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Document Sample
Challenges of Integrated Transportation and
Land Use Planning
Reid Ewing
Rutgers University
The Challenges
• New Vision and Goals
• New Performance Measures
• Mutually Supportive Land Use Patterns-
Transportation Facilities
• Model Enhancements
• Implementing Mechanisms
New Vision and Goals
Florida’s Definition of Sprawl
(Rule 9J-5.003, Florida Administrative Code)
• Leapfrog or Scattered Development
• Ribbon or Strip Commercial Development
• Expanses of Low-Density or Single-Use
Development
Sprawl
Sprawl
Sprawl
Sprawl vs. Walk Share to Work
10
8
6
4
2
0
60 80 100 120 140 160
Coefficientsa
COMPAC0N
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) -2.744 2.788 -.984 .329
MILD -.278 .233 -.091 -1.198 .235
PWKAGE0 -9.61E-03 .052 -.017 -.185 .854
PCINC0 4.420E-05 .000 .140 1.653 .103
DENFAC0N .185 .027 .748 6.881 .000
MIXFAC0N 4.223E-03 .021 .017 .200 .842
CENFAC0N 5.770E-02 .021 .231 2.802 .007
STRFAC0N -9.20E-03 .026 -.037 -.356 .723
SIZFAC0N 2.330E-03 .020 .009 .116 .908
a. Dependent Variable: PCWALK0
Sprawl vs. VMT per Capita
40
30
20
VMTPC0
10
60 80 100 120 140 160
COMPAC0N Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 1.469 15.205 .097 .923
PWKAGE0 .716 .277 .333 2.582 .012
PCINC0 3.281E-06 .000 .003 .022 .983
DENFAC0N -.361 .139 -.361 -2.593 .012
MIXFAC0N -3.51E-02 .109 -.036 -.321 .749
CENFAC0N -.242 .115 -.252 -2.101 .040
STRFAC0N -.128 .133 -.127 -.965 .338
SIZFAC0N -.231 .109 -.239 -2.118 .038
a. Dependent Variable: VMTPC0
Demand for Alternatives
• Changing American Demographics
• Desire for Community and Neighborliness
• Growing Frustration with Congestion
• Growing Interest in Health and Fitness
Too Much Grass to Mow
We Are Not European
Charlotte Corridors and Wedges Plan
It Can Happen
New Performance Measures
Commonly Used Performance Measures
The “Bible”
HIGHWAY
CAPACITY Are these really the
MANUAL best measures for
Special Report 209
quality of
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
National Research Council
transportation service?
Old Speed Paradigm -> Roadway LOS
New Paradigms
TEA-21 Planning Factors
• Economic Vitality
• Accessibility and Mobility Options
• Safety and Security for all Users
• Environmental Protection, Energy Conservation,
and Quality of Life
• Enhanced Modal Integration and Connectivity
• Efficient System Management and Operation
• System Preservation
Oregon’s Transportation Policy Rule
Rule requires MPOs to reduce VMT per capita by
10% over 20 years in metro areas with more
than 1 million population, and by 5% over 20
years in metro areas with 1 million or less
population
New Florida Law
Multimodal Development District law allows local
governments to establish multimodal level-of-
service standards that rely primarily on
nonvehicular modes of transportation within a
district
New Maryland Law
Transportation Funding Areas Law requires the
Department of Transportation (DOT) to
establish measurable long-term and short-term
performance goals in designated smart growth
areas for increasing the systemwide share of
trips by mass transit, walking, bicycling, and
high occupancy vehicles
Mutually Supportive Land-Use Patterns and
Transportation Facilities
Rail Lines Without Riders
Sidewalks Without Pedestrians
Limits of New Urbanism
Cognitive Dissonance
The Future Belongs to Hybrids
Megatrends
“In a relatively short time, the unified mass
society has fractionalized into many diverse
groups of people with a wide array of different
taste and values, what advertisers call a market-
segmented, market-decentralized society.”
Naisbitt 1982
Urban Refill
Green Development
Transit-Oriented Development
Pedestrian Villages
Hybrid Communities
Hybrid Neighborhoods
Model Enhancements
Travel Demand Modeling Issue
Conventional 4-step models are not sensitive to
effects of density, mix, and design on travel
behavior
=
Differences in Travel Patterns
• Vehicle Ownership
• Home-Based Trip Productions
• Non-Home Based Trip Attractions
• Intrazonal Trips
• Transit Trips
• Walk Trips
• Peak Hour Factors
TRANSIMS Framework
LUTRAQ Study Area
Different Future Land Use Patterns
Less VMT (and Everything Else) with LUTRAQ
Westside MAX Line -- Suburban TOD
Land-Use Impacts
Implementing Mechanisms
Examples
• Adequate Public Facilities Requirements
• Transit-Oriented Development
• Context-Sensitive Highway Design
• Traffic Calming
• Access Management
• Regional Growth Management
Change in VMT Per Capita (1990-99)
Change in VMT Per Capita (1990-99)
8
Baltimore = 2.15
7
Orlando = 3.95
6
Portland = 4.64
5
4
3
2
1
0
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Florida Growth Management –
General Failure
1985 Concurrency Requirement
Transitioning Roadways Inside Constrained
Urbanized Urbanized Urbanized Parallel to Transportation and
Areas, Urban Areas Areas Exclusive Concurrency Backlogged
Rural Areas or under over Transit Management Roadways
Areas Communities 500,000 500,000 Facilities Areas
Intrastate
Limited B C C(D) D(E) D(E) D(E) Maintain
Access
Highway
(Freeway)
Controlled B C C D E E Maintain
Access
Highway
Other State
Roads
Other B C D D E * Maintain
Multilane
Two-Lane C C D D E * Maintain
Constant Reform –
Will They Ever Get It Right?
Transportation and Land Use Study Committee
“The state land planning agency and the
Department of Transportation shall
evaluate the statutory provisions
relating to land use and transportation
coordination and planning…and shall
consider changes to statutes, as well
as to all pertinent rules…”
1998 Florida Legislative Session
Oregon Growth Management –
Mixed Results
Regulatory Tools
• Urban Growth Boundaries
• Density Targets
• Transportation Policy Rule
Documented Accomplishments
• Stronger Downtown Employment Base
• Higher Suburban Densities
• Less Land Consumption
Maryland Smart Growth –
Promising Alternative
Inside and Outside Games
Smart Growth Results
The Good News:
– 75% of new parcels are INSIDE PFAs
– Thru Rural Legacy and related POS projects, committed
$137 million over last 4 years to permanently protect
54,000 acres.
– In last 7 years, total MD acres protected increased 40%,
from 589,000 to 825,000 acres
The Bad News:
– 75% of acreage developed is OUTSIDE PFAs
– The average lot size OUTSIDE PFAs is 8 times the size
of lots INSIDE PFAs
– County-specific performance varies widely
Investments Altered by Smart Growth
WASH IN GT ON
ALLE GA NY CE CIL
CA RROLL
GAR RETT
HARFORD
FRE DERICK BA LTIM ORE
BA LT.
CITY KEN T
HOW ARD
MO NT GOM E RY
ANN E
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ARUN DEL
ANN E'S
PRIN CE
GEO RGE'S
5 BYPASSES TAL BO T
CA ROLIN E
550 ACRE TRACT CH ARLE S CA LVE RT
DORCH ESTE R
WICOM ICO
2 DISTRICT COURTS ST M ARY 'S
WORCEST ER
COUNTY BLDG. SO M ERSET
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