DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

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Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
University of Limerick

Code of Practice for Laboratory Safety

Revision 0 (Pages 1 - 35) October 1997

1
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR LABORATORY SAFETY

Page

Preface on CES Code of Practice 4

1. Specific Responsibilities 5/6

1.1 Academic staff
1.2 Technical staff
1.3 Demonstrators
1.4 Students
1.5 Visitors to the department
1.6 Fieldwork supervisors

2. General Laboratory Techniques 7/16

2.1 Working with chemicals and biochemicals
2.2 Working with micro-organisms
2.3 Disposal of waste
2.4 Dealing with spillages
2.5 Working with compressed gases
2.6 Working with cryogenic liquids
2.7 Manipulation of glassware
2.8 Laboratory hygiene and general housekeeping
2.9 Working with laboratory equipment

3. Maintenance of Equipment 17

3.1 General laboratory equipment
3.2 Portable equipment

4. Laboratory Rules 18/21

4.1 Safety rules for chemistry / biochemistry / environmental laboratories
4.2 Safety rules for microbiology laboratories
4.3 Working outside normal operating hours

2
5. Fieldwork 22

6. Emergency Procedures 23/27

6.1 Accidents in the lab
6.2 Accidents on field trips
6.3 Carbon monoxide alarm
6.4 Fire alarm and evacuation
6.5 Gas cylinders in fires
6.6 Gas leak
. 6.7 Emergency contact names

Appendices 28/35

Appendix 1 Organisational Chart for CES Department
Appendix 2 CES Safety Committee Members
Appendix 3 Incompatible Chemicals (Reactive Hazards)
Appendix 4 Incompatible Chemicals (Toxic Hazards)
Appendix 5 CES Laboratories

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Preface on CES Code of Practice

The University recognises the need for constant vigilance with regard to the risks posed.
This code is written to help avoid / prevent accidents. It is important that you read the advice /
instruction in this book and periodically re-read it as appropriate.
We have a statutory duty to conduct all practical work with reasonable care for the health
and safety of ourselves and those around us and maintain a safe and healthy working
environment. If you have, or develop, any health problems during the course of your work you
should immediately inform your supervisor. If you are in any doubt at all about the safety of any
procedure, use of reagent or equipment ask the Demonstrator, Technician or Faculty Member as
appropriate. In an emergency there will be no time to consult a book to find out what you should
do: therefore familiarise yourselves with emergency procedures, location of first aiders and first
aid kits, fire extinguishers, eyewash stations, safety showers, chemical spill kits, etc. In
particular, all staff are responsible for knowing what actions they, other staff and students must
take on hearing an emergency alarm. All accidents should be reported to the staff member in
charge of the activity and an accident report form filled in. The completed form should be given
to the Senior Technician who will ensure it is forwarded to the University Safety Officer.
Accident prevention is mostly common sense and forethought, but safety in the laboratory or
field is essentially based on care, judgement and knowledge of the hazards associated with an
operation. A Code of Practice can assist in this context, but cannot be regarded as a substitute for
these essential qualities. The procedures provide a framework within which safe working is
possible.
Finally, any comments on these procedures will be gratefully received by the CES Safety
Committee, or University Safety Officer.

4
1. Specific Responsibilities

1.1 Academic staff

Academic staff are responsible for the design and implementation of
undergraduate laboratory practical experiments. The academic must always start an
undergraduate laboratory session and deliver the relevant safety information to the
students, ensuring that any students that missed the safety talk are forbidden to do the
practical.
Particular care should be taken when supervising laboratory based
undergraduate project students to ensure their safety. It is the responsibility of faculty to
ensure that the undergraduate and postgraduate students are trained, competent and
adhere to safe practices while in the laboratory.

1.2 Technical staff

Technical staff are responsible for the upkeep of the laboratory safety equipment,
first aid supplies, emergency showers, eye wash stations and bottles, chemical spill kits
and reporting of discharged fire extinguishers. They must periodically examine all
apparatus and equipment for which they are responsible ensuring it is maintained
according to the manufacturer’s instructions ( see section 3.1 and 3.2 ). In addition they
must also ensure that any staff or students using the apparatus or equipment are given
adequate instruction. When issuing chemicals ensure that the relevant Materials Safety
Data Sheets ( MSDS’s ) are available within the laboratories for which they are to be
used. Ensure that all reagent bottles and containers containing chemicals are correctly
labelled and carry the appropriate international hazard symbol where necessary.
Good housekeeping practices must be maintained: not allowing trailing leads to
create tripping hazards, mopping up spillages on floors and benches immediately (taking
into account the nature of the spill), ensure that passageways are kept clear and tidy,
laboratory benches kept clean and any unused chemicals / micro-organisms / equipment
returned to storage.
Technicians must also ensure that any waste generated in their area is safely
disposed of (see section 2.3). All waste should be segregated at source, labelled and
removed to central storage when full. Care must also be taken to ensure glass bins are not
overfilled and emptied regularly. Gas and water isolation valves should be shut down at
the end of the working day , or when not in use. Ensure that any potentially dangerous
situation, apparatus, equipment or building defects are reported immediately to the Senior
Technician and where appropriate to the Buildings Office ( telephone 2001).

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1.3 Demonstrators

Demonstrators are responsible for the safe conduct of laboratory classes and for
the implementation of safety instructions given in the introductory talk and in the
experimental handout. They are also responsible for ensuring that appropriate action is
taken in the event of any accident (see section 6.1). Safety hazards which are apparent in
the experiment should be reported to the Faculty member responsible for the module, and
the Senior Technician.

1.4 Students

Students are at all times expected to adopt a responsible attitude to all matters
concerning health and safety at work and are expected to make recommendations for the
improvement of health and safety.
Before commencing work students must familiarise themselves with the location
of safety showers, eye wash stations, chemical spill kits, fire extinguishers and fire
blanket, first aid stations, exits and the rules of the laboratory.
It is expected that the students will adhere strictly to the instructions of the
academic and technical staff when carrying out practical work. The work bench should be
kept clean and free from chemicals and apparatus that are not required. Floors must be
kept clear of obstruction.
Before working with unknown chemicals consult the relevant material safety data
sheets (MSDS’s). Ensure all waste materials are safely disposed of, consult the technician
in charge of your area.
It is important to report any defects in the laboratory which might endanger safety,
health and welfare of yourself or others.

1.5 Visitors

All visitors to the CES Department do so only with the permission of the Head of
Department and must follow all the departmental safety procedures made known to them.

1.6 Fieldwork Supervisors

Fieldwork Supervisors are responsible for the safe conduct during field-trips and
for the implementation of safety regulations as outlined in the Safety Handbook for Off-
Campus Work.

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2. General Laboratory Techniques

2.1 Working with chemicals and biochemicals

Before working with chemicals / biochemicals for the first time it is important to
consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and become familiar with the hazards and
how to deal with them. It is the safest policy to treat all substances as hazardous until
they have been proved to be otherwise. MSDS’s are available from the Chemistry and
Biochemistry Store in B2-016 and B3-022 and a hard copy should be kept on file in each
laboratory where the chemical / biochemical is in use.
Handling
Wearing of buttoned up laboratory coats and safety glasses is mandatory at all times
when handling or working with any chemicals / biochemicals. Where appropriate: work
in a well ventilated fume cupboard; use safety screens; wear the appropriate type of
gloves and face mask as required.
Transporting
Great care should be exercised when transporting chemicals from the stores to your work
area and vice-versa. Suitable safe containers should always be used, special carriers are
available and should be used for the transport of Winchester bottles. Use a robust trolly to
transport larger quantities of chemicals and ensure it is never overfilled. Chemicals
should never be transported while corridors and stairs are busy, this is usually the case at
the beginning and finish of undergraduate lectures and practicals.
Storage
Commercially supplied chemicals / biochemicals should be stored in the manufacturer’s
containers or other appropriate containers. They must be clearly labelled in each case with
the chemical name of the contents and the appropriate hazard warnings signs. Chemicals /
biochemicals when not in use should be stored safely away. Samples of chemicals that
have been prepared in the course of research should be stored in closed sample tubes or
bottles and should be clearly labelled in such a way that they can be readily identified.
Such samples should be kept in a cupboard or other secure place and not left standing on
the work bench. The maximum volume of any one flammable solvent that may be stored
in a bottle for regular use is one litre. Such bottles must be kept in metal flammable
cabinets when not in use. It is important not to store incompatible chemicals /
biochemicals together, see Apendix 3.
Hazards
The following are the commoner hazardous categories of chemicals in use throughout the
University. All containers of hazardous chemicals are labelled with appropriate warning
signs.
Explosive: Acetylenes, acetylides, azides, azo and diazo compounds, diazonium salts,
chlorates, perchlorates, nitro compounds and peroxides are all potentially explosive.
Experiments involving such compounds must be carried out with the use of a safety
screen and away from workers. The quantities of material used should be kept to a minimum.
Major damage can result from the explosion of only 0.1g of material.

7
Ethers (e.g. diethyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, dioxan, tetrahydrofuran ) and
certain other compounds form explosive peroxides by interaction with atmospheric
oxygen. Such peroxides may accumulate in distillation residues and cause serious
explosion. Distillation of ethers should not be carried out to dryness. Partially filled
bottles of ethers should not be stored for long periods.
Oxidising: Powerful oxidising agents (e.g. perchloric acid, potassium permanganate
concentrated nitric acid, peroxides etc.) may bring about violent and dangerous
oxidation, or ignition, of organic materials. Explosion may occur. Experiments
involving concentrated perchloric acid must only be carried out behind a safety screen
and in a designated area away from workers. It should not be allowed to dry out in
contact with organic materials. All areas should be washed down after experiments
involving perchloric acid and spillages neutralised immediately with sodium carbonate..
Corrosive: Strong acids ( e.g. hydrochloric, hydrobromic , sulphuric, nitric, etc.), strong
bases (e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide etc.), some
oxidising agents (such as bromine, acid anhydrides, acid chlorates and some phenols) are
strongly corrosive and will quickly attack and burn body tissue when they come into
contact. Precautions against skin contact must be taken when handling corrosive
chemicals. In the event of accidental contact, the affected area should be washed with
copious quantities of water.
Hydrofluoric acid is particularly dangerous and causes serious burns which may be
painless at first. Any contact with skin should be treated with calcium gluconate gel as
well as washing with water. In view of the delayed reaction of the acid, all suspected
burn cases must be referred to the hospital for treatment at the earliest possible
opportunity.
Flammable: The vapours of flammable solvents must not be allowed to escape into the
neighbourhood of a naked flame or electrical equipment that is not flameproof. A fume
cupboard should be used whenever possible. Carbon disulphide is especially dangerous as
it will ignite from a hot surface (e.g. a light bulb or a steam pipe); it is also highly toxic
and should only be used in a well ventilated fume cupboard.
Toxic: All operations with these compounds must be performed in a fume cupboard.
Chemical traps should be used whenever possible to minimise the escape of vapours.
Care must be taken to avoid skin contact, ingestion or inhalation of toxic materials or harmful
materials.
Poisons are kept in a locked cabinet in the chemical store.
The hazards associated with the use of poisons must be assessed before purchase. Poisons
will not be issued without the permission of the Senior Technician and the appropriate
Academic Supervisor. Furthermore, it is essential that any poisons issued; are kept
locked away; unused quantities returned to the store immediately; waste segregated,
labelled and disposed of in a safe fashion.

2.2 Working with micro-organisms

When working with non-pathogenic or “opportunistically pathogenic” bacteria,
such as Escherichia coli, principles of good microbiological practice must be applied at

8
all times. Always know the pathogenic potential of the organism that one is working with
safety cabinets should always be used. Generation of aerosols should be avoided during
the work. Laboratory coats and safety glasses must be worn at all times and care must be
taken that any wounds are covered to avoid contact with the bacteria. Any contact
between the organism and skin should be avoided if at all possible and avoid placing
anything in the mouth during the procedure.

2.3 Disposal of waste

Accurate identification and classification is the first step in proper handling and
disposal of laboratory chemicals / material that have become waste. One should also aim to
keep all waste to an absolute minimum. Always check with the Technician in charge of the
laboratory what the procedures are for dealing with the different categories of waste.
Chemical waste
The mixing of liquid wastes can lead to chemical reactions and should only be undertaken
after it has been established as being safe. From a safety and cost point of view all liquid
waste should be segregated as much as is reasonably practicable at source. The 10 litre
special containers that are made available for solvent liquid waste should be stored in the
fume cupboards and adequately labelled. Containers should not be overfilled and removed to
the disposal area in CG before they become full. All waste brought to the disposal area must
be logged in and the Technician in the area informed.
Generally speaking, non-toxic water soluble material in small quantities can be disposed of
by flushing down the sink, provided that heavy dilution is employed to bring down the
concentration to acceptable levels. In some instances it may be necessary to pre-treat
chemicals before disposal to render them safe. Further information on pre-treatment of
certain chemicals before disposal can be found in “Prudent Practices for Disposal of
Chemicals from Laboratories”, this is available from the main library shelved at 542.0289.
Under no circumstances may flammable liquids that are immiscible with water be allowed
to enter the sinks.
Microbiological waste
All biohazardous waste that requires autoclaving should be placed in the appropriate
containers or autoclave bags provided in the laboratory.
Petri dishes should be placed in the yellow bins which are in place in all the microbiological
laboratories. You should always ensure that these are lined with autoclave bags , covered at
all times and never overfilled.
Glass slides and pipettes should be placed in containers with hypochlorite solutions
and soaked for a minimum of one hour, ensuring pipettes are placed with tip downwards.
They should then be placed in the glass bin for disposal or removed to the wash-up area as
appropriate.
Hypodermic needles
Used hypodermic needles and other sharps should be placed in the Cin Bin provided.
Overfilling of these containers must be avoided at all costs in order to prevent accidental
sticks. When the container is adequately filled it can be placed in the yellow bins.

9
2.4 Dealing with spillages

The following general rules can be applied to the extent necessary to deal with
any spillage without danger to the operators involved or to the environment. These should be
supplemented with advice from the chemical suppliers, MSDS or from the relevant local
authorities.

(i) Eliminate all sources of heat and ignition for all flammable materials and also for
those which form more toxic substances on exposure to heat.
(ii) Wear suitable personal protective equipment.
(iv) Ensure that all other personnel either leave the affected area or, if they remain to
help, are also adequately and suitably protected.
(v) Liquid spills can be treated in several ways:
(a) If small, absorb on paper towels and evaporate in a fume cupboard.
(b) If large, absorb on sand, vermiculite or chem-sorb (industrial absorbent for
liquid spills, available in all the laboratories), put into a covered
container and remove for disposal.
(vi) Most solid materials should be swept up dry or mixed with dry sand before being
swept up and placed in buckets for removal and subsequent disposal.
(vii) Following removal of the material from the site of the spillage, the area should be
ventilated to remove any residual vapour and/or washed with water and soap or
detergent to remove any traces of material.
(viii) Any contaminated personal or protective clothing should be thoroughly cleaned to
remove all traces of contaminant. In some cases it may be necessary to
discard contaminated clothing.
(ix) Finally, each incident should be reported to the Senior Technician so that it can be
thoroughly investigated to evaluate the cause of the spillage with a view to
preventing further similar incidents and also to ensure that the
instructions for handling such incidents are satisfactory.

In the case of spillage onto the person, affected areas of the skin should be immediately
treated with liberal quantities of water and any contaminated clothing removed. It is good
practice to follow the initial water sluice by washing with soap and water.
Spillage into the eyes presents unusual problems in that the victim often has no vision to
assist him/herself and is usually in a very anxious state. The eyes should be well washed,
either with water or some suitable eye lotion, by the victims colleagues: firm instructions to
open the eyes for treatment and gentle restraint are normally needed. Entry of
dangerous materials into the eyes should always be treated as a matter of concern and
hospital examination should always follow the emergency first-aid procedure.
Any person requiring emergency first-aid treatment, after initial treatment (preferably by
a trained first-aider, see section 6.1) should be brought to the Medical Centre who will
advise if further hospital treatment is required. It is important that medical staff are informed of
the nature of the accident, the time at which it occurred and the chemicals involved.

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2.5 Working with compressed gases

All users must know and understand the properties of the gas they are using and
the correct operating procedures for the equipment being used with the gas. You should
have in your possession the safety data sheets for the gases you are using together with
the operating instructions for the equipment. Cylinders are labelled in accordance with the
Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations and are
colour coded. A cylinder must never be used unless it can be clearly identified, one must
not rely on the colour code alone as a means of identification. In addition to this
information you should also read “Safe under pressure”, guidelines for all who use BOC
gases in cylinders. This booklet will be available in your laboratory and from the Senior
Technician.

Storage, transport and handling
° All persons handling gas cylinders should wear protective footwear, eye
protection and industrial gloves and avoid loose clothing, particularly sleeves
which may catch on cylinder valves.
° Oxygen should not be stored in the vicinity of combustible gases, or of other
combustible materials. A distance of 3 metres apart is recommended or separation
by means of a fire wall.
° It is essential that when handling or storing cylinders containing toxic or corrosive
gases that the plug or cap nut is always replaced in the valve outlet when
the cylinder is not in use or connected to an operational system.
° Cylinders under transport should be mounted in a gas cylinder trolley with the
valve shut. Whilst in use they should be secured in an upright position by
clamping to the laboratory bench, by chains affixed to a wall, or on a
cylinder trolley.
° Disconnect equipment ( regulators, hoses, blowpipes ) before transporting
cylinders or putting them in store. Store cylinders in a designated and controlled
place.

Looking after cylinders
° Lubrication of cylinder valves and fittings is highly dangerous as well as being
unnecessary.
High pressure oxygen will react violently with oils and grease which may explode
or ignite violently. Do not apply jointing compounds or jointing tape to
any cylinder, valves or fittings.
Oxygen equipment is most at risk from oil and grease so keep greasy hands, rags
and gloves away from any part of the cylinder and fittings.
° Keep cylinder valves clean, if grit, dirt, oil or dirty water get into the cylinder
valve sockets leakage may occur..

Making safe connections and safe operations

11
° Check that the cylinder is labelled and the gas is what you want.
° Check that the system you are connecting to is designed to take the gas pressure.
Any equipment used in conjunction with the gas should be operated in accordance
with the manufacturers instructions.
° Open cylinder valves slowly (anti-clockwise) using the correct spindle key or the
hand-wheel fitted on some cylinders. If you stop work for more than a few
moments, close the cylinder valve.
° Make sure the pressure regulator is designed for use with high pressure gas
cylinders and that the threads are the same as on the valve outlet.
To prevent the interchange of fittings between cylinders containing combustible
gases and non-combustible gases the cylinder valve outlets are threaded to
opposite hands. Non-combustible gases have conventional right hand threads
while combustible gases have left-hand threads. Left-hand threaded nuts are
notched on their faces.
Never force a connection that does not fit or attempt to repair or modify the
regulator.
° To prevent flames travelling back into cylinders, devices known as flashback
arrestors should be fitted downstream of pressure regulators in oxygen, acetylene,
propane and hydrogen systems.
° Check all connections and equipment for leaks using 1% Teepol HB7 in water, or
an approved leak detection fluid available from BOC. Periodic re-tests are
recommended.
° Use only hoses to BS5120: blue for oxygen, red for acetylene and orange for
propane. Do not use longer hoses than is necessary. Discard hoses that show any
sign of deterioration or damage.
° Check all connections and equipment for leaks using 1% Teepol HB7 in water, or
an approved leak detection fluid available from BOC. Periodic re-tests are
recommended.
° Always turn off the gas supply at the cylinder when the job is finished.
° Report to BOC and the Senior Technician any damage to cylinders and never
attempt to disguise damage in any way or attempt to repair.
° Spindle keys should always be left in position on the valve spindle when the
equipment is in operation to ensure speedy shut-down in an emergency.

2.6 Working with cryogenic liquids

All cryogenic fluids are liquefied gases, some of which embrace the hazards of
flammability, irritancy, corrosivity, toxicity and the vigorous support of combustion.
Contact with cryogenic fluids or equipment can result in frostbite, or torn flesh, injuries
which are just as unpleasant as high temperature burns. Prolonged inhalation of cold
vapour or gas should also be avoided.
The common cryogenic materials used at University of Limerick are liquid
nitrogen and occasionally solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).

12
Liquid nitrogen (-196° C)
° This material must always be stored and used in dewar vessels.
° Appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when handling.
° Do not store or use in a confined or poorly ventilated area as liquid nitrogen will
condense oxygen from the atmosphere as liquid oxygen, which is a very
hazardous material capable of greatly enhancing the flammability and shock
sensitivity of many materials. In addition, liquid oxygen, when removed
from the cooling effect of liquid nitrogen will evaporate very rapidly
giving the potential for pressure build up and explosions.
° Do not transport in a passenger lift accompanied by people because in the event of
lift failure oxygen deficiency could occur and lead to asphyxia.
° Training is needed in filling containers so this should never be attempted unless
accompanied by a trained laboratory attendant or technician in your area. Any
requirements for liquid nitrogen should be directed through the Senior Technician.

Solid carbon dioxide (-78°C)
° This material should be stored in dewar vessels or an insulated box.
° Appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn when handling

2.7 Manipulation of glassware

Many laboratory accidents arise from the handling of glassware. Many injuries are
caused by broken glass, such injuries are not only dangerous in themselves, but may also
provide a ready means for toxic substances and biological materials to enter the body.
Before using glassware check that it is scrupulously clean and free from defects.
Damaged glassware, unless it can be repaired by a trained and competent person, should
be rejected and disposed of appropriately by placing in a bin which is labelled for broken
glassware only. To avoid further injury it is always advisable to bring the bin to the
broken glassware and not vice-versa.
Two types of commonly used glass found in laboratories are either soft glass or
pyrex. Soft glass: melting point 600 to 800°C; used in droppers, glass rods, tubing,
bottles; workable with a bunsen burner; subject to attack by alkali; resists thermal shocks.
Pyrex glass: melting point 750 to 1100° C ; used for beakers, flasks, common
glass equipment; requires an oxygen torch to be worked; withstands alkali; resists thermal
shock.
If undertaking any of the following laboratory operations the following practices
should be followed to minimise hazards and thus avoid accidents.
° Flasks should not be supported by a retort clamp around the neck, but should be
placed on cork rings or iso-mantles.
° Support of glassware in large assemblies must be carried out carefully and due
allowance must be made for the expansion of glass if the apparatus is to be heated.
° The relatively simple operation of inserting glass tubing or thermometers into
rubber bungs is responsible for an inordinately large number of accidents. The

13
mistake is to bore to small a hole in the bung as a result of using a borer of the
same size as the tubing into it. Breakage results very readily with resultant cuts of
the hand if no protection has been used. A borer slightly larger than the tube or
rod should be used, lubricated with soap or grease to facilitate cutting of the hole. The
tube should be gently eased into the hole using a cloth or gloves to protect
the hands. Always hold the glass at the active ends. The ends of tubing or rods
should be fire-smoothed to avoid sharp edges.
° Stopcocks that have stuck in their barrels may be removed by the application of
gentle heat or by lightly tapping the handle with the wooden end of a spatula with
the thumb placed at the other side. Care should be exercised and gloves worn.

2.8 Laboratory hygiene and general housekeeping

Standards of personal hygiene need to be even higher in laboratories than most
other work situations because of all the hazardous and potentially hazardous chemicals
and micro-organisms that may be in use there. Poor standards of housekeeping lead to
hazardous situations and are the cause of most laboratory accidents. Because of this it is
imperative to have high standards of personal hygiene and general housekeeping and
adhere to the following procedures:
° Food or drink should not be prepared or stored in laboratories or chemical
storerooms.
° Wash your hands regularly when working with chemicals or micro-organisms.
° Keep the workbench clean at all times and free from chemicals and apparatus
which are not required.
° Clean up after each stage of an experiment.
° Keep floors free of obstruction, dry and free from slippery materials.
° Mop up spillages on the bench or floor immediately, taking into account the
nature of the spill.
° All equipment not in use should be returned to its proper storage place, in a clean
and working condition, reporting any faults and arranging for its repair.
° Laboratory reagents and chemicals should be placed on the appropriate shelves or
storage cabinets immediately after use, with their labels to the front.
° Reagent bottles should always be cleaned if the contents have been spilled down
the sides.
° All chemicals and micro-organisms should be clearly labelled and carry the
appropriate international hazard symbol where necessary.
° Ensure that all waste from the laboratory is disposed of in the approved manner.
° Before passing laboratory apparatus and equipment to non-laboratory maintenance
staff for repair, it should be decontaminated of any harmful substances.

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2.9 Working with laboratory equipment

Anyone requiring to use any piece of equipment must receive adequate training
from the Technician or Faculty member in charge of the area in charge of the area who
will instruct on all aspects of safe operation. Instructions for use of most equipment are
clearly displayed in the various laboratories, these along with any other instructions of the
technical or academic staff must always be followed as well as the manufacturer’s
instructions. You must always check with the Technician before use, sign the appropriate
user log and ensure all faults are reported and recorded. In particular great care should be
exercised when using the following equipment:
° Bomb calorimeter - this is a high pressure vessel and should be handled with
care at all times. Within CES postgraduate students and staff are
allowed to use this equipment with the consent of the Head of
Department. Before use any instruction from the Technician in charge
together with the manufacturer’s instructions must be strictly followed.
° Autoclaves - these operate at high temperatures and pressures so appropriate
precautions must be taken before using them. Instructions for use are clearly
displayed on the instrument and should be strictly followed along with any other
instructions from the Technician in charge. To avoid unnecessary accidents and
damage to equipment it is important to ensure that: the water level is checked
before beginning a cycle and samples have sufficient space between them for
steam to circulate; glass bottles have screw caps loosened; containers are not
filled to the brim with liquids; gloves are worn when opening and removing
materials; on completion of the cycle the door should only be opened
when the temperature indicator has reached 60 C or lower.
° Centrifuges - these operate at high speeds, are delicate and dangerous if misused.
Instructions for use are clearly displayed on the instrument and should be strictly
followed along with any other instructions from the Technician in charge. To
avoid unnecessary accidents and damage to the equipment it is important to
ensure that: tubes are balanced carefully before centrifugation to avoid
stressing the rotor; the centrifuge is cleaned after each use and any
spillages are mopped up as the rotor can be seriously weakened by
corrosion; care is taken when choosing the rotor speed, so as not to
exceed the manufacturer’s instructions for the particular rotor being
used; on start-up, the centrifuge is carefully monitored until the desired
operating speed has been achieved; in the case of imbalance or other problems
occurring, the centrifuge is stopped by using the brake, not by switching off or
plugging out the centrifuge; the door is not opened until the rotor has
come to a complete stop.
° Furnaces / ovens / hot plates - the removal of hot solid objects from furnaces
rarely gives trouble, provided that suitable tongs and manipulative skill are
employed. A more frequent source of burns is unguarded objects left to
air- cool after removal from the furnace. It is important that a warning notice
should be placed as near to the hot work as possible. Obviously, quenching

15
operations following furnace heating should never be undertaken without at
least, the wearing of eye protection. Beware of hot air blasts from an oven when the
door is opened.
Caution must be exercised before touching stirrer/hot plates as they may still be
hot from recent use. Care should also be taken to protect the electrical leads of
heating equipment from burning or scorching.
° Vacuum systems - the most serious risk with evacuated systems is implosion,
especially of glass components. Implosion hazards in mechanically pumped high
vacuum systems can be virtually eliminated by good design and sturdiness of
construction: it is important however, that the operator should have a screen
(e.g. transparent plastic between oneself and those parts of the equipment
most vulnerable to implosion such as comparatively large glass vessels). Large
vessels should have permanent covers.
Good design and construction usually reduce implosion risks on permanently
installed vacuum systems to acceptable levels: a more common source of such
trouble is temporary laboratory operations, involving for example, water pumps
and filter flasks. It is obviously difficult to make permanent arrangements for the
safeguarding of transient operations such as these. Glass equipment which has
even the slightest hint of a flaws should never be employed and some form of
portable transparent shielding should be devised to place around evacuated
vessels.

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3. Maintenance of Equipment

3.1 General laboratory equipment

Over a period of time equipment will deteriorate through use or mis-use and faults
if not detected and corrected could prove fatal. For this reason a system of preventative
maintenance is vital. The manufacturer’s instructions and operating experience should
always be taken into consideration when deciding on what preventative maintenance checks
are necessary. These checks should normally take place bi-annually or more frequently as
required. All checks carried out, faults found, corrections made and results of any
tests should be recorded in the Department Preventative Maintenance Record Sheets. These
records together with any other maintenance records for a particular piece of equipment
must be correctly filed for easy access and reference.

3.2 Portable equipment

Modern portable electrical equipment is generally manufactured to high safety
standards yet it probably accounts for more fatal accidents than any other single cause.
Accidents usually occur because the equipment is used in conditions for which it was not
intended or, most likely, because it has not been maintained over years of use or mis-use.
The practice from now is that each item of portable equipment should be
identified with a number and that number and a brief description of the equipment recorded
in a register. The equipment should be checked by the instrument technician at least once a
year. This arrangement ensures that all portable electrical equipment will be inspected
and provides a means of identifying any item which is not on the register. The results
of these tests are to be recorded on the register as this data can be a useful indication of
slow deterioration or abuse, or use in conditions for which the equipment is unsuitable. Those
using the equipment should report any suspected faults and remove it from service pending
investigation and / or repair.

17
4. Laboratory rules

4.1 Safety rules for chemistry / biochemistry / environmental science laboratories

1. Work is not permitted in the absence of appropriate supervision.
No student may commence experimental work for the first time without receiving and
signing for appropriate safety instruction.

2. Suitable eye protection, adequate foot protection and a buttoned up laboratory coat MUST
be worn AT ALL TIMES when working in the laboratory.
Contact lenses must not be worn in the laboratory

3. Students should store their bags and coats in the location indicated by laboratory
supervision.

4. Smoking, eating and drinking are strictly prohibited whilst in the laboratory.

5. Mouth pipetting is strictly prohibited.

6. Unwarranted interference with laboratory safety equipment (fire extinguishers, safety
showers etc.) is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Any person found contravening this rule
will be reported to the University Disciplinary Committee.

7. All persons should conduct themselves in an orderly manner whilst in the laboratory.
Persons found engaging in disorderly conduct will be required to leave.

8. Broken glassware or malfunctioning instruments must be reported to supervision
immediately.
Broken glassware must be placed in the special bin provided.

9. Dispose of used hypodermic needles by placing them in the CIN bins provided.

10. Waste chemicals should be disposed of in the appropriate receptacle(s) provided.

11. ALL accidents and chemical spillages must be reported to supervision AT ONCE.

12. Know where the EXITS, fire extinguishers, safety showers, eye wash stations and first aid
stations are.

14. On completion of experimental work ensure work area is clean and hands are washed on
leaving the laboratory.

REMEMBER: If in doubt, ask laboratory supervision.

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4.2 Safety rules for microbiology laboratories

Common sense and the exercise of good laboratory practice goes a long way when dealing
with micro-organisms. Some micro-organisms are pathogenic others are not, however in
general the same precautions should be used when dealing with all micro-organisms. Some
of the following rules coupled with common sense may aid in preventing infection.

1. Work is not permitted in the absence of appropriate supervision.
No student may commence experimental work for the first time without receiving and
signing for appropriate safety instruction.

2. Suitable eye protection, adequate foot protection and a buttoned up laboratory coat MUST
be worn AT ALL TIMES when working in the laboratory.
Contact lenses must not be worn in the laboratory

3. Students should store their bags and coats in the location indicated by laboratory
supervision.

4. Smoking, eating and drinking are strictly prohibited whilst in the laboratory.

5. Mouth piping is strictly prohibited.

7. All persons should conduct themselves in an orderly manner whilst in the laboratory.
Persons found engaging in disorderly conduct will be required to leave.

8. Broken glassware or malfunctioning instruments must be reported to supervision
immediately.
Broken glassware must be placed in the special bin provided.

9. Dispose of used hypodermic needles by placing them in the CIN bins provided.

10. Dispose of waste in the appropriate receptacles provided. Be familiar with the procedures
for disposal of microbiological contaminated waste and if in doubt ask laboratory
supervision.

11. ALL accidents and spillages must be reported to supervision AT ONCE.

12. Know what organisms one is dealing with, if in doubt check with supervisor.

13. At all times be careful to prevent infecting yourself and others.

19
14. Try not to form and generate aerosols when working as these keep micro-organisms
suspended in the air.

15. Know where the EXITS, fire extinguishers, safety showers, eye wash stations and first aid
stations are.

16. On completion of experimental work ensure work area is clean and hands are washed on
leaving the laboratory.

REMEMBER: If in doubt, ask laboratory supervision.

4.3 Working outside normal operating hours

Postgraduate students may use laboratory facilities outside of normal operating
hours. This is defined as after 5p.m Monday- Friday and week-ends. In order to facilitate
this operation a system of security clearance forms is in place. To accommodate the
various requirements of postgraduate students , there are two types of security clearance
form in operation.

Security clearance form A
This form is issued by the Technician responsible for the laboratory or the Senior
Technician at the request of the student’s Academic Supervisor. It permits the student to
carry out standard laboratory procedures. The following information must be included
before the form is valid:
 Name of the person
 Name(s) and number(s) of laboratories in which work is authorised.
 Date and times.
 Name of a second person who will be present in the laboratory.
 For safety and security reasons, where no faculty /staff member is working in the
laboratory, a student may only perform laboratory procedures if he / she is
accompanied by a second named person.
 Description of work to be carried out.
 Signature of appropriate technical staff member.
 Signature of appropriate academic staff member.

20
Security clearance form B
This form is issued to postgraduate students by the Senior Technician at the
request of the Academic Supervisor. It may only be used for non-experimental purposes
under the following circumstances:
 The Academic supervisor informs the Senior Technician in a written application, that
the work to be undertaken by the student involves no risk to the person, to others
working in the area, or to University property.
 The student has been informed by his/her Academic Supervisor that he/she may use
this form B only for performing safe operations i.e. computer and office applications.

The following information must be completed before the Form is valid:

 Name of person undertaking the work.
 Name(s) of laboratories/workshops in which work is permitted.
 Signature of Senior Technician.
 Signature of appropriate member of Academic staff.

Conditions attaching to use of both forms
 After 5p.m. the postgraduate student must log in at the security desk when entering
the University and must log out when leaving the building
 If Form A is in use a member of the Security Staff must ensure that two students are
working in the general specified area
 Form A must be renewed on a daily basis. In special circumstances form A will be
issued on a weekly basis (Mon.- Fri. incl.) and on a weekend basis (Sat.- Sun. incl.),
at the discretion of the Senior Technician.
Form B may be issued on an annual basis to registered postgraduate students.

These procedures are enforced by Keatings Security for the CES Department.

21
5. Fieldwork

Refer to Safety Handbook for Off-Campus Work.

22
6. Emergency Procedures

6.1 Accidents in the laboratory

Reporting procedure
In the event of an accident occurring during a laboratory session, the following procedure
should be adhered to by the Faculty member and Demonstrator:
 Render appropriate first-aid immediately to the person involved and remove him / her
from the source of danger.
 If appropriate, the person involved should be referred to the Medical Centre, in serious
emergencies arrangements should be made for direct transport to hospital.
 The Demonstrator should immediately inform both the Faculty member responsible, the
Technician and the Senior Technician of the details of the accident.
 The Faculty member responsible should obtain from the Technician in charge a copy of
the University Accident Report Form. This form should be filled out in full with copies
made for the Head of Department and the Safety Officer. The original should be sent to
the Senior Technician.

Location of First Aid Stations

B2-028 Environmental Laboratory
B2-024 Biochemistry Research Laboratory
B2-017a Technician’s Office
B2-020 Senior Technician’s Office
B3-022 Biochemistry Project Laboratory
B3-053 General Chemistry Laboratory
B3-054 Microbiology/Biochemistry Laboratory
C2-053 Technician’s Office

First-Aid Personnel in CES Department

Mr James Kelly
Mr Robert Hutchison
Mr Gerard Wixted
Ms Rena Connolly

23
6.2 Accidents on field trips

Refer to Safety Handbook for Off-Campus Work. This is available from the Senior
Technician and the Faculty member in charge.

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6.3 Carbon monoxide alarm

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odourless, toxic and flammable gas. It has 300
times the affinity of oxygen for combining with the haemoglobin of the red blood cells. In
high concentrations CO can cause immediate collapse and death. 4000ppm or more is
soon fatal. Over 1000ppm for more than one hour can cause loss of consciousness,
respiratory failure and death. 500ppm after one hour produces noticeable effects,
including headache, nausea, increased respiration and weakness, palpitations, collapse
and unconsciousness.
There is a CO monitor installed in laboratory CO-O40 where CO is presently
being used. This gives a reading in ppm of the levels of CO present at any given time. It
is located beside the exit door to the sundial area so that it can be read from outside the
building.
You should refer to the MSDS for more detailed information when working with
CO. In the event of an emergency in the following situations the following steps should
be taken:
Inhalation
° Minimise personal risk.
° Remove victim to uncontaminated area.
° Ensure there is no obstruction to the airway.
° If breathing is weak or stopped apply artificial ventilation with simultaneous
administration of oxygen.
° Summon ambulance.
° Keep victim warm and rested.
Leaking container
° Evacuate the area.
° If trained put on positive pressure breathing apparatus.
° Check the container valve is closed and move the container to a fume cupboard or open
space downwind from persons or sources of ignition.
° Post warning notices and seal off area.

6.4 Fire alarm and evacuation

All supervisory staff are aware of the action to be taken on the discovery of a fire and on
hearing a continuos alarm.

6.5 Gas cylinders in fires

Gas cylinders involved in a fire may explode. If cylinders are in a fire the key actions to
be taken are:
° Evacuate the area (minimum 100 metres).
° Raise the alarm and call the fire brigade.
° Advise people between 100 and 300 metres from the cylinder to take cover.

25
° If you attempt to fight the fire do so from a protected position using copious quantities of
water.
° When the fire brigade arrives inform them of the location and number of gas cylinders
involved in the fire. These which have not become heated should be moved as quickly as
possible to a safe place, provided this can be done without undue risk. Make sure these
cylinder valves are closed.
° As soon as possible inform BOC of the incident.
Remember that even after the fire has been extinguished some cylinders that have been
heated can explode, particularly acetylene cylinders. If cylinder contents are unknown
treat as acetylene cylinders

6.6 Gas leak

When not in use the gas isolating valves should be closed at all times. In the event of a gas
leak the following actions should be taken:
° Evacuate all personnel to a safe distance.
° Do not switch on or off any electric device in or near the area affected as both actions can
generate a spark.
° Turn off the gas supply by closing the isolating valve. It is essential that all laboratory
users are made fully aware of the location of these valves how to close them.
° Alert the Buildings Office (2001).

26
6.7 Emergency contact names

Head of Department

Dr John Mullane
Room B2-012
Telephone ( 9.00a.m. - 5.00p.m.) 2143
Telephone (Home) 061-337780

Senior Technician

Ms Maria Munroe
Room B2-020
Telephone ( 9.00a.m. - 5.00p.m.) 2585
Telephone (Home) 061-336010

Safety Officer

Mr Philip Thornton
Room FG-017
Telephone (9.00a.m. - 5.00p.m.) 2239
Telephone (Home) 061-340030

Medical Centre

Room CM-061-CM-065
Telephone (9.00a.m. - 5.00p.m. ) 2534 / 2132
Telephone (Outside Hours) 3333 (Internal)
999 (External)

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Appendices

28
Appendix 1

To be inserted

29
Appendix 2

Chemical and Environmental Science Safety Committee Members

Dr. Catherine Adley
Ms. Rena Connolly
Dr. J. J. Leahy
Mr. James Kelly
Ms. Maria Munroe
Dr. Seamus McMonigle
Dr. Thomas O’Dwyer

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Appendix 3

List of Incompatible Chemicals (reactive hazards)

Substances in the left hand column should be stored and handled so they cannot possibly
accidentally contact corresponding substances in the right hand column under uncontrolled
conditions, when violent reactions may occur.

Alkaline and alkaline earth Carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride,
metals, such as sodium and other chlorinated hydrocarbons.
potassium, lithium, magnesium, (Also prohibit water, foam, and dry
calcium, powdered aluminium chemical on fires involving these -
metals - dry sand should be available)

Acetic Acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl -
containing compounds, ethylene glycol,
perchloric acid, peroxides, and
permanganates.

Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid
mixtures

Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, silver,
fluorine and mercury

Ammonia (anhyd.) Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite,
iodine, bromine and hydrogen fluoride

Ammonium Nitrate Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids,
chlorates, nitrites, sulphur, finely divided
organics or combustibles.

Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide.

Bromine Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane and
other petroleum gases, sodium carbide,
turpentine, benzene, and finely divided
metal.

Calcium oxide Water

Carbon, activated Calcium hypochlorite.

Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide.

31
Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, metal
powders, sulphur, finely divided
organics or combustibles.

Chromic acid and Chromium Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor,
trioxide glycerine, turpentine, alcohol, and
other flammable liquids.

Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane
and other petroleum gases, hydrogen,
sodium carbide, turpentine, benzene, and
finely divided metal.

Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine, and
hydrogen sulphide.

Fluorine Isolate from everything.

Hydrazine Hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, and other
oxidant

Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkalis.

Hydrogen peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals
or their salts, any flammable liquid,
combustible materials, aniline,
nitromethane.

Hydrofluoric acid, anhyd. Ammonia, aqueous or anhydrous.
(hydrogen fluoride)

Hydrogen sulphide Fuming nitric acid, oxidising gases.

Hydrocarbons (benzene Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic
butane, propane, gasoline, acid, peroxide
turpentine, etc.)

Iodine Acetylene, ammonia, (anhyd. or
aqueous)

Mercury Acetylene, fulminic acid* ammonia.

32
Nitric Acid (conc.) Acetic acid, acetone, alcohol, aniline,
chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid,
hydrogen sulphide, flammable liquids,
flammable gases, and nitratable
substances.

Nitroparaffins Inorganic bases.

Oxygen Oils, grease, hydrogen, flammable liquids,
solids, or gases

Oxalic acid Silver, mercury

Perchloric acid Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys,
alcohol, paper, wood, grease, oils.

Peroxides, Organic Acids (organic or mineral) avoid
friction, store cold

Phosphorus (white) Air, oxygen

Potassium chlorate Acids (see also chlorate)

Potassium perchlorate Acids (see also perchloric acid)

Potassium permanganate Glycerine, ethylene glycol, benzaldehye,
sulphuric acid.

Silver Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid,
fulminic acid, * ammonium compounds.

Sodium See Alkaline metals (above)

Sodium nitrite Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium
compounds

Sodium peroxide Any oxidizable substance, such as
ethanol, methanol, glacial acetic acid,
acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon
disulphide, glycerine, ethylene glycol,
ethyl acetate, methyl acetate and furfural.
Sulphuric acid Chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates

* produced in nitric acid - ethanol mixtures.

33
Appendix 4

LIST OF INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS (TOXIC HAZARDS)

Substances in the left hand column should be stored and handled so that they cannot under any
circumstances accidentally contact corresponding substances in the centre column, because toxic
materials (right hand column) would be produced.

Arsenical Materials Any reducing agent* Arsine

Azides Acids Hydrazoic Acid

Cyanides Acids Hydrogen cyanide

Hypochlorites Acids Chlorine in
Hypochlorous
acid
Nitric acid Copper, brass any Nitrogen dioxide
heavy metals (nitrous fumes)

Nitrites Acids Nitrous fumes

Nitrates Sulphuric Acid Nitrogen dioxide

Phosphorus Caustic alkalis or Phosphine
reducing agents

Selenides Reducing agents Hydrogen selenide

Sulphides Acids Hydrogen sulphide

Tellurides Reducing agents Hydrogen telluride

34
Appendix 5

Chemical & Environmental Science Laboratories

Room No. Class Laboratory Description Safety Contact Person
B3-054 3 Biochemistry Laboratory 2 Undergraduate R. Connolly
B3-053 3 First Year Chemistry Laboratory T.Montgomery
B3-022 3 Biochemistry Laboratory 1 Project R. Connolly
B3-019 1 Technician (Biological) Store R.Connolly
B2-008 3 Environmental Science Projects G.Wixted
B2-016 3 General Glassware Store J.Kelly
B2-015 3 Quickfit Glassware Store J.Kelly
B2-001 3 Chemical Store M.Munroe
B2-017 3 Analytical Laboratory R.Hutchison
B2-016a 3 Balance Room R.Hutchison
B2-006a 3 Physical Chemistry Laboratory L. Kirby
B2-006 3 Instrument Room L. Kirby
B2-005 3 NMR Room L. Kirby
A0050b 1 Computer Room B. Rafter
BM-006 1 Vax Room (shared with MST) B. Rafter
B0-021a 3 Catalysis Research Dr. K. Hodnett
CM-001 3 ASRU Electrochemical Sensors Lab Dr.V.Cunnane
CM-002 2 ASRU Sensors Test Laboratory Dr.S.McMonagle
CM-003 1 Schools Info Centre on Irish Chem Ind Dr. P. Childs
C0-036 3 Chemistry Research Laboratory M.Munroe
C0-037 3 Organic Chemistry Research Dr.T. Smyth
C0-038 3 Catalysis Research Lab Prof .J. Ross
C0-038a 3 Chemical Sensors Lab(1) Dr.S.McMonagle
C0-039 2 Chemical Sensors Lab (2) Dr.S.McMonagle
C0-040 3 Catalysis Research Laboratory Prof.J. Ross
C0-042a 3 Special Projects Research Lab Dr. K.Hodnett
CG-024 3 Chemical Technology Laboratory Dr.S.McMonagle
CG-025 3 Pilot Plants Laboratory Dr.JJ.Leahy
CG-026 3 Solvent Store J.Kelly
CG-027 3 Dry Chemical Store J.Kelly
CG-029 3 4th Year Projects Laboratory J.Kelly
B2-024 3 Biochemistry Research M.Munroe
Activities Permitted
Class 1: Office work, computer work and *low tension electrical testing. No safety
glasses or white coat required.
Class 2: Instrumentation work with non volatile, large particle size ( > 1mm) solids
only. Safety glasses required.
Class 3: *Normal operations with solids, liquids and gases. Safety glasses and white
coat required.
 Additional safety precautions may be required with speacialized operations.

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