The Industrial Revolution!

							The Industrial
 Revolution!
    1600-1901
    Chapter 22
                 Hmmm…
What does the word “revolution” mean?
  Scientific Revolution, American Revolution, French
  Revolution, Industrial Revolution…
  CHANGE!
    Long term and short term changes
How did technological discoveries and
developments of the Scientific Revolution
change society?
  Scientific discoveries, new machines, printing press,
  exploration…
                 Introduction
Many European economies, during the 1700s, were based
on mercantilism and were very labor intensive
Lasting effects from the Scientific Revolution and a more
peaceful Europe led to a demand for more change…
Industrial Revolution: a period of increased output of
goods made by machines and new inventions
  Was a slow, long, uneven process from hand tools to complex
  machines
How were inventions such as the sewing machine,
anesthetics, measuring the speed of light, and the Bunsen
burner made possible??
Factors Aiding Industrial Growth
1. Changes in Farming Methods
  Enclosure Movement: process of taking over and
  fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
    Larger fields = more output
    Jethro Tull
    Small farmers are displaced = move to cities for work
  Crop Rotation
    Produce more crops using the same amount of land
    Charles Townshend
  Improved Livestock: selective breeding caused the
  weights and quantities of livestock to double in the 18th
  century
Factors Aiding Industrial Growth
2. Energy Revolution
  Coal was used to power the first steam engine
    James Watt (1769); pump water out of mines
    Vital power source during Industrial Revolution
        By 1780, rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and eastern North
        America
        Improved trade
        Encouraged travel
Britain Led the Rise of Industry
Why did the IR begin here? Britain had many
advantages…
  1.   Manpower – population boom, city workers
  2.   Materials – coal, iron ore and other natural resources
  3.   Money – from trade and war to invest
  4.   Markets – large colonial empire, trade agreements
  5.   Modes of Transportation – roads, rail, shipping
Britain Led the Rise of Industry
British revolutionized textile industry
  One invention led to another…
     Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning
     Mule, Power Loom, Cotton Gin
     These inventions were too expensive for home use
        Welcome to factory life!
  Increased cotton and linen output
     1785 = 40 million yards
     1850 = 2 billion yards!
          Economic Effects of the
           Industrial Revolution
1.   Goods were produced more efficiently
2.   Supply of goods increased
3.   Prices of goods decreased
4.   More consumer demand due to lowered prices
5.   Jobs were created in factories and on rail lines
6.   Social changes as well!
            Social Effects of the
           Industrial Revolution
Industry changed Europeans’ way of life
1. Urbanization: a movement of people to cities
  Did they come by choice?
    Yes and no…changes in farming, demand for workers
  Overcrowding
    Manchester: 17,000 in 1750…40,000 in 1780…70,000 in 1801!
    Dirty and disease ridden from factories
    City governments were corrupt and inefficient
    Cities were unsafe
  Tenement housing: shabby apartment buildings
    No light, no running water, many to one room, no sanitation
    system
       Social Effects, cont’d
2. Hazards of Factory Life
  Long work days (12-16 hours)
  No safety devices (loss of limbs, lives)
  Pollution (coal dust, lint into lungs of workers)
  Women were paid less than men
     Many employers preferred women to men
        Thought they could adapt to machines better, easier to manage
  Grim family life (“double-shift”)
       Social Effects, cont’d
3. Children Suffered in Mills and Mines
  Were “trappers” – cleared the ventilation shafts
  Orphaned children worked for food and board
  Many families needed the extra money
  Many were beat, very few received an education
  Factory Act of 1833: minimum 13 years old, work
  maximum 8 hour day
       Social Effects, cont’d
4. Middle Class Expanded
  Rise of factory owners, shippers and merchants
  Lived in nice housing, dressed and ate well, women
  did not work
  Viewed the poor as lazy or ignorant; responsible for
  their own misery
        Political Effects of the
        Industrial Revolution
Capitalism vs. Socialism
  Capitalism = individuals, rather than governments,
  control the factors of production (land, labor,
  capital); businesses are privately owned
  Socialism = government owns the means of
  production and operate them on behalf of the
  people
Reform movements, unions, anti-trust laws
               Conclusion
Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a
curse?
  - Low pay, unemployment, horrible living
  conditions, need for reform
  + New factories opened, created more jobs, wages
  rose, travel increased, horizons widened,
  opportunities increased
  Conditions improved over time!