Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections[1]

Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections Center for Infectious Disease Preparedness University of California, Berkeley Spring 2005, Tuesdays 10:30am-12pm Instructors • Ben Sun, DVM, MPVM bsun@dhs.ca.gov Gundula Dunne, DVM, MPVM gdunne@dhs.ca.gov • • Guest Lectures Jason Stull, DVM, MPVM Anne Kjemtrup, DVM, MPVM Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Goals • Importance of Zoonoses in Public Health • • Ecology and Natural History Prevention and Control Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Organization • • • 8 Weeks Presentation – Lecture – Questions Disease Coverage – – – Multiple per lecture Examples Focus on animal aspects Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 • See references for additional reading Requirements • • Weekly reading Case Report – Paper – Oral Presentation Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Oral Presentation • • • • • • • • • Given at beginning of class Relevant to the lecture 10-15 minutes Identify disease Background Case Investigation Discuss Zoonotic Aspects Confidentiality (remove identifiers) Limited number of spaces Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Paper • • • • • • • • DUE MARCH 1 Any zoonotic disease Double spaces, font size 12 No more than 5 pages Background Case Investigation Discuss Zoonotic Aspects Need a topic? Ask us Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Class Schedule • • • • • • • • Week 1 – Zoonosis Intro & TSE Week 2 – Rabies Week 3 – Classic Zoonoses Week 4 – Bioterrorism Week 5 – Vector-borne Diseases Week 6 – Parasitic Zoonoses Week 7 – Emerging Zoonoses Week 8 – Foodborne Illnesses Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections Lecture 1 January 18, 2005 Part I: Introduction to Zoonoses Part II: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Intro to Zoonoses • Definition • Importance • Etiologies • Animal Examples • Transmission Routes • Life Cycles Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses From the Greek: Zoon: Animal Noson: Disease Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959 Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses • Does NOT include – Fish and reptile toxins – Allergies to vertebrates – Diseases in which animal-derived food serves as a vehicle (e.g. hepatitis A contaminated deli meat) – Experimentally transmitted diseases Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses • > 250 zoonotic diseases • 60% of US Household have ≥1 pet • Multiple pets in the home • Human-animal bond • Exotic species as pets Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Common Diseases Frequency – (CDC, 2003) Salmonella Lyme disease West Nile (CNS) Trichinosis 39,919 18,991 2,862 4 Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses Spectrum of Disease Severity Death = rabies Severe illness = plague Chronic illness = Q-fever Mild illness = psittacosis Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Importance • Economics – Zoonotic disease are expensive • Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis • GI illness due to Salmonella or Campylobacter – lost productivity, medical costs – Import/Export • BSE – restriction on cattle • Avian Influenza – restriction on chicken • Travel/Globalization • Decreased transit time - SARS • Remote area accessibility Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Importance • Surveillance – Animals are sentinels • Prevention and Control – Animal = key component – Complications (e.g. Lyme disease) – Unknown reservoirs (e.g. Ebola) Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Etiologic Classification • Viral • Bacterial • Parasitic • Mycotic Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Viral Examples Colorado tick fever Japanese encephalitis Ebola Equine encephalitides (WEE, EEE, VEE) Hantaviruses Hendra* Monkeypox* Nipah* Rabies* Rift Valley fever Herpesvirus B Influenza * indicates covered in lectures West Nile virus* Yellow fever Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Bacterial Examples Anthrax* Plague* Brucellosis* Campylobacteriosis* Psittacosis* Q fever* Cat-scratch disease* Leptospirosis* Listeriosis* Lyme disease* * indicates covered in lectures Relapsing fevers Salmonellosis* Tularemia* Yersiniosis Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Parasitic Examples PROTOZOAL Trypanosomiasis HELMINTHIC Baylisascariasis* Babesiosis Cryptosporidiosis* Leishmaniasis Cysticercosis Hydatidosis Schistosome dermatitis Giardiasis* Toxoplasmosis* * indicates covered in lectures Trichinosis* Visceral larva migrans and toxocariasis* Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Mycotic Examples Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis* Dermatophytosis* Histoplasmosis Sporotrichosis * indicates covered in lectures Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Animal Species • Dogs & Cats – Rabies – Roundworm – Ringworm – Lyme Disease (dogs only) – Cat Scratch Disease (cats only) • Food Animals – Salmonella – E.coli – Brucellosis Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Animal Species • Birds: – Psittacosis – West Nile – Cryptococcus • Reptiles, Fish, & Amphibians – Salmonella – Mycobacterium • Wild Animals – Hantavirus – Plague – Tularemia Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Routes of Transmission • Direct – Droplet or Aerosol – Oral – Contact • Indirect – Foodborne – Water-borne – Fomite – Vector-borne – Environmental Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses - Life Cycle ORTHOZOONOSES – May be perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species – E.g. rabies, brucellosis, anthrax Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonosis: Rabies Life Cycle Virus inoculation (bite) Salivary gland excretion Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses - Maintenance Cycle CYCLOZOONOSES – Requires more than one vertebrate species but no invertebrate host – Most are cestodiases (tapeworm diseases) • Taenia saginata and T. solium require man to be one of vertebrate hosts • Others, such as hydatidosis, man is accidentally involved Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Life Cycle: Zoonoses - Life Cycle METAZOONOSES – Require both vertebrates and invertebrates to complete transmission – All arboviral infections • West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis – Some bacterial diseases • Plague, many rickettsia – Some parasitic diseases • Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Metazoonoses • Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes • Vertebrate Host: Birds • Incidental Hosts: – HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other mammals Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Risk Factors • Companion Animal – Dogs & roundworm – Rats & Rat Bite Fever • Occupational – Animal control workers & rabies – Wildlife biologists & hantavirus • Foodborne – Raw meat & E.coli – Unpasteurized dairy & Listeria Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Risk Factors • Recreational Activities – Camping & Lyme disease • Farm Settings – Sheep & Q-fever – Cattle & Cryptosporidium • Travel – Maylasia & Nipha – Australia & Hendra Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Reportable Diseases of Animals • By veterinarian or other individual • Reported to CA Department of Health Services – Plague – Rabies • Reportable to the CA Department of Food and Agriculture – – – – – – – – Anthrax Brucellosis Glanders Listeriosis Rabies in livestock Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis West Nile And more… Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonosis: Take Home Points • Transmitted between animals and humans • Zoonoses are common • Animals part of everyday life • Recognize the risk factors Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Acknowledgements Dr. Bruno Chomel Dr. Ben Sun Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005