Honey-Bee Mating based Bound Time Approach for Energy minimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 5, August 2010

Honey-Bee Mating based Bound Time Approach
for Energy minimization in Wireless Sensor
Networks
J Senthilkumar Dr.R.Lakshmipathi
Assistant Professor/IT Professor/EEE
Sona College of Technology St.Peters Engineering College
Salem, Tamilnadu, INDIA Chennai, Tamilnadu, INDIA
jsenthil10@gmail.com drrlakshmipathi@yahoo.com

V.Mohanraj Y.Suresh
Assistant Professor/IT Assistant Professor/IT
Sona College of Technology Sona College of Technology
Salem, Tamilnadu, INDIA Salem, Tamilnadu, INDIA
rajkrishcounty@gmail.com shuresh_22@yahoo.co.in

Abstract—In Wireless Sensor Network, dynamic cluster based energy efficient communication models and protocols that are
routing protocol approach is widely used. Such practiced designed for specific applications and topologies.
approach, quickly depletes the energy of cluster heads and
induces the execution of frequent re-election algorithm. This LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is
repeated cluster head re-election algorithm increases the number one of the most referenced protocols in the sensor networks
of advertisement messages which in turn depletes the energy of area [3],[4],[5]. In LEACH and other routing protocols, when
overall sensor network. Here, we proposed the Bound Time and current cluster head changes due to self destruction or energy
Honey Bee Mating Approach (BT-HBMA) that reduces the loss, increases the overhead, in turn leading to higher energy
cluster set up communication overhead and elects the stand by consumption. This is one of the worrying drawbacks. A
node in advance for current cluster head which has the capability possible solution which is proposed in this paper is the use of
to withstand for many rounds the bound time to reduce set-up communication overhead.
During this bound time, sensor nodes receive advertisement
Our proposed BT-HBMA method uses the Honey bee mating messages and from this, node determines multi-route for
behaviour in electing the stand by node for current cluster head. transmission and consider only the message with the minimum
This approach really outperforms the other methods in achieving number of hops and stand by cluster heads are elected.
reduced number of re election and maintaining high energy
nodes between the rounds. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II,
we review the related work. In Section III, describes Honey bee
Keywords- Cluster based Routing; Wireless sensor network; structure and modeling. The proposed method of BT –HBMA
Honey Bee mating; Bound Time algorithm for cluster formation is described in Section IV. In
Section V, We presented the Simulation results. Finally Section
VI, concludes the paper.
I. INTRODUCTION

II RELATED WORK
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are formed by a set of
nodes that gather information and forward it to a sink. They
Hierarchical or Cluster –based routing, originally proposed
are formed by small, inexpensive and resource limited devices
in wire line networks, are well-known techniques with special
that can interact with the environment and communicate in a
advantages related to scalability and efficient communication.
wireless manner with other devices [1] WSNs present a new
As such, the concept of hierarchical routing is also utilized to
challenge research problem due to their high flexibility to
perform energy efficient routing in WSNs. In a hierarchical
support several real-world applications. The core operation of
architecture, higher nodes can be used to process and send the
wireless sensor network is to collect and process data at the
information while low energy nodes can be used to perform
network nodes, and transmit the necessary data to the base
the sensing in the proximity of the target. This means that
station for further analysis and processing. Due to large
creation of Clusters and assigning special tasks to cluster-
network size, limited power supply, and inaccessible remote
heads can greatly contribute to overall system scalability,
environment, the WSN-based protocols are different from the
lifetime, and energy efficiency.
traditional wireless protocols [2].Currently there are several

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Hierarchical routing is an efficient way to lower energy nest, lay the eggs, and feed the larvas. The first group of
consumption within a cluster and by performing data broods is reared alone until they take over the work of the
aggregation and fusion in order to decrease the number of colony. Subsequently, division of labor takes place and the
transmitted messages to the base station. queen specializes in egg laying and the workers in brood care .
Heinzelman[4] introduced a hierarchical clustering Another founding method is called “swarming” in which a
algorithm for sensor networks, called Low Energy Adaptive new colony is founded by a single queen or more, along with a
Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH). LEACH is a cluster based group of workers from the original colony.
protocol, which includes distributed cluster formation. The
operation of LEACH is split into two phases, the set-up phase A colony of bees is a large family of bees living in one
and steady state phase. During the set-up phase, the clusters
bee-hive. A bee hive is like a big city with many “sections of
are created and cluster heads are elected. LEACH randomly
selects a few sensor nodes as cluster-heads and broadcast an the town”. The queen is the most important member of the
advertisement message to the entire network declaring that hive because she is the one that keeps the hive going by
they are the new cluster heads. Every node receiving the producing new queen and worker bees. With the help of
advertisement decides to which cluster they wish to belong approximately 18 males (drones), the queen bee will mate with
based on the signal strength of the received message. The multiple drones one time in her life over several days. The
sensor node sends a message to register with the cluster-head sperm from each drone is planted inside a pouch in her body.
of their choice. Based on a TDMA approach, the cluster head She uses the stored sperms to fertilize the eggs. Whether a
assigns the time slot to registered node for sending the data. honeybee will become a queen, a drone, or a worker,
During the steady-state phase, sensor nodes can start depends on whether the queen fertilizes an egg. Since she is
transmitting data to their respective cluster-head. The cluster the only bee in the colony that has fully developed ovaries,
head applies aggregation functions to compress the data before the queen is the only bee that can fertilize the egg. Queens and
transmission to the sink. After a predetermined period of time workers come from fertilized eggs and drones from
spent on the steady-state phase, the network enters the set-up unfertilized eggs.
phase again and starts a new round of creating clusters. Only the queen bee is fed “royal jelly,” which is a milky-
Although LEACH is able to increase the network lifetime, white colored jelly-like substance. “Nurse bees” secrete this
there are still a number of issues about the assumptions used in nourishing food from their glands, and feed it to their queen.
this protocol. LEACH assumes that all nodes can transmit with The diet of royal jelly makes the queen bee bigger than any
enough power to reach the base station if needed and that each
other bees in the hive. A queen bee may live up to 5 or 6
node has computational power to support different MAC
years, whereas worker bees and drones never live more than 6
protocols. Therefore, it is not applicable to networks deployed
in larger regions. It also assumes that nodes always have data months. There are usually several hundred drones that live
to send, and nodes located close to each other have correlated with the queen and worker bees. Mother nature has given the
data. It is not obvious how the number of the predetermined drones just one task which is to give the queen some sperm.
cluster-head is going to be uniformly distributed through the After the mating process, the drones die. As the nights turn
network. Therefore, there is the possibility that the elected colder and winter knocks the door, the drones still in the hive
cluster head will be concentrated in one part of the network. are forced out of the hive by worker bees. It is a sad thing, but
Hence, some nodes will not have any cluster heads in their the hive will not have enough food if the drones stay.
area. Queens represent the main reproductive individuals which
Lindsey and Raghavendra[6],[7] proposed an enhancement are specialized in eggs laying [9]. Drones are the fathers of the
over LEACH protocol. The protocol, called Power-Efficient colony. They are haploid and act to amplify their mothers’
Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS), is a genome without altering their genetic composition, except
near optimal chain –based protocol. It achieved the through mutation. Workers are specialized in brood care and
performance through the elimination of the overhead caused sometimes lay eggs. Broods arise either from fertilized or
by dynamic cluster formation and through decreasing the unfertilized eggs. The former represent potential queens or
number of transmissions and reception by using data workers, whereas the latter represent prospective drones.
aggregation. Although the clustering overhead is avoided, still The mating process occurs during mating-flights far from
requires dynamic topology adjustments. the nest. A mating- flight starts with a dance where the drones
This paper provides a protocol with the same underlying follow the queen and mate with her in the air. In a typical
benefits as LEACH and PEGASIS and reduces the number of
mating-flight, each queen mates with seven to twenty drones.
set-up messages required which in turn increases the network
lifetime. In each mating, sperm reaches the spermatheca and
accumulates there to form the genetic pool of the colony. Each
III HONEY-BEE COLONY STRUCTURE time a queen lays fertilized eggs, she retrieves at random a
mixture of the sperms accumulated in the spermatheca to
A honey-bee colony typically consists of a single egg
fertilize the egg. Insemination ends with the eventual death of
laying long-lived queen, anywhere from zero to several
the drone, and the queen receiving the “mating sign.” The
thousand drones (depending on the season) and usually
queen mates multiple times but the drone inevitably only once.
10,000 to 60,000 workers [8]. The colony can be founded in
These features make bees-mating the most spectacular mating
two different ways. In “independent founding” the colony
among insects.
starts with one or more reproductive females that construct the

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A. Honey-bees modeling head changes. These changes are due to cluster head failures
The mating–flight may be considered as a set of transitions in or when its energy level approaches a certain threshold value.
a state-space (the environment) where the queen moves During the bound-time, sensor node receives single multi-
purpose message and from this the node starts to determine
between the different states in some speed and mates with the
the following 1) possible routes from the cluster head to sensor
drone encountered at each state probabilistically. At the start
node 2) learns the minimum number of hops to reach the
of the flight, the queen is initialized with some energy content selected cluster head.3) Stand by nodes are chosen for next to
and returns to her nest when her energy is within some current cluster head. Hence, this single multi-purpose
threshold from zero or when her spermatheca is full. advertisement message can be used for both reducing the set-
In developing the algorithm, the functionality of workers is up communication overhead and fault tolerant, thus makes our
restricted to brood care and therefore, each worker may be protocol more energy efficient.
represented as a heuristic which acts to improve and/or take
care of a set of broods (i.e., as feeding the future queen with The operation of the proposed routing protocol can be split
royal jelly). A drone mates with a queen probabilistically into two phases: the role determination phase and the data
using an annealing function as[10]: transfer phase

B. Role Determination Phase
exp − ∆( f ) 
s (t )
Prob (Q, D) = (1) During this phase, cluster heads are selected and clusters

  are formed. At the start up, base station randomly selects some
desired percentage of nodes as cluster heads and broadcasts
where Prob (Q, D) is the probability of adding the sperm of selected information to the network. On receiving the
drone D to the spermatheca of queen Q (that is, the probability broadcasted information, each node checks its status whether
of a successful mating); ∆( f ) is the absolute difference it has been selected as cluster head or not. If yes, it starts a
between the fitness of D (i.e.ƒ(D)) and the fitness of Q(i.e. f new cluster formation by broadcasting an advertisement
(Q)); and S(t ) is the speed of the queen at time t. It is message. Otherwise, it forwards the message to its neighbors.
apparent that this function acts as an annealing function, Every cluster head creates an advertisement message which
where the probability of mating is high when both the queen is has the number of hops count to zero and broadcast it to its
still in the start of her mating–flight and therefore her speed is neighbors. If a node already belongs to another cluster for
high, or when the fitness of the drone is as good as the which the number of hops to reach the current belonging
queen’s. After each transition in space, the queen’s speed, cluster is less than newly received broad cast then it ignores
S(t), and energy, E(t), decay using the following equations: the received message.
The bound time of a node starts when it accepts an
S (t + 1) = a × S (t ) (2) advertisement message. When the bound-time is still valid, the
node caches the received message and waits for other possible
E (t + 1) =E (t)-γ (3) advertisement. In this way, it collects all possible alternative
paths to chosen cluster head. All the sensor nodes consider the
Where a is a factor ∈ [0, 1] and γ is the amount of energy message with minimum number of hops count (shortest route)
reduction after each transition. Thus, an Honey-Bees Mating as the best route. When route fails, an alternate route can be
Optimization (HBMO) algorithm may be constructed with the immediately used without delays or degradation of QoS.When
following five main stages [11]: the bound-time reaches zero, a route is established with
1) The algorithm starts with the mating–flight, where a queen shortest route and increases the number of hops count by one
in the retained message and broadcasts it to its nearby nodes.
(best solution) selects drones probabilistically to form the
spermatheca (list of drones). A drone is then selected from After bound time expires, all sensor nodes who receive the
the list at random for the creation of broods. advertisements message are candidate for stand by node to
2) Creation of new broods (trial solutions) by crossoverring their respective cluster head. All the sensor nodes who
the drones’ genotypes with the queen’s. expressed their willingness are collected in the stand by node
3) Use of workers (heuristics) to conduct local search on list and stored in the cluster head. This stand by node list is
broods (trial solutions). used as input to our proposed Honey mating algorithm which
4) Adaptation of workers’ fitness based on the amount of is discussed in next section. In the meantime, data transfer
improvement achieved on broods. phase is started for conducting data transfer in the network.
5) Replacement of weaker queens by fitter broods. The current energy of the current cluster head is polled in
every round time. When the current cluster head energy is
depleted to near specified threshold energy level, our proposed
IV. PROPOSED METHOD Honey Bee Mating algorithm is triggered to find the best stand
by node for current cluster head from the stand by node list.
A. Bound Time (BT) Routing Protocol When current cluster head about to dead completely, the best
stand by node selected using our approach replaces the current
The main objective of our BT approach is to minimize the
cluster head. This newly elected cluster head can withstand for
set-up communication overhead, whenever current cluster
many rounds and there by reduces the number of re-election.

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Honey-bee mating behavior discussed in section III is
equivalently mapped to our proposed BT-Honey Bee mating
algorithm in electing the stand by cluster head as shown in
figure 1 & figure 2. Trial Stand by Select at Random
.. Nodes using Objective
Function

Next Best Node Best Node List
List

Exchange of nodes
between Best node Mating using the
and Next Best Fitness function
Node List

Apply local search Replace the current
on best node list cluster head with the
using heuristic elected node
function

Figure 2. Honey Bee Mating Approach

4. Mating is done through exchange (crossover) between Best
Figure 1. Real Honey Bee Mating Approach Node and Next Best Node List based on the fitness function
which depends on the closeness to the sink node (if
selected).The new best node list are broods. Our fitness
function is based on the closeness of stand by node from other
C. Honey Bee Mating Algorithm. nodes if it is selected as new cluster head. In cluster, calculates
the distance of each node to its cluster-head (if selected) based
on number of hops. The lesser the distance the higher the
1. After the Bound time expires, Cluster head collects the probability that the node will become cluster head. The
nodes who expressed willingness to act as stand by node and number of hops between i and j node is calculated as follows
creates the node list called Trial Stand by node List.
No_of_hops (i, j) =
2. Before the start of next step, current energy of nodes in the
Min
stand by node list are examined and nodes having less energy  →
are discarded from the stand by node list. A − > 1 .. n
3. From the Standby Node List, Best Node and Next Best j−1
 
Node List are created using the objective function. The Best
node List and Next best node list is equivalent to queen and
( ∑ (
no_ of _ hopsi, I A1 ) + no_ of _ hopsIAK, IA(k+1) ) (5)
drones respectively. Our objective function is based on the 
 k=1 

remaining energy of stand by nodes. Obviously, the higher the
enrgy,the higher the probability that the node will become
cluster head. A− > 1..n = Number of Alternative path between i and j node.

The remaining energy is calculated as IA1 = 1st Intermediate node in the A th Alternative path to
Ec node j
Er = (4)
Ei K varied from 1st node to j-1 (previous node in reaching jth
node) node.
Where Ec is the current energy and Ei is the initial energy.

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5. Perform a local search on the Best Node List by applying the hardware. Sensors are modeled using a pool of
the heuristic function which depends on the distance between
cluster head [if selected] and base station. The lesser the concurrent, communicating threads. Individual sensors are
distance, less power is needed to transmit and receive the able to:
data.. Such nodes are having higher probability to become the 1) Gather and process data from a model environment
cluster head. This local search gives the best solution. .2) Locate and communicate with their nearest neighbours
6. In case of re-election, current cluster-head is replaced by 3) Determine whether they are operating correctly and
new cluster -head which is selected in step 5. act accordingly to alter the network topology in
case of faulty nodes being detected.
When the cluster round time is over or energy level
approaches a threshold, the current cluster head hands the Separate interfaces gather information from the network and
main role to new elected cluster head . With a single flooding display it on the graph pane or the chart pane, where
to cluster members, the new cluster head continues its main
individual data can be plotted during the simulation. This
role without the need for further communication.
partitioning allows us to experiment with different ways
of processing individual node data into information
D. Data Transfer Phase
The second phase is called data transfer or steady state Using the SenSor Plus framework, we implemented
phase. In this phase, data transfer is started as soon as bound the proposed algorithm. For our simulation, we gave all the
time expires. This phase is identical to steady state phase nodes an initial supply of energy and ran the protocol until it
proposed in LEACH[5].The steady state is broken into frames converged. For our Experiments, we created a 100-node
where nodes send their data to the cluster-head at most once network, where the nodes are scattered randomly on 600×600
per frame during their allocated transmission slot which
grid, such that no two nodes share the same location. In our
scheduled by TDMA. Once the cluster- head receives all the
data, it performs data aggregation and forwards the final data simulation, we considered the initial simulation parameter and
to the base station. its values as shown in Table I.

TABLE I SIMULATION PARAMETERS
V SIMULATION RESULT

Our proposed algorithm is implemented and completely Parameter Value Motivation
studies using the simulation tool called SenSor Plus. This is
Initial Energy 1J Standard energy value used for
an in- house sensor network simulator. SenSor [12] is a batteries in most sensor nodes.
realistic and scalable Python based simulator that provides
a workbench for prototyping algorithms for WSN. It Broadcast size 11 bit Assume that the sensor is
consists of a fixed API, with customizable internals. Each packet broadcasting an ID of 11 bits.
simulated sensor node runs in its own thread and Routing Size 11 bit Assume that the sensor is routing
communicates using the same protocols as its physical Packet packets of size 11 bits
counterpart would be. This enables experimentation with
different algorithms for managing the network topology,
simulating fault management strategies and so on, within Our proposed BT-HBMA methods outperforms the other
the same simulation. SenSor Plus is an extension of Sensor methods such as LEACH, PEGASIS in achieving reduced
with an added interface between the simulation number of re election and maintains high energy nodes
environment and different hardware platforms, for between the rounds. According to Table II, it is clear that our
example the Gumstix [13] platform. SenSor Plus bridges honey bee mating approach selects the best stand by node
between Sensor and the Gumstix to allow applications which can withstand for more rounds compare to other
implemented within the simulator to be ported directly on to methods.

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No of Re election Vs Rounds in Cluster 1

200
180
160
No of Re election

140
120 PEGASIS
100 LEACH
80
BT-HBMA
60
40
20
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
No of Rounds in cluster 1

Figure3 No of Re election Vs No of Rounds in cluster 1

TABLE II NUMBER OF REELECTION BETWEEN THE ROUNDS IN CLUSTER1
According to table III, the average energy of nodes in the
Number of Re-election in Cumulative cluster 1 is fair in our approach compared to other methods.
Cluster 1 Manner The figure 4 shows that average energy of nodes in cluster 1 in
terms of Joules between the numbers of rounds
(Number of
LEACH PEGASIS BT-HBMA
Rounds) TABLE III AVERAGE ENERGY OF NODES IN CLUSTER1 BETWEEN THE
ROUNDS

150 21 27 11
Average energy of nodes in cluster1
250 32` 39 19 Cluster 1
(Joules)
350 41 48 27 (Number of
450 51 59 36 Rounds)
LEACH PEGASIS BT-HBMA
550 63 72 49
150 0.97 0.95 0.982
250 0.95 0.93 0.962
By this approach, we can reduce the total number of re 350 0.84 0.81 0.895
election that likely to happen in the network if other methods
are followed. This also implicitly achieves excellent data 450 0.752 0.69 0.842
transfer phase. The Figure 3 depicts that our proposed method
outperforms the other methods in reducing the number of re- 550 0.593 0.43 0.712
election.

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Average Energy Vs Number of rounds in Cluster 1

1.2

1
Average Energy (Joules)

0.8
BT-HBMA
0.6
LEACH

0.4 PEGASIS

0.2

0
150 250 350 450 550
Number of Rounds

Figure 4 Average Energy of nodes in cluster 1 Vs No of Rounds in cluster 1

Our proposed BT-HBMA method, each cluster head and its
respective members are having higher average energy even REFERENCES
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AUTHORS PROFILE

J.Senthilkumar received his ME Applied Electronics with
Distiction from Anna University, Chennai in 2004. He is
working as Assistant professor in IT Department of Sona
College of Technology and pursuing PhD degree in Anna
University, Chennai. He is active in the research area of
Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobile computing and Data mining.

Dr.R.Lakshmipathi received his BE from College of
Engineering, Anna University, India, in 1971, the ME and PhD
in Electrical Engineering from College of Engineering, Anna
University, India in 1973 and Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT), Chennai in 1979, respectively. He has 36 years of teaching
experience at UG degree level out of which 10 years in PG
degree level. He worked as principal in Govt. College of
Engineering and held the various prestigious posts like Dean,
Regional Research Director , Chairman for board of BE exams,
Member of Academic auditing committee, AICTE, University
and State Govt. expert committee member. He is currently a
professor of Electrical Engineering, St. Peters Engineering
College (Deemed University), Tamilnadu. His research interest
includes Electrical power semi conductor drives, Signal
processing and Web Mining.

V.Mohanraj received his ME Computer science and
Engineering from Anna University, Chennai in 2004. He is
currently working as Assistant professor in IT department of
Sona College of Technology. He is pursuing PhD degree in
Anna University, Chennai. His research area includes web
mining, database and intelligent system.

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