Hybrid Vehicles, Are They the Car of expected to decrease dramatically with
production volume and technological progress;
Today, or Tomorrow?
e.g., incremental costs for fuel cell vehicles and
hydrogen could break even with gasoline
savings in 2028. Overall, the vehicle portfolio
scenario is estimated to have a slightly negative
influence on California's economy, because
advanced vehicles are very costly and,
therefore, the resulting gasoline savings
generally cannot offset the high incremental
expenditure on vehicles and alternative
fuels.[28]
Fuel economy standards are projected to be a
reliable mechanism for controlling future Electric vehicles (EV) are periodically promoted
gasoline consumption and associated pollution as quiet, pollution-free alternatives to gasoline
emissions in the United States. [2] Fuel cell vehicles. They have failed each time because of
generators produce lower GHG emissions than inferior performance and high costs.[36] Electric
those associated with the U.S. If fuel-cell and hybrid vehicles are gradually available in
generation technologies approach or exceed the market. This paper reviews the present
the target efficiency of 40%, they offer status of electric and hybrid vehicles worldwide
significant reduction in energy use and GHG and their state of the art, with emphasis on the
emissions compared to alternative combustion engineering philosophy and key
technologies.[3] Fuel cell and FC/battery (or technologies.[37] Electric traction is one of the
supercapacitor) hybrid systems have shown most promising technologies that can lead to
clear advantages over battery systems with significant improvements in vehicle
respect to operating hours per refueling and performance, energy utilization efficiency, and
quality of vehicle performance. [4] polluting emissions. Among several
technologies, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
Advancements in the areas of power traction is the most promising technology that
electronics, fault tolerant electrical power has the advantages of high performance, high
distribution systems, electric drives, control fuel efficiency, low emissions, and long
electronics, and microprocessors are already operating range.[38]
providing the impetus to improve the
performance of automobile electrical systems Simulation results indicate the equivalent fuel
and their reliability. As a result, the MEC economy of the fuel cell powered vehicles is 2-3
concept is seen as the direction of automotive times higher than that of a gasoline fueled IC
power system technology.[26] Advanced lead– vehicle of the same weight and road load. [31]
acid batteries provide high charge and Simulations show that clock speeds can be
discharge rate performance. Nickel–metal increased by a factor of two. [32] Simulation
hydride batteries have higher charge capacity results are used to assess the performance of
density and cycle life than lead–acid the controller. A forward-looking hybrid vehicle
batteries.[27] Advanced vehicle costs are
simulation model is used to implement the between this voltage bus and the conventional
control strategies.[33] battery.[2]
Hybrid vehicles have the potential to more than Electrical energy (in the form of direct current)
double mileage as compared to conventional from a power source is utilized to charge the
vehicles, and have a limited electric vehicle battery. Hence, charging is the process of
range. The battery goals of the Partnership for a reversing the energy-producing electrochemical
New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) are reactions so that the battery becomes
investigated and often found to be differing functional once again.[23] Electric vehicles (EV)
with actual requirements.[1] Hybrid vehicles are periodically promoted as quiet, pollution-
need a high voltage DC bus to supply power to free alternatives to gasoline vehicles. They have
the motor. Architectures of these vehicles failed each time because of inferior
usually include a DC-DC bi-directional converter performance and high costs.[24]
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[2] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s1361920996000016
[3] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s0360544205001854
[4] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s0378775399004802
[23] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s0378775305001461
[24] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/019689049290013m
[26] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=780573
[27] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s0378775303009303
[28] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s0378775302001891
[31] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4168012
[32] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1586414
[33] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s0967066102000722
[36] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/s1361920996000077
[37] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1377784
[38] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4168020