Japan’s Strategy to meet its Kyoto Target
September 5, 2003
Yasuhiro SHIMIZU Director, Climate Change Policy Division Ministry of the Environment, Japan
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Challenges Ahead: Our Kyoto Target
G H G E m is s io n s ( M illio n to n -C O 2 )
1, 400
1323
5.2% above Base year
1339 1302 1324 1333 1299
1344
1, 300 1, 200 1, 100 1, 000 900 800 700 600
1235
6 % R e d u c tio n
1161
B ase Ye a r
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Ta rg e t Ye a r
(Source) Ministry of the Environment, Japan
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Japan’s CO2 Emissions by Sectors
CO2 Emissions (Million ton-CO2)
550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
476
Manufacturing Industries
452
R esi dent al+ i C om m er al nst t i ci /I i ut onal
273
342
Transport
217
267
(Note) Emissions from public utility are allocated to each sector according to its electricity consumption.
(Source) Ministry of the Environment, Japan 3
History of Japan’s Climate Change Policy
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) Action Program to Arrest Global Warming (1990)
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Climate Change Action Program (1998)
Marrakesh Accords (2001)
New Climate Change Action Program (2002)
Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol (2002)
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New Climate Change Policy Program
1. Integration of the environment and
economy 2. Step by step approach 3. All sectors should make their utmost efforts to take actions. 4. International cooperation
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Breakdown of the 6% Reduction Targets
Total Emissions as a Percentage of Base Year
Sector CO2 from energy sources CO2 from non-energy sources, CH4, N2O Development of innovative technology and further extensive efforts by public HFCs, PFCs, SF6 Sinks by forests management
(Note)
Target ±0.0% ▲0.5% ▲2.0% +2.0% ▲3.9%
１．In attaining these targets, the Government shall continue its emission reduction efforts beyond these targets where possible. ２．The Government shall also study the way to use the Kyoto Mechanisms.
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GHG Reduction in Energy Demand and Supply Sectors Amendment of Energy Conservation Law
Application of energy management system to large commercial buildings etc. Promote appropriate energy conservation measures for buildings at the construction stage.
Law Concerning the Use of New Energy by Electric Utilities (RPS law)
Mandate electric utilities to achieve the fixed level of the electric power generated from new energy. RPS: renewable energy portfolio standards
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Climate Change Policy Law
The Kyoto Target Achievement Plan Large Emitters are encouraged to make a plan on measures for reducing GHG emissions. Centers for the Promotion of Activities to Prevent Global Warming
The Global Warming Prevention Headquarters
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GHG Reduction through Economic Incentives
Taxation on Environmentally-friendly Cars
In FY 2001, 2 million environmentally-friendly cars were purchased under reduced taxation.
Reform of Existing Energy Tax Scheme
Taxation on coal Expenditures focusing on GHG reduction measures
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Stakeholders’ Involvement in GHG Reduction Measures National and Local Government Initiatives
Green procurement
Official vehicles will be switched entirely to low-emission vehicles, such as hybrid cars, no later than FY 2004
Voluntary Action Plan by Nippon Keidanren
Voluntary commitment to limit CO2 emissions in 2010 below its 1990 level Checked up on by the government A unique conference to discuss environmentally-friendly lifestyles (“Wa-no-Kuni Kurashi Kaigi”) Environmental Education Law
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Promotion of Public Involvement
Development of Technology
The first fuel-cell vehicles sold on the market at large were made in Japan.
A Fuel-cell Vehicle Leased to the Ministry of the Environment
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Making Our Country More Environment-friendly Biomass Nippon Strategy
Nationwide utilization targets: 80% or higher for waste biomass; 25% or higher for unused biomass
Ten-year Forest Sink Measures to Prevent Global Warming
Strong and systematic promotion of forest management based on the Basic Plan on Forest and Forestry
Basic Plan for Establishing a Recycling-based Society
Target: By FY 2010, 40% improvement in Resource Productivity (GDP divided by Direct Material Input) compared with FY 2000
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Step-by-Step Approach
The First Step
Step One
Assessment and Review
2002～2004
The Second Step
Step Two
Assessment and Review
2005～2007
Step Three
The Third Step
2008～2012
(The First Commitment Period)
Achievement of 6% Reduction Commitment
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Assessment and Review of Policies and Measures Assessment and review of policies and measures will be implemented in 2004 and 2007. Based on the assessment and review, additional measures will be implemented, if necessary.
Discussions on GHG Reduction Tax as one of possible policy options Test of Domestic GHG Emissions Trading
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Early Entry into Force of the Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
A significant step to address climate change Kyoto Mechanism
Start of a market to enable cost-efficient reductions in GHG emissions CDM: contribution to sustainable development in developing countries
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Post-Kyoto Discussions
Berlin Mandate (COP1) Kyoto Protocol (COP3)
Do we need a new mandate? If yes, when and how?
Related Articles
Kyoto Protocol Article 3.9 (Commitments for subsequent periods) Kyoto Protocol Article 9.2 (Review of the Protocol) FCCC Article 4.2 (d) (Review of the adequacy of the commitments) FCCC Article 7.2 (a) (Periodical examination of the obligations of the Parties)
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Post-Kyoto Discussions (cont’d)
What elements should be considered?
Movement towards the achievement of the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC Coherence between the Kyoto Protocol and future regime Equity Market flexibility Comprehensive approach vs sectoral approach And what ?
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Conclusions
The Key word is “Incentive.” How can we give incentives to reduce domestic GHG emissions? How can we establish future international regime to give incentives to participant countries?
Research project focused on “Incentive” has just started in Japan.
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