h i s p r o v i s i o n a l name i s d e r i v e d from t h e type l o c a l i t y
Paliku'.
70
parallelogramma (Ktze. ) Alston
Lau-kah i
Indigenous I .
T h i s i s t y p i c a l l y a h i g h mountain f e r n and i s abundant
on t h e i s l a n d s of Hawai'i, Maui, Moloka'i, and Kaua'i
e s p e c i a l l y between 1 0 0 0 t o 2330 m . I t i s o f t e n found
growing i n l a r g e c o l o n i e s on t h e edges of f o r e s t s where
t h e c o n d i t i o n s have been d i s t u r b e d and where t h e r e i s
apparently l e s s competition from o t h e r s p e c i e s . W i t h i n
t h e Crater D i s t r i c t i t i s a common f e r n . I n t h e p a s t ,
t h i s s p e c i e s h a s been p o p u l a r l y and mistakenly r e f e r r e d
t o a s Dryopteris paleacea. Although
Swartz is t h e o l d e s t name f o r t h e
cannot be used under t h e g e n u s D r y o p t e r i s a s t h e r e i s
a l r e a d y a g. a l e a c e a ( D . Don) Hand.-Mazz. described i n
Es---
1 9 0 8 . The com i n a t i o n s of Christensen and Robinson based
on t h e type of Swartz a r e i l l e g i t i m a t e a s they a r e l a t e r
homonyms.
o
E 1aph oq 1 s s urn
- (Family: Elaphoglossaceae)
aemulum ( K a u l f . ) Brack.
Endemic
Although reported by Mitchell ( 1 9 4 5 ) , t h i s s p e c i e s was n o t
c o l l e c t e d on t h e p r e s e n t survey. I t i s b e l i e v e d t o be an
erroneous record. I t i s n o t known from t h e a d j a c e n t
Kipahulu Valley where i t would be more l i k e l y t o grow.
hirtum
v a r . micans (Mett.) C . Chr.
m
End e i c
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s . I t h a s a wide
d i s t r i b u t i o n range varying from d r y open woods t o wet
f o r e s t s , on s o i l , r o c k s , and t r e e s . W i t h i n t h e Park t h i s
v a r i e t y i s a common epiphyte p a r t i c u l a r l y on l o h i l a
(Metrosideros).
wawrae ( L u e r s s . ) C . Chr. -
Ekaha,
lau-kahi-li ili' i
Endemic
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , .growing i n wet
f o r e s t s on t r e e s or l o g s and o c c a s i o n a l l y on s o i l or l a v a .
I t i s common w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e
Paliku area.
71
m
Gr a m i t i s (Family: Grammitaceae)
hookeri (Brack.) Copel.
Maku'e-lau-li' i
Indigenous
T h i s s p e c i e s i s common i n t h e I s l a n d s . I t is epiphytic
or grows on rocks i n shaded a r e a s . W i t h i n t h e Crater
D i s t r i c t i t i s r a r e and f o u n d only a t P a l i k u . Recorded
a s Polypodium hookeri Brack. i n M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 4 5 ) .
a c o p o d ium (Family: Lycopodiaceae)
cernuum L .
Huluhulu-a-' i o l e ,
wawae-iole, c l u b moss,
nodding c l u b moss
I n d i g enous
Hosmer Grove.
venustulum Gaud.
Huluhulu-a-' i o l e ,
wawae- i o l e ,
nodding c l u b moss
Indigenous
Although n o t common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s , i t i s found
growing i n wet open f o r e s t s e s p e c i a l l y a t higher eleva-
t i o n s . W i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i t i s common i n t h e
Palik'ii and Hosmer Grove a r e a s .
serratum T h u n b .
Huluhulu-a-' i o l e ,
wawae- i o l e
Indigenous
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , u s u a l l y growing
on t h e ground i n wet f o r e s t s a t higher e l e v a t i o n s . I n t h e
C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i t occurs along t h e c l i f f s below K u i k i .
Microlepia (Family: Dennstaedtiaceae)
speluncae ( L . ) Moore
La'a, p a l a i ,
-
palai- 'ula, palapalai
I n d i g enou s
Rare i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t o c c u r r i n g along t h e e a s t e r n
boundary o f t h e KaupG Gap.
72
Nephrom (Family: Nephrolepidaceae)
e x a l t a t a ( L . ) Schott.
PZmoho
Indigenous
Although common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s i t i s r a i e w i t h i n
t h e Crater D i s t r i c t .
sp. LS2277
An u n i d e n t i f i a b l e , i n f e r t i l e specimen which i s d i f f e r e n t
from x. exaltata.
(Family: Sinopter idaceae)
t e r n i f o l i a (Cav.) L i n k
Kalamoho,
kalamoho-lau-1 i ' i ,
c l i f f brake
Indigenous
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , t y p i c a l l y
s c a t t e r e d i n d r y s u n n y rocky a r e a s . I t i s abundant
throughout t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t .
P i t yr oq r amma (Family: Hemionitidaceae)
c&omelanos (L. ) Link
Gold f e r n , s i l v e r f e r n
Exotic
Widely c u l t i v a t e d i n many p a r t s of t h e world, t h e s p e c i e s
i s q u i t e common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s and i s found
growing on open ground i n f a i r l y exposed p l a c e s . W i t h i n
t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i t i s r a r e i n t h e lower KaupG Gap.
pleopeltis (Family: Polypodiaceae)
thunberg iana Kaulf .
lEkaha-lakolea,
pzkahakaha,
pua' a-kukinia
I n d i g enou s
Found commonly on a l l t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s growing on
rocks and t r e e t r u n k s . I t i s common e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e
P a l i k c a r e a , Recorded a s Polypodium l i n e a r e T h u n b . i n
Mitchell ( 1 9 4 5 ) .
Polypodium (Family: Polypodiaceae)
-Brack. hooke_ri.
See Grammitis
73
l i n e a r e Thunb.
See P l e o p e l t i s t h u n b e r q i a m .
pellucidum Kaulf.
' Ae, ae- lau- nui
Endemic
T h i s extremely polymorphic s p e c i e s i s common on a l l t h e
Hawaiian I s l a n d s growing i n a wide range o f h a b i t a t s . It
i s common a l s o w i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t below 2 5 0 0 m.
p e l l u c idum
v a r . vulcanicum S k o t t s b .
Ae
Endemic
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s growing i n c r a c k s
or r e c e n t l a v a flows i n open a r e a s . W i t h i n t h e C r a t e r
D i s t r i c t i t i s r a r e along t h e n o r t h e r n and western c r a t e r
w a l l s below 2000 m.
Polystichum (Family: Aspidiaceae)
haleakalense Brack.
Ka' ape ' ape,
ka'upu, p a p a ' o i
Endemic
Found on Hawai'i and Maui u s u a l l y growing a t c a . 2 0 0 0 t o
3000 m elevation. Within the Crater D i s t r i c t it is r a r e
being found only a t Paliku and along t h e Kaupz T r a i l .
h i l l e b r a n d i i Carruth.
Ka' ape' ape,
ka'upu, p a p a ' o i
Endemic
Found on Hawai'i and Maui u s u a l l y growing a t ca. 1 0 0 0 t o
1670 m elevation. Within the Crater D i s t r i c t it is r a r e
along t h e KaupE T r a i l .
P s i l o t um (Family: P s i l o t a c e a e )
nudum ( L . ) Griseb.
Moa, moa-nahele, p i p i
Indigenous
Found i n t h e t r o p i c s and s u b t r o p i c s of both hemispheres
growing i n a v a r i e t y of h a b i t a t s . I t i s common on a l l t h e
Hawaiian I s l a n d s b u t r a r e w i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t along
t h e lower e a s t e r n s i d e of t h e Kaupz Gap.
74
P t e r i d i um (Family: Hypolepidaceae)
aquilinum
v a r . deeompositum (Gaud.) Tryon
Krfau, krlau-a-pueo,
p a i ' a , bracken
Endemic
Common on a l l t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s . Quite r e s i s t a n t t o
adverse c o n d i t i o n s , growing i n exposed a r e a s , i t i s
common t o abundant i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t .
Pteris (Family: P t e r i d a c e a e )
c r e t i c a L.
' g w a l i , Cretan brake
Indigenous
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , growing u s u a l l y
on rock near streams and on d r y ground i n t h e shade of
f o r e s t s . However, i t i s n o t a common f e r n w i t h i n t h e
Hawaiian I s l a n d s . W i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i t is
l o c a l l y common along t h e n o r t h e r n and e a s t e r n s l o p e s .
e x c e l s a Gaud.
Waimaka-nui
Indigenous J
Not a common f e r n w i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s , i t is usu-
a l l y found growing i n damp gulches. W i t h i n t h e Crater
D i s t r i c t i t i s r a r e and f o u n d only a t P a l i k u .
Sadler i a (Family: Blechnaceae)
cyatheoides Kaulf.
'ama'uma'u, ma'uma'u,
pcsa'a-'ehu'ehu
Endemic
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s growing i n
d i f f e r e n t h a b i t a t s . I t i s common t o abundant on t h e
e a s t e r n and n o r t h e r n s l o p e s of HaleakalE C r a t e r w h i c h
a r e f r e q u e n t l y immersed i n cloud.
polystichoides
v a r . u n i s o r a (Baker) C . Chr.
See g. unisora (Baker) Robinson.
s o u l e y e t i a n a (Gaud.) Moore
'Ama'u,
ama' uma' u , ma' uma' u
Endemic
Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s growing i n wet
f o r e s t s e s p e c i a l l y a t higher e l e v a t i o n s . However, i t i s
r a r e i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t and f o u n d o n l y a t P a l i k c .
75
u n i s o r a ( B a k e r ) Robinson
Apulu, a p u ' u
Endemic
U s u a l l y found g r o w i n g o n m o i s t c l i f f f a c e s . W i t h i n t h e
C r a t e r D i s t r i c t i t i s f o u n d o n l y a t p a l i k u where i t i s
uncommon. L i s t e d i n M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 4 5 ) a s S.
v a r . un_iSora.
-
(Family: Grammitaceae)
s a f fo& (Maxon) C o p e l .
Kihe, K i h i
Endemic
Common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s . E p i p h y t i c i n wet f o r e s t s .
I t is r a r e w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t b e i n g c o n f i n e d t o t h e
r i d g e behind P a l i k u .
77
APPENDIX I1
D I S T R I B U T I O N MAPS OF THE SPECIES
I n order t o c u t t h e c o s t of p u b l i s h i n g t h i s r e p o r t t h e d i s -
t r i b u t i o n maps of t h e i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s have been produced a s an
addendum. Copies have been deposited i n t h e following l o c a l i t i e s
for reference.
Cooperative National Park Resources S t u d i e s U n i t , U n i v e r s i t y of
Hawaii, Honolulu.
National Park S e r v i c e Western Region O f f i c e , San Francisco.
Haleakala National Park, Maui.
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