Energy Future: Coal “Clean” Energy ?
Enhancing Thermodynamic Reversibility and Capturing and Recycling of Carbon-dioxide
NIU-SIU-ANL Meeting September 24, 2007
Prof. M. Kostic
Mechanical Engineering
NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
www.kostic.niu.edu
Humanity‟s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years 1. ENERGY (critical for the rest nine)
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Water Food Environment Poverty Terrorism & War Disease Education Democracy Population
2006: 2050: 6.5 Billion People 8-10 Billion ( 1010 ) People
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What Are We Waiting For?
• (1) An Energy Crisis ? • (2) A Global Environmental Problem? • (3) An Asian Technology Boom?
• or
Leadership
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The two things are certain
• (1) the world population and their living-standard expectations will substantially increase (over 6 billion people now, in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may double) • (2) fossil fuels‟ economical reserves, particularly oil and natural gas, will substantially decrease (oil may run out in 30-50 years)
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YES! Thermodynamics
an almost forgotten science Kostic‟s primary research activities and interest are in FUNDAMENTALS & APPLICATIONS of ENERGY … a science of ENERGY … the Mother of all sciences … check-and-balance ENERGY accounting … Energy efficiency enhancement and optimization … provides VISION and future ENERGY solutions
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Nanotechnology potentials …
• Enabling Nanotech Revolution(s) Nanotech to the rescue …
Wet-Nanotechnology: (1) Nano multifunctional materials (2) Nano electronics & super-computers (3) Nano sensors & actuators (4) Nano devices & robotics (5) Nano photovoltaics & photocatalitics (6) Nano super-conductors (adv. transmission and el. motors) (7) Nano energy-storage (adv. batteries & hydrogen) In collaboration with ANL (8) Nano bio-materials (synthetic fuels, pharmaceuticals, …) www.kostic.niu.edu/DRnanofluids Some examples:
nanofluids at NIU
Armchair Wire Project: electrical conductivity of copper at 1/6 the weight with
negligible eddy currents
Single Crystal Fullerene Nanotube Arrays … (Etc.)
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EEE-Global & Physics articles
• More Encyclopedia Articles
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Energy Everywhere …
“From the sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons out of the astounding compaction and increase of power-density in computer chips …
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Coal is very important
… energy and … carbon resource … thus
CO2 should be captured, stored and recycled as valuable resource
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Coal Energy Must Be Efficient
to be competitive
… from 35% Classical
… to 60% Combined Cycle Gas/Steam Turbine Power Plant or even 85% Combined Power-Heat Plant www.kostic.niu.edu
Vehicle Energy Efficiencies
… from 15-25 MPG Classical … to 50 MPG Hybrid It is possible !!!
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About 20%
About 0.2 % … also first steam engine
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Efficient: do MORE with LESS
Improve true (2nd Law) efficiency by conserving energy potentials: REGENERATE before “diluting” and loosing it!
Power
Low efficiency
Indirectly Regenerated Heat & CO2 Directly Regenerated Heat CO2 & CO2
High Efficiency
“Waste” Heat &
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about 50% efficiency
about 20% efficiency
about 33% efficiency
about 75% efficiency
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46% of 6% =2.8 %
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World now: 13 TWyr /yr 410 EJ/yr About 90 years: 60-90 coal, 15-30 oil, and 15-40 gas.
Distinguish between “Proven” (above) and “Estimated” reserves
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The energy “difficulties” …
• (1) will be more challenging than what we anticipate now • (2) NO traditional solutions
• (3) New knowledge, new technology, and new living habits and expectations will be needed
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The unique role of CO2 for biomass and synthetic fuel production
In future there may be CO2 shortage!?
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The renewable biomass energy and development of synthetic hydro-carbons …
• The renewable biomass energy (BM) and development of synthetic hydro-carbons (SynHC) will be very important if not critical for substitution of fossil fuels… • … since they are natural extensions of fossil fuels, the existing energy infrastructure could be easily adapted • global CO2 emission will be balanced during renewable biomass production. • BM&SynHC particularly promising for energy storage and use in transportation to replace fossil fuels,
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Hydrogen versus Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons (2)
Instead of going „against‟ the nature with hydrogen …
H-H
H H-C-… H
… we should go „along‟ with nature with biomass energy and development of synthetic hydro-carbons.
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Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels‟ era)
2. 3. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…) www.kostic.niu.edu 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. 2. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…) www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. 2. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3.
Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
4.
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. 7. 8. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…) www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. 2. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3.
Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
4. 5.
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8.
Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
www.kostic.niu.edu
More information at: www.kostic.niu.edu/energy
2000 kcal/day100 Watt
World Prod. 2,200 Watt/p 275 Welec/p
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USA Prod. 12,000 Watt/p 1500 Welec/p