MEDIA AND ELECTION IN MALAYSIA

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REPORT: COLGIS RESEARCH PROJECT MEDIA AND ELECTION IN MALAYSIA: COVERAGE AND TENDENCY OF PRINTED PRESSES TOWARD POLITICAL PARTIES AND ISSUES IN THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION Project Leader: Dr. Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani (azizuddin@uum.edu.my) Project Members: Noorulhafidzah Zawawi (noorul@uum.edu.my) Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero (darwinda@uum.edu.my) Achmad Dzariean Mohd Nadzri (achmad@uum.edu.my) Research Assistant: Noor Aida Mohd Adham (dinioxiema@yahoo.com) Published by College of Law, Government and International Studies Universiti Utara Malaysia Sintok 2008 2 Media and Election in Malaysia: Coverage and Tendency of Printed Presses toward Political Parties and Issues in the 2008 General Election Copyright © 2008 College of Law, Government and International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author or College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). Address: College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS) Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), 06010 Sintok, Kedah, MALAYSIA Telephone : 604-9286578 Fax : 604-9286594 Website: http://colgis.uum.edu.my This report will be published as a full report in printed form Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is our first attempt to study the printed press' coverage and tendency toward political parties contested in the general election. Therefore, our special thanks go to our Vice-Chancellor Tan Sri Dr. Nordin Kardi for his warm support and permission for us to conduct this interesting research. We would like to express our gratitude to Assistant Vice-Chancellor of COLGIS, Associate Prof. Dr. Asmah Laili bt Yeon, for her encouragement and motivation extended to us to be active in conducting academic research generally and for her assistance and advice specifically. The successful completion of this research would not have been possible without the contribution, generosity and continuous support from our research group and research assistant especially in data collections. We also want to express our appreciation to all COLGIS academic colleagues and administrative staff, who contributed time, energy and knowledge in assisting to the completion of the research. Our sincere appreciation and wishes go to the continuous support given by our family members and friends. Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Abbreviations Summary of the Report Chapter 1: Mainstream Newspapers Chapter 2: Parties' Newspapers Chapter 3: Political Tabloids 3 4 5 6 7 32 40 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS % BN BN+ BNEC Feb. Mar. N PR PR+ PRT Percent Barisan Nasional (Coalition of 14 political parties) Positive Coverage for the Barisan Nasional Negative Coverage for the Barisan Nasional Election Commission February March Neutral Coverage of the Media Pakatan Rakyat - Alliance of Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) and Democratic Action Party (DAP) Positive Coverage for the Pakatan Rakyat Negative Coverage for the Pakatan Rakyat Total Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 6 SUMMARY OF THE REPORT This research is an important study on the relation between media and election in the Malaysia's 12th General Election in 2008. There are three types of printed presses analysed in this research: 1) Mainstream media consisted of New Straits Times, The Star, Berita Harian and Utusan Malaysia. Media Prima Berhad, company with close tie to the ruling party United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), owns New Straits Times Press Berhad which publishes the New Straits Times and Berita Harian. In addition, Utusan Malaysia has been published by Utusan Melayu (M) Berhad, which has a special relationship with UMNO as well. Further, The Star is owned by Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) party’s investment company, the Huaren Holdings. 2) Parties' newspapers which are owned by the political parties, opposition parties in particular. The newspapers are Harakah owned by Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS, Islamic Party) and Suara Keadilan owned by Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR, People Justice Party). Both parties with Democratic Action Party (DAP) formed an alliance called Pakatan Rakyat (PR) soon after the election where the alliance managed to win and rule five states – Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor – and denied two third majority of ruling BN government seats in the Parliament. 3) Political Tabloids, Buletin Rakyat, Mingguan Wasilah and Siasah, are published by the members, supporters and sympathisers of the BN party and PR party. The analysis covers from the day of Parliament dissolve on 13th February 2008, until the polling day on 8th March 2008 except for one of Harakah's publication dated 16-31 March 2008, included in this research, where it had been published earlier, before election day, than the date mentioned purposely to maximise the election campaign for the PR. The main objective of this research is to examine the coverage and tendency of printed presses toward political parties involved in the 12th general election. It also covers election issues specifically for parties' newspaper where study about tendency or approach towards political parties is less relevant. This is because parties' newspapers definitely support their own parties and are critical to the opponent parties. Results obtained are based on the frequencies and percentages of the reports’ coverage on the BN party and PR party concerning whether it is positive, negative or neutral coverage on either sides. This research applies Content Analysis method of research where the researchers choose and analyse each one of the elections columns and determine them into five categories, BN+, BN-, PR+, PR-, and N. Not all the columns in the newspapers are selected for the analysis. Only columns covering election issues are selected. For the study of parties' newspaper, the analysis splits into three categories, BN-, PR+, and N, and also includes elections issues reported by the newspapers. We also consider the reports on Election Commission (EC) in the parties' newspapers as N (neutral) even though the reports are negatively attacking on the BN government as the reason of no transparency situation of the EC. In sum, the result shows that the four Malaysia’s mainstream newspapers favour the BN on their coverage. However, the parties' newspapers owned by PR alliance parties are totally on the opposite, bias towards their owners. The coverage and tendency of political tabloids are relatively balance except for Siasah which totally supports the PR. Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 7 CHAPTER 1 MAINSTREAM NEWSPAPERS MAINSTREAM NEWSPAPERS AND THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION: TOTAL AND PERCENTAGE OF COVERAGE AND TENDENCY TOWARD POLITICAL PARTIES NEWSPAPERS UTUSAN MALAYSIA BERITA HARIAN NEW STRAITS TIMES THE STAR BN + 393 517 625 759 % 53 44 50 60 BN 6 43 43 14 % 1 4 3 1 PR + 46 129 129 122 % 6 11 10 10 PR - % 152 112 112 107 N % T 734 % 100 21 137 19 10 361 31 1162 100 9 9 349 28 1258 100 245 20 1247 100 MAINSTREAM NEWSPAPERS Frequency 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 BN + BN - PR + PR N UTUSAN MALAYSIA BERITA HARIAN NEW STRAITS TIMES THE STAR Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 8 1) UTUSAN MALAYSIA ELECTION COLUMNS DATE 13-Feb-08 14-Feb-08 15-Feb-08 16-Feb-08 17-Feb-08 18-Feb-08 19-Feb-08 20-Feb-08 21-Feb-08 22-Feb-08 23-Feb-08 24-Feb-08 25-Feb-08 26-Feb-08 27-Feb-08 28-Feb-08 29-Feb-08 01-Mar-08 02-Mar-08 03-Mar-08 04-Mar-08 05-Mar-08 06-Mar-08 07-Mar-08 08-Mar-08 TOTAL BN + 13 7 9 22 20 19 11 16 13 17 13 15 20 13 14 20 15 19 13 20 21 15 16 16 16 393 BN 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 PR + 4 1 2 4 1 2 5 4 1 4 5 5 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 PR 5 4 4 5 4 4 7 10 11 4 7 6 0 6 8 10 8 3 4 2 8 11 9 7 5 152 N 4 6 11 8 6 7 8 4 6 4 4 4 5 5 4 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 5 8 8 137 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 9 TOTAL PERCENTAGES: UTUSAN MALAYSIA 19% BN + BN 53% 21% PR + PR N 6% 1% Frequency 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 TOTAL: UTUSAN MALAYSIA 393 BN + BN PR + 152 46 6 137 PR N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 10 Daily Reports UTUSAN MALAYSIA DAILY COVERAGE Frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 29- 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 BN+ BNPR+ PRN 13-Feb-08 15% BN + 51% 19% BN PR + PR N 0% 15% 14-Feb-08 39% 33% BN + BN PR + PR - 0% N 22% 6% 15-Feb-08 33% 41% 4% 16-Feb-08 21% BN + BN PR + PR N BN + BN 13% 56% PR + PR N 10% 0% 7% 15% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 11 17-Feb-08 19% 21% BN + BN PR + 13% 65% 3% 0% PR N 6% 3% 12% 58% BN + BN PR + PR N 18-Feb-08 19-Feb-08 12% 25% 34% BN + BN PR + PR N 22% 16% 3% 12% 29% 20-Feb-08 BN + 47% BN PR + PR N 0% 21-Feb-08 19% 43% BN + BN PR + PR N 35% 3% 0% 14% 0% 14% 14% 22-Feb-08 BN + BN PR + 58% PR N 23-Feb-08 13% 24-Feb-08 13% 42% 23% BN + BN PR + PR N 20% 50% BN + BN PR + PR N 16% 6% 17% 0% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 12 26-Feb-08 18% 0% BN + 7% BN PR + 0% 74% PR N 25-Feb-08 19% 47% BN + BN PR + 21% PR N 14% 0% 27-Feb-08 14% 17% 28-Feb-08 BN + BN 50% 29% PR + PR N 28% 55% BN + BN PR + PR N 7% 0% 0% 0% 29-Feb-08 21% BN + 51% BN PR + PR N 28% 0% 0% 01-Mar-08 15% 12% 0% 0% 73% BN + BN PR + PR N 02-Mar-08 19% BN + BN 62% 19% PR + PR N 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% 8% 03-Mar-08 BN + BN PR + PR N 77% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 13 05-Mar-08 10% 04-Mar-08 9% BN + 25% BN PR + 66% 0% 0% 0% 3% 37% 50% BN + BN PR + PR N PR N 06-Mar-08 17% 53% BN + BN PR + PR 30% N 07-Mar-08 51% 26% BN + BN PR + PR N 23% 0% 0% 0% 0% 08-Mar-08 28% BN + BN 55% 17% PR + PR N 0% 0% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 14 2. BERITA HARIAN ELECTION COLUMNS DATE 13-Feb-08 14-Feb-08 15-Feb-08 16-Feb-08 17-Feb-08 18-Feb-08 19-Feb-08 20-Feb-08 21-Feb-08 22-Feb-08 23-Feb-08 24-Feb-08 25-Feb-08 26-Feb-08 27-Feb-08 28-Feb-08 29-Feb-08 01-Mar-08 02-Mar-08 03-Mar-08 04-Mar-08 05-Mar-08 06-Mar-08 07-Mar-08 08-Mar-08 TOTAL BN + BN PR + PR N 8 18 29 20 19 17 12 9 21 25 30 16 38 30 19 21 25 20 19 32 19 15 21 30 12 517 1 0 6 2 5 7 0 6 0 2 3 3 1 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 4 1 2 2 1 6 7 10 7 6 8 11 4 7 10 7 6 5 3 5 2 3 8 3 1 129 2 3 1 3 5 4 2 7 6 1 4 3 1 5 6 6 5 3 4 6 5 11 6 11 2 112 15 11 13 10 6 8 13 11 10 12 7 17 43 11 19 9 14 18 24 17 8 9 19 16 21 361 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 15 TOTA PER L CEN GES: TA BER ITA H R N A IA 31% B + N 44% B N P + R P R N 10% 11% 4% F requency 600 TO L: BER TA ITA H R N A IA 517 500 400 361 B + N B N 300 P + R P R 200 N 129 100 112 43 0 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 16 Daily Reports BERITA HARIAN DAILY COVERAGE Frequency 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 29- 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 BN+ BNPR+ PRN 13-FE -2008 B 14-FE -2008 B 27% B + N B N 50% 3% P + R P R N 13% 7% 33% B + N B N P + R 55% P R N 9% 3% 0% 15-FE -2008 B 16-FE -2008 B 25% B + N B N 2% 4% 12% P + R 57% P R N 27% B + N B N 55% 8% 5% 5% P + R P R N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 17 17-FE -2008 B 18-FE -2008 B 17% 19% B + N 14% 52% 3% B N P + R P R N 40% 10% B + N B N P + R P R N 14% 14% 17% 19-FE -2008 B 20-FE -2008 B 21% 26% 35% B + N B N P + R P R N 0% 6% 38% B + N B N P + R 14% P R N 16% 21% 23% 21-FE -2008 B 22-F B E -2008 23% 26% BN+ 47% BNP + R P R 14% N 13% 2% 55% B + N B N P + R P R N 16% 0% 4% 23-FE -2008 B 24-FE -2008 B 13% 8% B + N B N P + R 15% 58% P R N 34% 32% BN+ BNP + R P R N 6% 6% 6% 22% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 18 25-FE -2008 B 26-FE -2008 B 20% B + N 44% 49% B N P + R P R N B + N B N 9% 56% P + R P R N 13% 1% 1% 5% 2% 28-FE -2008 B 27-FE -2008 B 19% 35% 35% B + N B N P + R P R N 0% 11% 15% 13% 44% B + N B N P + R P R N 19% 9% 29-FE -20 B 09 01 A -200 -M R 8 27% B + N B N 49% P + R P R N 10% 39% 43% B + N B N P + R P R N 12% 2% 7% 11% 0% 02-M R A -2008 03-M R A -2008 28% 38% B + N B N 48% P + R P R N B + N B N P + R 54% P R N 10% 0% 6% 8% 8% 0% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 19 04-M R A -2008 05-M R A -2008 24% 23% B + N B N P + R 55% 15% P R N 38% B + N B N P + R P R N 28% 6% 0% 8% 3% 06-M R A -2008 07-M R A -2008 27% 35% 39% BN+ BNP + R P R N 18% 50% BN+ BNP + R P R N 11% 15% 0% 5% 0% 08-M R A -2008 33% B + N B N P + R 58% 0% 3% 6% P R N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 20 3. NEW STRAITS TIMES ELECTION COLUMNS DATE 13-Feb-08 14-Feb-08 15-Feb-08 16-Feb-08 17-Feb-08 18-Feb-08 19-Feb-08 20-Feb-08 21-Feb-08 22-Feb-08 23-Feb-08 24-Feb-08 25-Feb-08 26-Feb-08 27-Feb-08 28-Feb-08 29-Feb-08 01-Mar-08 02-Mar-08 03-Mar-08 04-Mar-08 05-Mar-08 06-Mar-08 07-Mar-08 08-Mar-08 TOTAL BN + 20 19 16 21 21 23 14 16 21 18 27 40 33 22 17 29 25 37 26 29 32 29 33 36 21 625 BN 1 0 6 2 5 7 0 6 0 2 3 3 1 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 PR + 4 1 2 2 1 6 7 10 7 6 8 11 4 7 10 7 6 5 3 5 2 3 8 3 1 129 PR 2 3 1 3 5 4 2 7 6 1 4 3 1 5 6 6 5 3 4 6 5 11 6 11 2 112 N 3 11 13 10 6 8 13 11 10 12 7 17 43 11 19 9 14 18 24 17 8 9 19 16 21 349 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 21 TOTAL PERCENTAGES: NEWSTRAITS TIMES 28% BN + 50% BN PR + PR 9% N 10% 3% TOTA N L: EWSTR ITS TIMES A F requency 700 625 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 43 349 BN + BN PR + PR N 129 112 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 22 Daily Reports Frequency NEW STRAITS TIMES DAILY COVERAGE 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 29- 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 BN+ BNPR+ PRN 13-Feb-08 10% 7% BN + BN 13% PR + PR 67% 3% N 14-Feb-08 BN + 32% BN 56% PR + PR N 9% 3% 0% 15-Feb-08 34% 42% 16-Feb-08 BN + BN PR + PR N 26% BN + BN PR + 56% 8% PR N 3% 5% 16% 5% 5% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 23 17-Feb-08 16% 17% BN + BN 13% 55% 3% 13% PR + PR N 15% 13% 8% 47% BN + BN PR + PR N 18-Feb-08 19-Feb-08 22% 20-Feb-08 32% BN + BN + BN PR + 14% 12% 20% PR N 36% 39% BN PR + PR N 6% 19% 0% 21-Feb-08 23% 47% BN + BN PR + 14% PR N 3% 31% 22-Feb-08 BN + 46% BN PR + PR N 16% 0% 15% 5% 23-Feb-08 14% 23% 24-Feb-08 BN + BN PR + 56% PR N 15% 4% 54% 8% BN + BN PR + PR N 16% 6% 4% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 24 25-Feb-08 40% BN + BN PR + 53% PR N 1% 1% 5% 26-Feb-08 24% 48% BN + BN PR + 11% PR N 15% 2% 27-Feb-08 16% 28-Feb-08 33% 36% BN + BN PR + PR 11% 53% 13% BN + BN PR + PR N 0% N 12% 19% 7% 29-Feb-08 27% 49% BN + BN PR + PR 10% N 01-Mar-08 29% 58% BN + BN PR + 5% 8% PR N 12% 2% 0% 02-Mar-08 46% BN + BN 42% PR + PR N 11% 30% 03-Mar-08 BN + BN 50% PR + PR N 7% 5% 0% 9% 0% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 25 04-Mar-08 17% BN + 11% 4% 68% 0% 6% 17% 05-Mar-08 BN PR + PR N 21% 54% BN + BN PR + PR N 2% 06-Mar-08 50% 29% 07-Mar-08 BN + BN PR + PR - 24% 54% BN + BN PR + PR - 9% N 17% N 12% 0% 5% 0% 08-Mar-08 BN + 47% 47% BN PR + PR N 0% 2% 4% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 26 4. THE STAR ELECTION COLUMNS Date 13-Feb-08 14-Feb-08 15-Feb-08 16-Feb-08 17-Feb-08 18-Feb-08 19-Feb-08 20-Feb-08 21-Feb-08 22-Feb-08 23-Feb-08 24-Feb-08 25-Feb-08 26-Feb-08 27-Feb-08 28-Feb-08 29-Feb-08 01-Mar-08 02-Mar-08 03-Mar-08 04-Mar-08 05-Mar-08 06-Mar-08 07-Mar-08 08-Mar-08 TOTAL BN + 8 20 12 12 24 20 23 22 19 31 27 20 51 31 32 40 38 36 21 52 46 49 41 46 38 759 BN 0 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 14 PR + 3 2 5 3 4 6 10 12 4 8 8 5 5 5 6 4 3 6 2 1 2 3 3 9 3 122 PR 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 3 5 4 5 2 3 5 7 4 12 2 7 12 9 8 107 N 2 7 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 7 5 8 24 9 13 8 14 8 9 7 12 22 11 11 22 245 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 27 TO L PERCENTA ES: TA G THE STA R 20% B + N B N 9% P + R P R 60% 10% 1% N TOTAL: THE STAR Frequency 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 14 122 107 245 BN + BN PR + PR N 759 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 28 Daily Reports THE STAR DAILY COVERAGE Frequency 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BN+ BNPR+ PRN 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 29- 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Feb- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar- Mar08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 13-Feb-08 14% BN + BN PR + 58% 21% PR N 14-Feb-08 22% BN + BN 9% 63% 6% 0% PR + PR N 7% 0% 15-Feb-08 16-Feb-08 BN+ 32% 36% 42% BN + BN 48% PR + PR - BNPR+ PRN 4% 12% N 4% 18% 0% 4% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 29 17-Feb-08 17% 18-Feb-08 11% 6% 6% BN+ BNPR+ BN+ BN17% 55% PR+ PRN 11% 11% 0% 66% PRN 19-Feb-08 10% 3% BN + BN 26% 58% PR + PR N 3% 27% 9% 14% 20-Feb-08 BN+ BN50% PR+ PRN 0% 21-Feb-08 25% BN + BN 3% 59% 13% 0% PR + PR N 0% 16% 6% 14% 22-Feb-08 BN + BN PR + PR 64% N 23-Feb-08 11% 7% BN+ BNPR+ 18% 62% 2% 13% 21% 24-Feb-08 BN + BN 13% 53% PR + PR N PRN 0% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 30 25-Feb-08 18% 29% BN + BN PR + 5% 6% 0% 60% PR N 26-Feb-08 BN+ 10% BNPR+ PR62% 10% 0% N 27-Feb-08 25% BN+ BN4% 60% 11% 0% PR+ PRN 7% 0% 5% 15% 28-Feb-2008 BN + BN PR + PR N 73% 29-Feb-08 14% 1-Mar-08 23% BN + BN PR + 8% 62% 5% 2% PR N 11% 0% 63% 12% BN + BN PR + PR N 2-Mar-08 25% BN+ BNPR+ 58% PRN 11% 6% 0% 1% 5% 16% 3-Mar-08 9% BN + BN PR + PR 69% N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 31 4-Mar-08 19% 27% 5-Mar-08 BN+ BN + BN PR + 8% 4% 2% 59% PR N 3% 3% 0% BNPR+ PRN 75% 6-Mar-08 16% 15% 7-Mar-08 BN+ BNPR+ 18% 62% PRN 4% 0% 61% 12% 0% 12% BN+ BNPR+ PRN 8-Mar-08 31% BN + BN 54% PR + PR N 11% 4% 0% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 32 CHAPTER 2 PARTIES' NEWSPAPERS PARTIES' NEWSPAPERS AND THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION: TOTAL AND PERCENTAGE OF COVERAGE AND TENDENCY TOWARD POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTION ISSUES COVERAGES\PAPERS 1. BN-Oppression 2. BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption 3. BN-Rejection 4. BN-Manipulation 5. BN-Weak 6. PR-Strength 7. PR-Policy/Manifesto 8. PR-Strategy/Activity 9. EC-No Transparency TOTAL HARAKAH 28 29 32 60 100 46 17 89 32 433 SUARA KEADILAN 24 25 15 27 44 38 10 29 9 221 HA KA RA H 1. BN ppression -O 2. BN -Abuse of Pow er/C orruption 7% 6% 7% 3. BN ejection -R 4. BN anipulation -M 5. BN eak -W 14% 6. PR -Strength 7. PR -Policy/M anifesto 21% 7% 4% 11% 23% 9. EC o T -N ransparency 8. PR -Strategy/Activ ity Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 33 SUA RA KEA DILA N 1. BN ppression -O 2. BN -Abuse of Pow er/C orruption 4% 13% 11% 11% 3. BN ejection -R 4. BN anipulation -M 5. BN eak -W 7% 6. PR -Strength 7. PR -Policy/M anifesto 12% 8. PR -Strategy/Activ ity 5% 17% 20% 9. EC o T -N ransparency PARTIES' NEWSPAPERS Frequency 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Coverage Note: 1. BN-Oppression, 2. BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption, 3. BN-Rejection, 4. BNManipulation, 5. BN-Weak, 6. PR-Strength, 7. PR-Policy/Manifesto, 8. PRStrategy/Activity, 9. EC-No Transparency, 10. TOTAL HARAKAH SUARA KEADILAN Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 34 TENDENCY TOWARDS POLITICAL PARTIES TENDENCY HARAKAH SUARA KEADILAN BN249 58 % 135 61 % PR+ N TOTAL 152 32 433 35 % 7% 100 % 77 9 221 35 % 4% 100 % TENDENCY TOWARDS POLITICAL PARTIES Frequency 250 200 150 100 50 0 HARAKAH BNPR+ N SUARA KEADILAN H R K H A A A 7% BN 35% 58% PR + N SU R K D A A EA ILA N 4% 35% 61% BN PR + N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 35 1. SUARA KEADILAN ISSUES COVERAGE 30 Jan-14 Feb 2008 14 Feb-27 Feb 2008 27 Feb-7 Mar 2008 7 Mac-12 Mar 2008 BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression BN-Weak BN-Manipulation PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength EC-No Transparency Total 10 6 10 9 6 10 4 4 1 60 10 1 7 17 10 14 2 4 2 67 5 3 6 12 4 4 0 23 2 59 0 5 1 6 7 1 3 6 4 33 Biweekly Reports Frequency 25 SUARA KEADILAN BIWEEKLY COVERAGE BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression 20 15 10 5 BN-Weak BN-Manipulation PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength 0 30 Jan-14 Feb 2008 14 Feb-27 Feb 2008 27 Feb-7 Mar 2008 7 Mac-12 Mar 2008 EC-No Transparency Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 36 30 Jan-14 Feb 2008 BN -Abuse of Pow er/C orruption 16% BN ejection -R BN ppression -O 17% 10% BN -Weak BN -Manipulation PR -Strategy/Activ ity 10% 15% 16% PR -Policy/Manifesto PR -Strength EC o T -N ransparency 7% 2% 7% 14 Feb-27 Feb 2008 BN -Abuse of Pow er/C orruption 15% 1% 10% BN ejection -R BN ppression -O BN -Weak BN -Manipulation PR -Strategy/Activ ity PR -Policy/Manifesto 15% 26% PR -Strength EC o T -N ransparency 6% 3% 3% 21% 27 Feb-7 Mar 2008 BN-A buse of Power/Corruption 5% 10% 40% BN-Rejection BN-O ppression BN-W eak BN-M anipulation PR-Strategy ctiv /A ity 20% 0% 7% 7% PR-Policy anifesto /M PR-Strength EC-No Transparency 3% 8% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 37 7M ac-12 M 2008 ar BN -Abuse of Pow er/C orruption 15% 3% 18% 18% 9% 3% 22% BN ejection -R BN ppression -O BN -Weak BN -Manipulation PR -Strategy/Activ ity PR -Policy/Manifesto PR -Strength EC o T -N ransparency 12% 0% 2. HARAKAH ISSUES COVERAGE 1 Feb-15 Feb 2008 16 Feb-29 Feb 2008 1 Mar-15 Mar 2008 16 Mar-31 Mar 2008 BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression BN-Weak BN-Manipulation PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength EC-No Transparency Total 3 3 7 26 15 34 6 1 6 101 12 4 13 27 14 20 3 15 9 117 6 10 2 26 12 22 5 16 8 107 8 15 6 21 19 13 3 14 9 108 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 38 Frequency 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 Feb-15 Feb 2008 HARAKAH BIWEEKLY COVERAGE BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression BN-Weak BN-Manipulation PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength 16 Feb-29 Feb 2008 1 Mar-15 Mar 2008 16 Mar-31 Mar 2008 EC-No Transparency 1 Feb-15 Feb 2008 6% 1% 6% 3% 3% 7% BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression BN-Weak 26% 33% BN-Manipulation PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength 15% EC-No Transparency 16 Feb-29 Feb 2008 8% 13% 3% 10% 3% 11% BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression BN-Weak BN-Manipulation 17% 23% 12% PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength EC-No Transparency Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 39 1 Mar-15 Mar 2008 7% 15% 6% 9% 2% BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression BN-Weak 5% 24% 21% 11% BN-Manipulation PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength EC-No Transparency 16 Mar-31 Mar 2008 8% 13% 3% 12% 19% 18% 7% 14% BN-Abuse of Power/Corruption BN-Rejection BN-Oppression BN-Weak 6% BN-Manipulation PR-Strategy/Activity PR-Policy/Manifesto PR-Strength EC-No Transparency Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 40 CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL TABLOIDS POLITICAL TABLOIDS AND THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION: TOTAL AND PERCENTAGE OF COVERAGE AND TENDENCY TOWARD POLITICAL PARTIES TABLOIDS\TENDENCY Buletin Rakyat Mingguan Wasilah Siasah BN + 21 68 1 BN 47 110 151 PR + 28 70 139 PR 5 7 0 N 16 45 17 PO LITICA TA L BLO IDS Frequency 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 BN + BN PR + PR N Buletin R akyat Mingguan Wasilah Siasah Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 41 Total Percentages: B uletin R akyat 14% 18% 4% BN + BN PR + PR 24% N 40% Total Percentages: Mingguan W asilah 15% 23% 2% BN + BN PR + 23% PR N 37% Total Percentages: Siasah 6% 0% 0% BN + BN 49% 45% PR + PR N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 42 TOTA BU L: LETIN R KYA A T 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 47 BN + 28 21 16 5 BN PR + PR N TOTA MIN L: GGU N W SILA A A H 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 7 BN + 68 70 45 BN PR + PR N 110 TOTA SIA H L: SA 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 17 1 0 151 139 BN + BN PR + PR N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 43 1. BULETIN RAKYAT ELECTION COLUMNS BN + BN PR + 11 9 1 21 DATE\PARTIES 15 FEB. 2008 1 MAR. 2008 15 MAR. 2008 Total PR 4 1 0 5 N 4 5 7 16 16 15 16 47 7 9 12 28 Biweekly Reports BU LETIN RAKY BIWEEKLY CO ERAG AT V E Frequency 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 15 FEB. 2008 1 MAR 2008 . 15 MAR 2008 . BN + BN PR + PR N 15 FEB. 2008 10% 10% 26% BN + BN 17% PR + PR N 37% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 44 1 MA . 2008 R 13% 3% 23% BN + BN PR + PR N 38% 23% 15 MA . 2008 R 3% 19% BN + 0% 45% BN PR + PR 33% N 2. MINGGUAN WASILAH ELECTION COLUMNS BN + BN PR + 23 17 8 7 13 68 DATE\PARTIES 10-16 FEB. 2008 17-23 FEB. 2008 24 FEB.-1MAR. 2008 2-8 MAR. 2008 9-15 MAR. 2008 Total PR 0 2 2 1 2 7 N 3 8 11 11 12 45 16 19 28 26 21 110 5 19 15 20 11 70 Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 45 Weekly Reports M G U WASILAH WEEKLY CO ERAG IN G AN V E Frequency 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 10-16 FEB. 2008 17-23 FEB. 2008 24 FEB.2-8 MAR 2008 . 1MAR 2008 . 9-15 MAR . 2008 BN + BN PR + PR N 10-16 FEB. 2008 6% 0% 11% BN + BN 49% PR + PR 34% N 17-23 FEB. 2008 12% 3% 26% BN + BN PR + 29% 30% PR N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 46 24 FEB.-1MA . 2008 R 17% 3% 13% BN + BN PR + PR 44% N 23% 2-8 MA . 2008 R 11% BN + BN PR + 39% 31% PR N 17% 2% 9-15 MA . 2008 R 20% 22% BN + BN PR + PR - 3% 19% 36% N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 47 3. SIASAH ELECTION COLUMNS BN + BN PR + 0 1 0 0 0 1 DATE\PARTIES 10-16 FEB. 2008 17-23 FEB. 2008 24 FEB.-1MAR. 2008 2-6 MAR. 2008 7-15 MAR. 2008 Total PR 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 3 5 2 5 2 17 29 32 24 28 38 151 20 25 34 33 27 139 Weekly Reports SIASAH WEEKLY CO ERAG V E Frequency 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 10-16 FEB. 2008 BN + BN PR + PR N 17-23 FEB. 2008 24 FEB.2-6 MAR 2008 . 1MAR 2008 . 7-15 MAR . 2008 10-16 FEB. 2008 6% 0% 0% BN + BN 38% 56% PR + PR N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 48 17-23 FEB. 2008 8% 0% BN + BN 40% 50% PR + PR N 2% 24 FEB.-1MA . 2008 R 3% 0% 0% BN + 40% BN PR + 57% PR N 2-6 MA . 2008 R 8% 0% BN + 42% BN PR + PR 50% N 0% Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM 49 7-15 MA . 2008 R 3% 0% 0% BN + BN 40% 57% PR + PR N Copyright © 2008 COLGIS, UUM