epa mpg

ATTACHMENT 1 AN IN-DEPTH COMPARISON OF CONSUMERS UNION’S PASSENGER VEHICLE AVERAGE MPG ESTIMATES WITH THOSE PUBLISHED BY EPA AND NHTSA Michael S. Saccucci, Ph.D. Director, Statistics & Quality Mangement R. David Pittle, Ph.D. Sr. Vice-President, Technical Policy (retired) David Champion, B.S.M.E. Sr. Director, Auto Test K. Newsom-Stewart, Ph.D. Senior Statistician Sally Greenberg, J.D. Senior Product Safety Counsel Anita Lam, M.S. Automotive Data Program Manager Consumers Union 101 Truman Avenue Yonkers, NY 10703 August 11, 2005 Consumers Union Headquarters Office 101 Truman Avenue Yonkers, New York 10703-1057 (914) 378-2029 (914) 378-2992 (fax) Washington Office 1666 Connecticut Ave, NW #310 Washington, DC 20009 (202) 462-6262 (202) 265-9548 (fax) West Coast Office 1535 Mission Street San Francisco, CA 94103-2512 (415) 461-6747 (415) 431-0906 (fax) South West Office 1300 Guadalupe, Suite 100 Austin, TX 78701-1643 (512) 477-4431 (512) 477-8934 (fax) INTRODUCTION Consumers Union (CU) has had a longstanding public concern about the national need to require better vehicle fuel economy across the fleet of passenger vehicles. America’s dependence on foreign oil is a national security concern. The fact that two-thirds of the oil consumed in the United States today is used for passenger vehicles tells us that the nation needs to accurately assess and improve fuel efficiency to the maximum extent possible, consistent with what is technologically and economically feasible. We are also concerned with the effects of ever-increasing emissions on air quality, on the environment, and the increased threat of global warming. All of these problems make accuracy in fuel economy ratings more immediate than ever. Currently, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses a dynamometer-based testing system to estimate city and highway miles per gallon (MPG), and uses these to compute an overall MPG estimate. The city and highway estimates are based on an urban/suburban/highway driving cycle that was developed in the 1970s and replicated the type of driving conditions that were typical then. Today, the driving conditions are very different; there is more freeway driving, both cruising and stop-and-go in rush hour traffic. Highways are generally posted for 55 mph and, although many sections of the U.S. interstate system are restricted by a 55-mph speed limit, there are numerous sections posted for 65 mph and higher. The EPA recognizes that its preliminary fuel economy estimates are overstated, and downweights them for posting on new vehicles at the point of sale. Despite this, Congress has mandated that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) use the preliminary, unadjusted estimates to evaluate compliance with Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. (See the NHTSA website at www.nhtsa.dot.gov for a detailed description of the CAFE system.) This approach forces CAFE assessments yet further away from real-world experience. As part of our ongoing product testing program, CU tests approximately 60 new vehicle models each year. We publish the results in Consumer Reports (CR) magazine and on our website, www.ConsumerReports.org. Our ratings include an evaluation, via road and track tests, of the fuel economy of all the vehicles we rate. These testing procedures, outlined below, are designed to replicate real-world driving patterns, and are intended to include factors like the higher levels of urban congestion existing today. CU measures the actual amount of fuel consumed by the vehicle during its controlled road tests by inserting an accurate fuel meter into the vehicle’s fuel system. We believe these fuel economy estimates better reflect real-world driving conditions than those developed by the EPA. Although we accept the basic EPA dynamometer testing system, CU recommends that the EPA conduct a new analysis to re-map the urban/suburban/highway driving cycle to more closely replicate today’s driving conditions so that their fuel mileage figures will more closely represent what a typical driver can expect to achieve. In this paper, we seek to accomplish three specific goals: (1) to compare the CR and EPA fuel economy estimates; (2) to evaluate the uniformity of any differences across Page 1 of 36 model categories; and (3) to estimate how well the CAFE system reflects consumer experience and actual fuel consumption across the new vehicle fleet. SUMMARY OF KEY CONCLUSIONS Our in-depth analysis of 303 vehicles from model years 2000 thru 2006 tested by CU shows that 274 models delivered lower fuel economy using CU’s tests than that promised by the EPA sticker. Only 29 models achieved fuel economies as good as or better than EPA estimates. Hence, 90% of the vehicles tested had EPA stickers that overpromised the vehicle’s fuel economy to the consumer. In today’s consumer gasoline market, this is especially significant. While we recognize that the auto market has many more models than the 303 we tested, these are mainstream, higher-volume models and account for a large percentage of new vehicle sales. (For example, the 156 vehicles that were either manufactured in 2003, or were essentially the same as a vehicle manufactured in 2003, accounted for more than 42% of the 2003 model year sales.) Of the 303 vehicles tested by CU, 293 were powered by conventional gas engines, four by diesel engines, and six by hybrid systems. For conventional gas-powered vehicles, the average overall fuel economy estimates (listed or implied on the EPA stickers) are approximately 2.0 MPG (10.3%) higher than the levels obtained by CU, with individual differences ranging from -4.7 MPG to 5.3 MPG; for diesel and hybrid powered vehicles, the average differences are even higher: 11.5 MPG (27.1%) for smaller hybrids, 5.6 MPG (21.4%) for larger hybrids, and 4.7 MPG (18.8%) for diesels. These findings echo the letters we receive from consumers complaining that their vehicle’s real-world fuel economy was lower than the EPA sticker’s value. Further examination shows that the differences in overall MPG between the EPA’s and CR’s estimates are largely due to differences in the city MPG estimates. In particular, the EPA City estimates are approximately 5.9 MPG (44.2%) higher than the CR City estimates for conventional gas-powered vehicles, 11.3 MPG (62.3%) higher for diesel powered vehicles, 23.5 MPG (74.7%) higher for smaller hybrid powered vehicles, and 11.0 MPG (55.6%) higher for larger hybrid powered vehicles. On the other hand, the EPA Highway estimates are 2.5 MPG (8.5%) lower than the CR Highway estimates for conventional gas-powered vehicles, 2.3 MPG (4.3%) lower for diesel powered vehicles, and 0.8 MPG (1.1%) higher for small hybrid powered vehicles. There were no difference between the EPA and CR Highway estimates for larger hybrid powered vehicles. One of the most significant findings of our analysis is that the estimated 2003 model year fleet average based on the individual fuel economy estimates used by NHTSA is more than 30% higher than the corresponding estimated fleet average based on the CR estimates. (This was the most recent model year for which sales data was available from NHTSA at the time of this analysis.) This would indicate that the nation is using far more fuel than envisioned by Congress through the use of the CAFE system. Page 2 of 36 CONSUMERS UNION’S TESTING PROCEDURES CU’s fuel economy testing procedures are designed to replicate real-world driving patterns, and are intended to reflect factors like the higher levels of urban congestion existing today than when EPA’s tests were originally implemented 30 or more years ago. Three different tests are conducted by CU: city, highway, and one-day trip of mixed driving (referred to as the 150-mile test). In order to minimize test variability, all vehicles are pre-conditioned to a minimum of 2,000 miles on the odometer. They are parked overnight in our shop prior to testing. Tire pressures are set to the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended pressures and the fuel tank is filled at the start of each test. All testing is done at an ambient temperature at or above 32 degrees Fahrenheit with winds not to exceed 15 mph and no precipitation. Air conditioning is turned off. A fuel flow meter with readout in the cabin of the vehicle is used to measure fuel consumption. The fuel meter is zeroed at the start of each leg of the test. The ambient temperature is measured at the start and finish of each test. The CU city fuel economy tests are run on a one mile course precisely marked out on our test track. It is a stop-and-go city driving simulation that has three stops, includes 40 seconds of total idle time, and 40 mph is the top speed reached. We use two different drivers, and they each do three runs on every test vehicle. All six runs are averaged together and are corrected (SAE) for ambient temperature. Each run is timed and limited to 2 minutes and 40 seconds +/- 3 seconds. The in-line fuel meter measures fuel consumption to the nearest cubic centimeter (cc). The resulting city fuel economy number (in MPG) is rounded and published to the nearest whole number. The CU highway fuel economy test is run on a specific section of Route 2 in Connecticut. The course is driven at a constant 65 mph and is 5.0 miles long. The test consists of eight runs, two east and two west runs by each of two drivers. The test is run in both directions to limit the effects of wind and grade differences. An in-line fuel meter measures fuel consumption to the nearest cubic centimeter. All eight runs are averaged together and corrected (SAE) for ambient temperature. Each run is timed and limited to 4 minutes and 38 seconds +/- 3 seconds. The resulting highway fuel economy number (in MPG) is rounded and published to the nearest whole number. The CU one-day trip fuel economy test is conducted over a 31 mile route that includes 26% (8.2 miles) freeway, 11% (3.6 miles) highway, and 63% (19.2 miles) stop-and-go driving conditions. This test is done with five different engineers back to back on the same day. An in-line fuel meter measures fuel consumption to the nearest cubic centimeter. As before, all runs are averaged together and corrected (SAE) for average temperature during the trip, then rounded to the nearest whole number. The CR Overall MPG estimate is calculated as an equally weighted harmonic average of the city, highway, and one-day trip estimates. Page 3 of 36 The Data Two datasets were used in our analysis; one from CR and one from NHTSA. The dataset from CR contains information on 303 vehicles from model years 2000 thru 2006 tested at CU’s Auto Test Center (ATC) and is provided in Appendix A. In addition to the published test information, the CR dataset contains published EPA City and Highway sticker estimates. The dataset from NHTSA contains information for the entire U.S. passenger fleet of 960 model year 2003 vehicles, including sales figures and various attributes. (This was the most recent model year available at the time of this analysis.) This dataset also contains EPA MPG estimates used for CAFE calculations. These estimates are higher than those found on new vehicle stickers because: 1. The EPA adjusts the city and highway MPG estimates from its dynamometer tests to reflect its perception of consumer experience. The adjusted city estimate is 90% of the unadjusted value and the adjusted highway estimate is 78% of the unadjusted value. (As mandated by Congress, NHTSA is required to use the unadjusted EPA estimates for CAFE purposes, thereby inflating the CAFE estimates.) 2. NHTSA gives a credit for vehicles that run on alternative fuels. To avoid confusion, the EPA data referred to in this report, unless otherwise stated, refer to the downweighted MPG estimates used on new car stickers. The CAFE data refer to the preliminary, raw EPA estimates adjusted for credits given to alternative fuel vehicles. CU did not test any alternative fuel vehicles. Comparison of MPG Estimates The following figures display histograms of the individual MPG data. Figures 1 and 2 show the distribution of the CR Overall MPG and EPA Overall MPG estimates for the 303 new vehicles from model year 2000 to model year 2006. With the exception of the Toyota Echo, the observations with the highest overall MPG estimates (in the right tails of the histograms) are for diesel and hybrid powered vehicles. As previously discussed, the CR Overall MPG estimates were calculated as an equally weighted harmonic average of the CR City, CR Highway, and CR 150-mile MPG estimates: CROverall = 1 . 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 + + CRCity CR Highway CR150 Likewise, the EPA Overall MPG estimates were calculated as a harmonic average of the EPA City and EPA Highway MPG estimates in accordance with the definition used by EPA: Page 4 of 36 EPAOverall = 1 0.55 0.45 + EPACity EPAHighway . Figure 1: Histogram of CR Overall MPG Estimates 90 80 70 Number of Models 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 Overall MPG 50 60 70 Figure 2: Histogram of EPA Overall MPG Estimates 90 80 70 Number of Models 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 Overall MPG 50 60 70 The individual EPA City and Highway estimates used in this calculation were obtained from the sticker on the vehicle tested by CU. (For purposes of this analysis, the CR and EPA Overall MPG estimates were calculated to the nearest 0.1 MPG.) Figure 3 displays a histogram of the difference between the EPA Overall MPG and CR Overall MPG estimates, i.e., EPA Overall MPG minus CR Overall MPG. Page 5 of 36 Figure 3: Histogram of Differences Between CR and EPA Estimates (Overall EPA MPG - Overall CR MPG) 90 80 70 Number of Models 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -3 0 3 6 MPG Difference 9 12 Examination of the data shows that the four vehicles with the largest differences are all smaller-sized hybrid cars. Although not as extreme, the differences for the two largersized hybrids (Ford Escape and Honda Accord) were 4.6 and 6.5 MPG, respectively. In addition, the differences for the four diesel vehicles ranged from 2.8 to 6.8 MPG. Figure 4 displays a histogram of the MPG differences as a percentage of the CR MPG estimate. As would be expected, the percentage differences show fewer extreme outliers since the larger differences in Figure 3 are associated with the higher MPG vehicles. Figure 4: Histogram of Percent Differences Between CR and EPA Estimates (100*(Overall EPA MPG - Overall CR MPG) / Overall CR MPG) 40 Number of Models 30 20 10 0 -15.0 -7.5 0.0 7.5 15.0 22.5 Percentage MPG Difference 30.0 37.5 Figure 5 is a scatterplot of the differences between the CR and EPA MPG estimates plotted against the CR Overall MPG estimates. The smooth line is a lowess curve (locally weighed scatterplot smoothing) which shows the trend in the relationship Page 6 of 36 between the MPG differences and CR Overall MPG. (A lowess curve is a nonparametric smoothed curve fit to the data to explore the relationship between two continuous variables.) Note that the lowess curve is approximately horizontal up to about 30 MPG, suggesting that the average of the MPG differences is approximately constant, i.e., it does not increase as CR Overall MPG increases. (The increasing trend beyond 30 MPG is due to the larger differences between EPA and CR for hybrid and diesel powered vehicles.) However, the scatterplot itself also shows an increase in variability as a function of CR Overall MPG. Figure 5: Scatterplot of Differences Between CR and EPA Overall MPG Estimates vs. CR Overall MPG 15 10 MPG Difference 5 0 -5 10 20 30 CR MPG 40 50 The following tables show the average CR Overall and EPA Overall MPG estimates for the 303 vehicles tested by CU. (Fleet average estimates will be discussed later.) Table 1a shows the averages by model year for conventional gas-powered vehicles. Despite the somewhat different sampling by CU of vehicle categories from year to year, and the low percentage of available models selected for testing in any given year, Table 1a shows that the average MPG differences are relatively consistent over the time period examined. The last column labeled ‘Average % Difference’ in this table represents the average of the individual vehicle percentage differences, not the percent difference between the average EPA Overall and CR Overall MPG estimates. Tables 1b thru 1d show the MPG differences for vehicles powered with hybrid, diesel, and conventional gas engines. As mentioned previously, the hybrids were separated into smaller and larger size vehicles. As shown in Table 1b, the average EPA Overall MPG estimate for conventional gaspowered vehicles is 2.0 MPG (10.3%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate, with individual vehicle MPG differences ranging from a low of -4.7 MPG to a high of 5.3 MPG. The average EPA Overall MPG estimate for the four smaller hybrid vehicles is approximately 11.5 MPG (27.1%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. The average EPA Overall MPG estimate for the two larger hybrids is approximately 5.6 MPG Page 7 of 36 (21.4%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. And the average EPA Overall MPG estimate for the four diesel vehicles is approximately 4.7 MPG (18.8%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. Table 1a: Overall MPG* by Model Year Model Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total Light Truck Passenger Car # Models 40 45 44 50 62 49 3 293 102 191 CR 21.8 18.9 20.6 19.9 20.6 19.9 17.7 20.2 16.6 22.1 EPA 23.2 20.8 22.1 22.1 22.5 22.5 20.3 22.2 18.7 24.0 Average MPG Average Difference %Difference 1.4 1.9 1.5 2.3 1.9 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.1 1.9 7.1 10.4 8.0 11.8 10.0 13.4 14.3 10.3 12.7 9.0 * Excluding hybrid and diesel vehicles Table 1b: Average Overall MPG by Vehicle Type Category Diesel Smaller Hybrid Larger Hybrid Conventional # Models 4 4 2 293 CR 29.8 42.6 26.1 20.2 EPA 34.5 54.1 31.6 22.2 Average MPG Difference 4.7 11.5 5.6 2.0 Average % Difference 18.8 27.1 21.4 10.3 Table 1c: Average City MPG by Vehicle Type Category Diesel Smaller Hybrid Larger Hybrid Conventional # Models 4 4 2 293 CR 20.0 31.8 20.0 13.8 EPA 31.3 55.3 31.0 19.7 Average MPG Difference 11.3 23.5 11.0 5.9 Average % Difference 62.3 74.7 55.6 44.2 Table 1d: Average Highway MPG by Vehicle Type Category Diesel Smaller Hybrid Larger Hybrid Conventional # Models 4 4 2 293 CR 42.0 52.5 33.0 28.8 EPA 39.8 53.3 33.0 26.3 Average MPG Difference -2.3 0.8 0.0 -2.5 Average % Difference -4.3 1.1 0.0 -8.5 Page 8 of 36 As shown in Table 1c, the average EPA City MPG estimate for conventional gaspowered vehicles is 5.9 MPG (44.2%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. The average EPA City MPG estimate for the smaller hybrids is approximately 23.5 MPG (74.7%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. The average EPA City MPG estimate for the larger hybrids is 11.0 MPG (55.6%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. The average EPA City MPG estimate for the diesels is 11.3 MPG (62.3%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. As shown in Table 1d, the average EPA Highway MPG estimate for conventional gaspowered vehicles is 2.5 MPG (8.5%) lower than the corresponding CR estimate. The average EPA Highway MPG estimate for the smaller hybrids is approximately 0.8 MPG (1.1%) higher than the corresponding CR estimate. There was no difference between the average EPA and CR Highway estimates for larger hybrids. Finally, the average EPA Highway MPG estimate for diesels is 2.3 MPG (4.3%) lower than the corresponding CR estimate Table 1e provides approximate 95% confidence intervals for the average city, highway, and overall MPG differences, together with the corresponding average percent differences: Table 1e: Approximate 95% Confidence Intervals MPG Difference Lower Upper Average CL CL 5.7 5.9 6.1 -2.7 -2.5 -2.3 1.8 2.0 2.1 Percent MPG Difference Lower Upper Average CL CL 43.0 44.2 45.8 -9.1 -8.5 -7.8 9.4 10.3 11.1 Category City Highway Overall # Models 293 293 293 * Excluding hybrid and diesel vehicles In all cases, the confidence intervals do not contain zero, hence we can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the EPA and CR estimates. VARIATION IN MAGNITUDE OF EPA “OVERESTIMATE” RELATIVE TO CR In this section we explore the differences in MPG estimates in further detail by examining the relationship between the magnitude of the differences relative to vehicle category (as defined by CU). Since the MPG differences are defined as EPA minus CR, a positive number indicates an overestimate by EPA relative to the CR value and a negative number indicates an underestimate. Table 2 shows the extent of EPA overestimate/underestimate of Overall MPG with respect to the CR estimate of Overall MPG by CR vehicle category. The observed values represent the number of models in each of the overestimate/underestimate categories, while the expected values represent the expected count assuming Page 9 of 36 independence between underestimation. CR Category and the amount of overestimation/ Table 2: EPA Overestimate/Underestimate vs. CR Catagory CR Vehicle Category Smaller Hybrid Larger Hybrid Diesel Small wagon Large car Minivan Family car Small sport-utility vehicle Pickup truck Small car Luxury car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Large sport-utility vehicle Upscale car Sports/sporty car Convertible Total Count Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed Expected Observed < -1 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.2 0 0.5 0 0.6 0 2.2 0 0.9 0 0.7 4 1.7 0 0.8 0 1.2 0 0.3 1 0.8 3 0.5 3 0.3 11 MPG Overestimate -1 to 1 1 to 3 0 0 0.6 2.1 0 0 0.3 1.0 0 1 0.6 2.1 0 2 1.0 3.1 1 5 2.1 6.8 0 10 2.7 8.9 7 31 9.7 32.0 2 16 3.8 12.6 0 17 3.0 10.0 7 21 7.6 25.2 4 15 3.5 11.5 8 22 5.2 17.3 2 5 1.1 3.7 8 9 3.5 11.5 6 4 2.2 7.3 3 1 1.1 3.7 48 159 >3 4 1.1 2 0.6 3 1.1 4 1.7 7 3.6 7 4.8 23 17.1 6 6.7 2 5.3 16 13.5 3 6.2 3 9.3 0 2.0 4 6.2 1 3.9 0 2.0 85 Total 4 2 4 6 13 17 61 24 19 48 22 33 7 22 14 7 303 * Shaded cells have more vehicles than expected. The relationship between the magnitude of the MPG differences and CR vehicle category is complex and appears to be affected by many different vehicle attributes. Furthermore, this relationship differs for the city and highway estimates. However, a few general results are given here. First, Table 2 shows that for 244 of the 303 (80.5%) vehicles tested the EPA MPG estimates were overestimated by 1 or more MPG. More than a quarter of the models (85) were overestimated by at least 3 mpg. The most notable differences occurred for hybrid and diesel vehicles, which were consistently overestimated by EPA. On the other hand, sports/sporty cars and convertibles tend to be more accurately estimated, and in some cases, underestimated by the EPA. Page 10 of 36 ESTIMATES OF THE U.S. FLEET AVERAGE MPG BY NHTSA In the previous sections we examined individual vehicle differences between the EPA and CR MPG estimates. In this section, we compare MPG estimates for the fleet of new model year vehicles. The fleet average MPG is calculated as a weighted harmonic average of the individual vehicle MPG estimates using the individual model sales as the weights: FleetMPG = ∑ Sales i =1 n i =1 n i ∑ MPG Salesi i = Sales1 + Sales 2 + K + Sales n . Sales n Sales1 Sales 2 + +K+ MPG1 MPG2 MPGn In this equation, Salesi, i=1,2, …, n, represents the corresponding model year sales for the ith model and MPGi represents the MPG estimate for the ith model. (This formula applies regardless of which fundamental tests are used, i.e., the road and track tests used by CU or the dynamometer tests used by EPA, or which scaling is used to arrive at an estimate of fuel economy for city and highway.) In order to obtain sales data, it was necessary to merge the CR dataset with the 2003 model year NHTSA dataset, the most recent sales data available at the time this analysis was conducted. Although many of the CR tested vehicles were not from model year 2003, in many cases the corresponding 2003 model year vehicle was either unchanged or had minor changes that would not be expected to affect the vehicle’s MPG estimates measured for a version from another model year. Of the 303 vehicles in the CR database, 143 models were matched to corresponding models in the 2003 NHTSA database. An additional 13 vehicles were considered ‘closely matched’, i.e., these models were similar enough to models in the NHTSA 2003 dataset that their fuel economy would also be essentially the same. The descriptions of the other tested models could not be definitively matched to the NHTSA model descriptions or were new models that were unavailable in 2003. Table 3a contains the sales information for these vehicles. Examination of this table shows that the 156 matched or closely matched vehicles account for more than 42% of the 2003 model year vehicle sales. Table 3a: Vehicle Sales for Model Year 2003 Tested Vehicle Sales as a Percentage of All Vehicles Sold 37.9% 42.3% Model Year 2003 2003 Total # Models 960 960 # Matched Models 143 156* Total Sales 15,714,135 15,714,135 Sales of Tested Vehicles 5,950,044 6,647,160 * Includes 13 additional 'closely matched' vehicles Page 11 of 36 Table 3b contains the 2003 new vehicle fleet average MPG estimates, as well as approximate 95% confidence limits, for 143 models using the 2003 sales figures. Note that three separate fleet average estimates are given: one using the CR Overall MPG estimates (referred to as CR), one using the Overall MPG estimates obtained from the published EPA sticker estimates (referred to as EPA), and one using the MPG estimates used by NHTSA for CAFE compliance (referred to as CAFE). Once again, we can conclude that these three fleet average estimates are statistically different since their confidence intervals do not overlap. (Recall from previous discussions that the published EPA sticker estimates have been downweighted from EPA’s initial estimates to reflect its perception of consumer experience.) Table 3b: Estimated Model Year 2003 Fleet Average MPG (143 Models) Estimated Model Year 2003 Fleet Average MPG CR EPA CAFE # Sales of Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Vehicle Matched Tested 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% Category Models Models CL CR CL CL EPA CL CL CAFE CL Light Truck 54 2,322,187 15.3 16.0 16.7 17.5 18.1 18.9 20.6 21.4 22.3 Passenger Car 89 3,627,857 22.1 22.7 23.5 24.6 25.3 26.1 28.8 29.7 30.6 Domestic 28 1,558,437 20.6 21.9 23.3 23.4 24.7 26.1 27.4 28.7 30.3 Imported 61 2,069,420 22.7 23.5 24.3 24.9 25.8 26.8 29.2 30.4 31.5 Total 143 5,950,044 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.2 21.9 22.8 24.9 25.8 26.7 Table 3c shows the estimated percent differences between the three fleet average MPG estimates (EPA vs CR, CAFE vs EPA, and CAFE vs CR). Examination of this table shows that the EPA fleet average MPG estimate (for model year 2003) is more than 12% higher than the corresponding CR estimate. Furthermore, the CAFE fleet average MPG estimate is nearly one third higher than the corresponding CR estimate. Table 3c: Estimated Model Year 2003 Percent Differences in Fleet Average MPG (143 Models) Vehicle Category Light Truck Passenger Car Domestic Imported Total # Matched 54 89 28 61 143 Sales of 2,322,187 3,627,857 1558437 2069420 5,950,044 Percent Differences in Estimated Fleet Averages EPA vs CR CAFE vs EPA CAFE vs CR 13.8% 17.6% 33.8% 11.5% 17.4% 30.8% 12.8% 16.6% 31.5% 9.8% 17.8% 29.4% 12.3% 17.8% 32.3% We show in Appendix B that the formula used in the EPA adjustment for use on new vehicle window stickers is such that the CAFE fleet average MPG estimate must be between 11% and 28% higher than the corresponding EPA fleet average MPG estimates, i.e., 1.11 × EPAFleetAvgMPG ≤ CAFE FleetAvgMPG ≤ 1.28 × EPAFleetAvgMPG . Page 12 of 36 Tables 3d and 3e contain similar information using the 156 matched or closely matched models separated by vehicle category. Table 3d Estimated Model Year 2003 Fleet Average MPG (156 Models) Estimated Model Year 2003 Fleet Average MPG CR EPA CAFÉ Upper Upper Lower Upper Lower Sales of Lower # 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% Matched Tested Vehicle CL CAFE CL CL CL EPA CL CL CR Models Models Category Light Truck 57 2,515,486 15.2 15.8 16.6 17.4 18.0 18.8 20.4 21.2 22.1 Passenger Car 99 4,131,674 22.1 22.7 23.4 24.6 25.3 26.0 28.6 29.4 30.2 Domestic 32 1,946,930 21.0 22.1 23.3 23.6 24.8 26.0 27.4 28.6 29.9 Imported 67 2,184,744 22.6 23.4 24.2 24.8 25.7 26.7 29.1 30.1 31.3 Total 156 6,647,160 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.2 21.9 22.7 24.8 25.6 26.5 Table 3e: Estimated Model Year 2003 Percent Differences in Fleet Average MPG (156 Models) Percent Differences in Estimated Fleet Averages Vehicle Category Light Truck Passenger Car Domestic Imported Total # Matched Models 57 99 32 67 156 Sales of Tested Models 2,515,486 4,131,674 1,946,930 2,184,744 6,647,160 EPA vs CR 13.9% 11.0% 12.2% 10.3% 12.3% CAFE vs EPA 17.8% 16.7% 15.3% 17.5% 16.9% CAFE vs CR 34.2% 29.5% 29.4% 29.6% 31.3% Note that the results obtained by adding the additional 13 closely matched vehicles is very close to the corresponding results based on 143 exactly matched vehicles. CONCLUSIONS Question 1: Do the EPA and CR MPG estimates differ statistically and systematically on an individual model basis. In other words, do these two test/estimation methodologies generate systematically different MPG estimates? EPA and CR vehicle fuel economy estimates are substantially and statistically different from one another on average. For conventional gas-powered vehicles, the EPA Overall MPG estimates are about 10.3% higher than CR MPG estimates on average across all models and vehicle types. Based on a limited sample of models, the estimated difference for hybrids and diesels appears to be even greater. Question 2: Is the difference between the CR and EPA estimates uniform across model categories. The amount of difference in MPG estimates between the CR and EPA estimates does appear to depend on vehicle category. In general, the EPA overall MPG estimates for Page 13 of 36 hybrids and diesels are greatly overestimated relative to the CR estimates; those for larger vehicles are often, though not always, moderately overestimated; and those for smaller vehicles tend to be similar to or slightly less than the corresponding CR estimates. However, this relationship is complex and appears to be influenced by other vehicle attributes. Furthermore, this relationship differs for the city and highway estimates. Question 3: Do the CR, EPA, and CAFE test methods and analytical approaches give rise to statistically different estimates of fleet average MPG? Assuming the MPG estimates and sales figures of the tested models are representative of the fleet of model year 2003 new vehicles, the CR, EPA, and CAFE estimates for the 2003 fleet average give systematically different results since their confidence intervals do not overlap. We recognize that our calculations of fleet averages are based on less than half of the new vehicles sold in 2003. Nevertheless, the differences among them are significant and real. They raise a clear mandate for attention by NHTSA and EPA. (Although the EPA value is not a published fleet estimate, it is included here for comparative purposes.) The consequences to the consumer as well as to society as a whole of these demonstrated differences in individual Overall MPGs and fleet Overall MPG are quite important. At the consumer level, the current rise in gasoline prices coupled with a more than 10% loss in fuel efficiency on average from that which is promised on new car stickers translates into hundreds of dollars of unanticipated increased costs to operate a motor vehicle each year. On a broader level, Congress has mandated that NHTSA achieve a specific minimum level of fuel efficiency for the entire passenger fleet. Using the current EPA estimates for individual models, NHTSA cannot help but significantly overpromise fuel efficiency of the American passenger fleet. By giving inadequate tools to the analysts and planners of our national energy policy, we run the risk of putting severe strains on U.S. fuel supplies as well as give policy makers a distorted view of our national energy needs. Page 14 of 36 Appendix A: Consumers Union Vehicle Data Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA High way CR Over all CR High way CR 150mile trip Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version EPA City CR City 1 Audi Luxury car Audi A6 Conv Nov01 Jul01 Mar02 Jun02 Nov04 Sep04 Nov03 Sep05 Jun00 May01 Nov01 Nov03 Sep03 Sep04 2001 2 3 Audi Audi Luxury car Upscale car Audi Allroad Audi A4 Conv Conv 2001 2002 4 5 6 7 8 Audi Audi Audi Audi Audi Convertible Upscale car Sports/sporty car Luxury car Luxury car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Upscale car Luxury car Luxury car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Sports/sporty car Audi TT Audi A4 Audi A4 Audi A8 Audi A6 Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2002 2004 2004 2004 2005 2.7T sedan AWD, 2.7-liter V6 turbo, 5-speed automatic Allroad wagon AWD, 2.7liter V6 turbo, 5-speed automatic 3.0 sedan AWD, 3.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic convertible AWD, 1.8-liter Four turbo, 6-speed manual 1.8T sedan, 1.8-liter Four turbo, CVT S4 sedan AWD, 4.2-liter V8, 6-speed manual L sedan AWD, 4.2-liter V8, 6-speed automatic 3.2 sedan AWD, 3.2-liter V6, 6-speed automatic 4.4i 4-door SUV AWD, 4.4liter V8, 5-speed automatic 330i sedan, 3.0-liter Six, 5speed automatic 530i sedan, 3.0-liter Six, 5speed automatic 745Li sedan, 4.4-liter V8, 6speed automatic 3.0i 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0liter Six, 5-speed automatic M3 coupe, 3.2-liter Six, 6speed manual 3915 1210 17 24 18 12 27 23 4275 3745 1280 1145 15 17 21 25 16 20 11 14 21 29 19 23 3440 3545 3920 4505 4115 550 1145 1145 1210 1100 20 23 15 17 19 28 29 21 24 26 22 24 20 17 21 16 16 17 11 14 30 34 26 26 30 25 29 21 20 25 9 10 11 12 BMW BMW BMW BMW BMW X5 BMW 3 Series BMW 5 Series BMW 7 Series Conv Conv Conv Conv 2000 2001 2001 2003 4715 3390 3575 4505 1290 1060 1015 1060 13 19 18 18 17 27 26 26 15 22 19 18 10 15 12 11 20 32 30 28 18 26 25 21 13 14 BMW BMW BMW X5 BMW 3 Series Conv Conv 2003 2004 4745 3460 1260 1060 16 16 21 24 17 19 12 13 26 27 20 23 Page 15 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 15 BMW 16 BMW 17 18 19 20 BMW DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler Luxury car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Small car Small wagon Family car BMW 5 Series Conv Jun04 Dec04 Apr05 Sep00 Oct00 Jun01 Jan01 Aug01 Sep01 Sep01 Feb02 Sep02 May02 Oct03 Mar03 2004 530i sedan, 3.0-liter Six, 6speed automatic 2.5i 4-door SUV AWD, 2.5liter Six, 5-speed automatic 3.0i 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0liter Six, 5-speed automatic ES sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 3speed automatic Limited wagon, 2.4-liter Four, 4-speed automatic LX sedan, 2.7-liter V6, 4speed automatic Sport minivan extended, 3.3-liter V6, 4-speed automatic SLT crew cab 4WD, 4.7liter V8, 4-speed automatic SLT Plus 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.7-liter V8, 4-speed automatic Laredo 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.0-liter Six, 4-speed automatic ES sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic SLT crew cab 4WD, 4.7liter V8, 4-speed automatic Sport 4-door SUV 4WD, 3.7-liter V6, 4-speed automatic eX minivan extended, 3.8liter V6, 4-speed automatic SXT sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4-speed automatic 3650 1100 18 28 20 14 29 24 BMW X3 Conv 2004 4065 1005 17 23 17 12 26 21 BMW X5 Dodge Neon Chrysler PT Cruiser Chrysler Sebring V6 Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan Dodge Dakota Conv Conv Conv Conv 2005 2000 2001 2001 4745 2705 3300 3290 1260 865 865 865 16 25 20 20 21 31 25 28 17 23 18 21 12 15 12 14 26 34 27 30 20 29 23 27 21 22 Minivan Pickup truck Midsized sport-utility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Family car Pickup truck Small sportutility vehicle Minivan Small car Conv Conv 2001 2001 4210 4765 1150 1100 18 13 24 18 17 13 11 8 27 20 23 16 23 Dodge Durango Jeep Grand Cherokee Dodge Intrepid Dodge Ram 1500 Conv 2001 4810 1590 13 18 13 8 20 17 24 25 26 Conv Conv Conv 2001 2002 2002 4100 3460 5300 1100 865 1350 16 18 13 20 26 17 16 19 12 10 12 8 23 30 17 20 24 14 27 28 29 Jeep Liberty Dodge Grand Caravan Dodge Neon Conv Conv Conv 2002 2003 2003 4125 4515 2730 1150 1185 865 16 18 25 20 25 32 15 17 24 10 11 16 21 28 34 18 22 29 Page 16 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 30 DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler Ford 31 Sports/sporty car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Large sportutility vehicle Pickup truck Family car Large car Large car Chrysler Crossfire Chrysler Pacifica Conv Dec03 Aug03 Mar04 Jul04 May04 Jan05 Jan05 Jun05 Jun05 Jul05 Mar05 Dec04 Aug05 Aug05 Sep00 2004 coupe, 3.2-liter V6, 6-speed manual 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic Limited 4-door SUV 4WD, 5.7-liter V8, 5-speed automatic SLT crew cab 4WD, 5.7liter V8, 5-speed automatic SXT sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 4-speed automatic C sedan, 5.7-liter V8, 5speed automatic Touring sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic GT convertible, 2.4-liter Four turbo, 5-speed manual Limited convertible, 2.7-liter V6, 4-speed automatic SLT crew cab, 4.7-liter V8, 5-speed automatic SXT minivan extended, 3.8-liter V6, 4-speed automatic SXT wagon, 3.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic Diesel Limited 4-door SUV 4WD, 2.8-liter Four, 5speed automatic Unlimited 2-door SUV 4WD, 4.0-liter V6, 4-speed automatic ZTS sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4-speed automatic 3075 415 17 25 22 15 30 25 Conv 2004 4635 1165 17 22 16 10 24 19 32 33 34 35 36 Dodge Durango Dodge Ram 1500 Dodge Stratus Chrysler 300 Chrysler 300 Chrysler PT Cruiser Chrysler Sebring Dodge Dakota Dodge Grand Caravan Dodge Magnum Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 5335 5380 3190 4105 3850 1260 1270 865 865 865 13 13 22 17 19 18 17 30 25 27 12 11 21 16 19 8 8 14 10 12 19 17 32 27 29 15 13 24 20 23 37 38 39 Small wagon Family car Pickup truck Conv Conv Conv 2005 2005 2005 3455 3520 4790 715 715 1320 21 21 15 27 28 20 22 21 14 17 14 9 27 30 20 25 26 17 40 41 Minivan Wagon Small sportutility vehicle Small sportutility vehicle Small car Conv Conv 2005 2005 4515 3950 1185 865 18 19 25 27 17 19 11 12 26 30 21 23 42 Jeep Liberty Diesel 2005 4355 1150 22 27 18 11 26 22 43 44 Jeep Wrangler Ford Focus Conv Conv 2005 2000 3880 2715 720 880 14 25 18 31 14 25 10 17 19 35 17 31 Page 17 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 45 46 47 48 49 Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Small wagon Family car Small sportutility vehicle Pickup truck Minivan Midsized sport-utility vehicle Pickup truck Small car Ford Focus Ford Taurus Ford Escape Ford Explorer Sport Trac Ford Windstar Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Oct00 May00 Mar01 Aug01 Jan01 Sep01 Sep02 Oct02 Aug02 Jun02 Nov02 Jul04 Mar04 Jan04 Aug05 Oct04 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 SE wagon, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic SE sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic XLT 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0liter V6, 4-speed automatic crew cab 4WD, 4.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic SE Sport minivan, 3.8-liter V6, 4-speed automatic XLT 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.0liter V6, 5-speed automatic XLT crew cab 4WD, 5.4liter V8, 4-speed automatic SVT 2-door hatchback, 2.0liter Four, 6-speed manual ZX5 4-door hatchback, 2.0liter Four, 4-speed automatic Premium convertible, 3.9liter V8, 5-speed automatic Eddie Bauer 4-door SUV 4WD, 5.4-liter V8, 4-speed automatic XLT crew cab 4WD, 5.4liter V8, 4-speed automatic SEL minivan, 4.2-liter V6, 4-speed automatic SES sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic Hybrid 4-door SUV AWD, 2.3-liter Four, CVT XLT 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0liter V6, 4-speed automatic 2790 3340 3500 4410 4200 880 1100 900 1190 1360 25 20 18 15 18 32 28 24 19 24 23 21 17 15 17 15 14 12 10 11 32 30 24 21 24 28 26 21 19 22 50 51 52 Ford Ford Ford Ford Explorer Ford F-150 Ford Focus Conv Conv Conv 2002 2002 2002 4515 5295 2790 1325 1455 825 15 14 21 20 17 25 16 14 24 11 10 17 23 19 32 20 17 29 53 54 Ford Ford Small car Convertible Large sportutility vehicle Pickup truck Minivan Family car Small sportutility vehicle Small sportutility vehicle Ford Focus Ford Thunderbird Conv Conv 2002 2002 2760 3905 825 455 26 17 32 23 24 17 17 12 33 25 29 21 55 56 57 58 59 Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Expedition Ford F-150 Ford Freestar Ford Taurus Ford Escape Conv Conv Conv Conv Large Hybrid 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 5900 5690 4425 3325 3845 1400 1510 1315 1100 860 13 14 16 20 33 17 18 23 27 29 12 14 17 22 26 8 9 11 15 22 18 20 25 31 29 15 16 20 26 30 60 Ford Ford Escape Conv 2005 3575 950 18 22 18 12 27 22 Page 18 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 61 62 63 Ford Ford Ford Large car Large car Small car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Sports/sporty car Sports/sporty car Large car Luxury car Family car Large sportutility vehicle Family car Large car Family car Family car Small car Small car Ford Five Hundred Ford Five Hundred Ford Focus Conv Conv Conv Jan05 Jan05 May05 Sep05 Apr05 Jun05 Feb00 Nov00 May00 Jun00 May00 Feb00 Jan00 Mar00 Sep00 Feb01 Jun01 2005 2005 2005 SEL sedan AWD, 3.0-liter V6, CVT SEL sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 6speed automatic ZX4 SES sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4-speed automatic SEL 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0liter V6, CVT GT Premium coupe, 4.6liter V8, 5-speed manual Premium convertible, 4.0liter V6, 5-speed automatic Limited sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4-speed automatic DHS sedan, 4.6-liter V8, 4speed automatic LS sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4speed automatic LT 4-door SUV 4WD, 5.3liter V8, 4-speed automatic GL sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic SE sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4speed automatic LS1 sedan, 2.2-liter Four, 4-speed automatic LW2 wagon, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic SL2 sedan, 1.9-liter Four, 4-speed automatic LS sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 4speed automatic LS sedan, 3.1-liter V6, 4speed automatic 3950 3725 2800 950 950 825 19 21 26 26 29 32 20 21 24 13 14 17 30 31 32 25 26 28 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Ford Ford Ford General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors Ford Freestyle Ford Mustang Ford Mustang Buick LeSabre Cadillac DeVille Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Suburban Oldsmobile Intrigue Pontiac Bonneville Saturn L-Series Saturn L-Series Saturn S-series Chevrolet Cavalier Chevrolet Malibu Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2005 2005 2005 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2001 4280 3585 3590 3640 4070 3495 5590 3490 3640 3020 3245 2440 2730 1150 720 700 1075 1085 925 1610 915 935 925 925 850 880 19 17 19 19 17 20 14 19 19 23 20 25 21 24 25 25 30 28 29 16 28 30 32 26 36 28 18 20 20 20 19 20 13 21 20 23 21 27 23 12 15 13 13 12 12 9 13 12 16 14 18 16 27 28 30 31 29 31 18 33 33 34 32 34 33 23 23 24 25 23 25 17 27 25 29 25 35 29 77 Family car Conv 2001 3050 915 20 29 22 15 32 26 Page 19 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 78 79 80 81 General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors Pickup truck Minivan Family car Upscale car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Pickup truck Convertible Large sportutility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Family car Small sportutility vehicle Chevrolet S-10 Chevrolet Venture Oldsmobile Alero Oldsmobile Aurora Buick Rendezvous Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet Tahoe Conv Conv Conv Conv Aug01 Jan01 Jun01 Nov00 Oct01 Sep02 Jun02 Nov02 Sep01 Feb02 May02 Feb03 Jul03 Mar03 Aug03 Jun03 2001 2001 2001 2001 82 83 84 85 Conv Conv Conv Conv 2002 2002 2002 2002 LS crew cab 4WD, 4.3-liter V6, 4-speed automatic LS minivan extended, 3.4liter V6, 4-speed automatic GL sedan, 3.4-liter V6, 4speed automatic 4.0 sedan, 4.0-liter V8, 4speed automatic CXL 4-door SUV AWD, 3.4-liter V6, 4-speed automatic crew cab 4WD, 5.3-liter V8, 4-speed automatic Base convertible, 5.7-liter V8, 6-speed manual LT 4-door SUV 4WD, 5.3liter V8, 4-speed automatic SLE 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.2liter Six, 4-speed automatic GT sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4speed automatic 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic Ultra sedan, 3.8-liter V6 supercharged, 4-speed automatic sedan, 3.2-liter V6, 5-speed automatic LS sedan, 2.2-liter Four, 4speed automatic EXT LT 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.2-liter Six, 4-speed automatic 4-door SUV AWD, 3.4-liter V6, 4-speed automatic 4145 3990 3110 3800 1000 1365 900 900 15 19 21 17 18 26 32 25 15 19 20 19 10 12 13 12 21 27 31 29 18 23 25 25 4230 5810 3255 5505 1215 1190 400 1395 18 13 19 14 24 17 28 17 16 13 21 13 11 9 15 9 24 18 31 19 21 16 24 17 86 87 88 GMC Envoy Pontiac Grand Prix Saturn VUE Buick Park Avenue Cadillac CTS Chevrolet Cavalier Chevrolet TrailBlazer Pontiac Aztek Conv Conv Conv 2002 2002 2002 4660 3480 3740 1090 915 1175 15 19 19 21 29 25 15 19 18 10 12 12 22 31 26 19 24 23 89 90 91 Large car Upscale car Small car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Small sportutility vehicle Conv Conv Conv 2003 2003 2003 3970 3620 2770 1100 880 880 18 18 24 28 26 33 21 20 26 13 13 18 32 28 37 26 24 30 92 93 Conv Conv 2003 2003 5040 4170 1360 1185 15 18 20 24 13 17 9 12 20 24 16 20 Page 20 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 94 95 96 97 General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors Small wagon Small car Family car Sports/sporty car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Pontiac Vibe Saturn Ion Saturn L-Series Cadillac CTS Conv Conv Conv Conv Aug02 Mar03 Jan03 Sep04 Mar04 Aug04 Aug04 Jan04 Jan04 May04 Jul04 Jan04 Sep04 Oct04 Mar05 Sep05 May05 2003 2003 2003 2004 Base wagon, 1.8-liter Four, 4-speed automatic 3 sedan, 2.2-liter Four, 5speed automatic L200 sedan, 2.2-liter Four, 4-speed automatic CTS-V sedan, 5.7-liter V8, 6-speed manual V8 4-door SUV AWD, 4.6liter V8, 5-speed automatic LS 4-door hatchback, 1.6liter Four, 4-speed automatic LS 4-door hatchback, 1.6liter Four, 5-speed manual LS sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4speed automatic LS sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic Base sedan, 2.2-liter Four, 4-speed automatic Z71 crew cab 4WD, 5.3liter V8, 4-speed automatic GT2 sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4speed automatic coupe, 5.7-liter V8, 6-speed manual V6 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5liter V6, 5-speed automatic CXL sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4speed automatic sedan , 3.6-liter V6, 5speed automatic LS sedan, 2.2-liter Four, 4speed automatic 2805 2855 3040 3950 860 900 925 880 28 24 24 16 33 32 32 25 26 24 24 17 18 17 15 11 36 34 36 27 32 29 30 20 98 Cadillac SRX Conv 2004 4685 1200 15 20 16 11 24 20 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Small car Small car Family car Family car Family car Pickup truck Family car Sports/sporty car Small sportutility vehicle Large car Luxury car Small car Chevrolet Aveo Chevrolet Aveo Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Pontiac Grand Prix Pontiac GTO Saturn VUE Buick LaCrosse Cadillac STS Chevrolet Cobalt Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2530 2515 3655 3290 3135 5300 3630 3770 3740 3565 4030 2850 860 860 1095 915 915 1655 915 740 1175 915 890 890 26 27 20 23 24 15 20 17 19 20 17 24 34 35 30 32 34 18 30 29 25 29 24 32 28 27 20 23 24 14 20 17 19 18 18 23 19 19 13 15 16 10 13 11 12 12 12 15 38 36 31 36 38 19 31 27 27 30 26 35 33 33 24 29 29 17 25 21 23 23 22 29 Page 21 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 111 112 General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors General Motors Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Pickup truck Small sportutility vehicle Chevrolet Colorado Chevrolet Equinox Chevrolet Malibu Pontiac G6 Saturn Ion Saturn Relay Acura RL Honda Accord Conv Conv Jul05 Sep04 Feb05 Feb05 May05 Mar05 Nov00 Jul00 Oct00 Dec00 Aug00 Jul01 Feb01 Jan01 Dec01 Mar02 2005 2005 113 114 115 116 117 118 Family car Family car Small car Minivan Luxury car Family car Small sportutility vehicle Small car Convertible Midsized sport-utility vehicle Small car Minivan Sports/sporty car Upscale car Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2005 2005 2005 2005 2000 2000 119 120 121 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda CR-V Honda Insight Honda S2000 Conv Small Hybrid Conv 2000 2000 2000 LS crew cab, 3.5-liter Five, 4-speed automatic LT 4-door SUV AWD, 3.4liter V6, 5-speed automatic Maxx LS 4-door hatchback, 3.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic Base sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic 3 sedan, 2.2-liter Four, 4speed automatic 3 minivan, 3.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic EX sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic EX 4-door SUV AWD, 2.0liter Four, 4-speed automatic 2-door hatchback, 1.0-liter Three, 5-speed manual convertible, 2.0-liter Four, 6-speed manual 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic EX sedan, 1.7-liter Four, 4speed automatic EX minivan, 3.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic Type-S 2-door hatchback, 2.0-liter Four, 6-speed manual Type-S sedan, 3.2-liter V6, 5-speed automatic 4270 3845 1125 1230 17 19 22 25 16 17 11 12 23 25 19 22 3535 3475 2865 4380 3860 3295 915 890 900 1290 850 850 22 22 24 18 18 20 30 32 32 24 24 28 21 21 25 17 21 21 14 13 17 12 14 15 31 34 35 25 28 30 26 27 30 21 25 26 3210 1875 2790 850 365 400 22 61 20 25 70 26 22 51 27 16 36 21 27 66 33 27 61 30 122 123 124 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Acura MDX Honda Civic Honda Odyssey Conv Conv Conv 2001 2001 2001 4485 2610 4315 1265 850 1250 17 31 18 23 38 25 18 29 19 12 20 12 27 41 30 22 36 24 125 126 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Acura RSX Acura TL Conv Conv 2002 2002 2780 3520 700 850 24 19 31 29 26 22 18 14 37 34 31 27 Page 22 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 127 128 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Family car Small car Small sportutility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Family car Family car Small car Small sportutility vehicle Minivan Midsized sport-utility vehicle Upscale car Upscale car Luxury car Family car Honda Accord Honda Civic Conv Conv Jan02 Oct02 May02 Sep03 May03 Jan03 Dec02 Jun03 Oct03 Nov02 Feb04 Nov04 Sep05 May05 May05 2002 2002 129 Honda/Acura Honda CR-V Conv 2002 130 131 132 133 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Acura MDX Honda Accord Honda Accord 4-cyl. Honda Civic Hybrid Conv Conv Conv Small Hybrid 2003 2003 2003 2003 134 135 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda Element Honda Odyssey Conv Conv 2003 2003 EX sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 4speed automatic Si 2-door hatchback, 2.0liter Four, 5-speed manual EX 4-door SUV AWD, 2.4liter Four, 4-speed automatic Touring 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic EX sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 5speed automatic EX sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 5speed automatic Hybrid sedan, 1.3-liter Four hybrid, CVT EX 4-door SUV AWD, 2.4liter Four, 4-speed automatic EX minivan, 3.5-liter V6, 5speed automatic EX 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5liter V6, 5-speed automatic sedan, 3.2-liter V6, 5-speed automatic sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 5speed automatic sedan AWD, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic Hybrid sedan, 3.0-liter V6 hybrid, 5-speed automatic EX sedan, 1.7-liter Four, 4speed automatic 3120 2755 850 850 23 26 30 30 23 26 15 19 34 33 28 30 3375 850 22 26 21 15 27 24 4555 3390 3195 2730 1160 850 850 850 17 21 24 48 23 30 33 47 17 23 24 36 11 15 16 26 26 34 38 45 21 26 28 44 3560 4420 675 1160 21 18 24 25 20 18 14 11 26 28 24 23 136 137 138 139 140 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Honda Pilot Acura TL Acura TSX Acura RL Honda Accord Conv Conv Conv Conv Large Hybrid 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 4450 3565 3315 4035 3475 1320 850 850 850 850 17 20 23 18 29 22 28 32 26 37 19 23 23 18 25 13 16 15 12 18 27 35 36 29 37 23 27 29 22 29 141 Honda/Acura Small car Honda Civic Conv 2005 2645 850 31 38 29 21 40 35 Page 23 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 142 143 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Small sportutility vehicle Minivan Midsized sport-utility vehicle Pickup truck Small car Small sportutility vehicle Family car Small car Sports/sporty car Family car Small car Small sportutility vehicle Luxury car Upscale car Luxury car Honda CR-V Honda Odyssey Conv Conv Aug05 Mar05 Apr05 Jul05 Feb01 Mar01 Jun01 Mar03 Oct02 May03 May05 Aug05 Nov01 Mar02 Jun04 Nov03 2005 2005 144 145 146 Honda/Acura Honda/Acura Hyundai Honda Pilot Honda Ridgeline Hyundai Elantra Hyundai Santa Fe Hyundai Sonata Hyundai Accent Hyundai Tiburon Hyundai XG350 Hyundai Elantra Hyundai Tucson Jaguar S-Type Jaguar X-Type Jaguar S-Type Conv Conv Conv 2005 2006 2001 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 Hyundai Hyundai Hyundai Hyundai Hyundai Hyundai Hyundai Jaguar Jaguar Jaguar Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2001 2001 2003 2003 2003 2005 2005 2001 2002 2004 EX 4-door SUV AWD, 2.4liter Four, 5-speed automatic EX minivan, 3.5-liter V6, 5speed automatic EX-L 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic RTS crew cab, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic GLS sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4-speed automatic GLS 4-door SUV AWD, 2.7-liter V6, 4-speed automatic GLS-L sedan, 2.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic GL sedan, 1.6-liter Four, 4speed automatic GT V6 coupe, 2.7-liter V6, 6-speed manual L sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 5speed automatic GT sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic GLS 4-door SUV 4WD, 2.7liter V6, 4-speed automatic sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic 3.0 sedan AWD, 3.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic 4.2 sedan, 4.2-liter V8, 6speed automatic Vanden Plas sedan, 4.2liter V8, 6-speed automatic 3585 4615 850 1320 22 20 27 28 21 19 15 12 29 28 26 23 4535 4540 2880 1320 1530 850 17 16 24 22 21 33 17 15 25 12 10 16 25 23 35 20 19 30 3875 3280 2525 3110 3750 2980 3800 3810 3625 3880 880 860 850 700 860 850 860 905 880 905 19 20 25 18 17 24 19 18 18 18 23 27 35 26 26 32 24 25 26 28 18 21 26 22 19 24 18 20 19 19 13 14 18 15 13 16 13 13 13 12 23 30 38 30 30 33 24 30 29 29 22 27 33 25 23 28 22 25 24 24 157 Jaguar Luxury car Jaguar XJ8 Conv 2004 3860 880 18 28 19 12 30 23 Page 24 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 Kia Kia Kia Kia Kia Land Rover Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Mazda Mazda Mazda Mazda Minivan Small sportutility vehicle Family car Small car Small car Small sportutility vehicle Luxury car Upscale car Large car Family car Minivan Small sportutility vehicle Small car Kia Sedona Kia Sorento Kia Optima Kia Spectra Kia Spectra Land Rover Freelander Lincoln Continental Lincoln LS Lincoln Town Car Mazda 626 Mazda MPV Mazda Tribute Mazda Protege Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Oct03 Jun03 Jan04 Aug04 Aug04 May02 Nov00 Jul03 Feb03 Jul00 Mar00 Mar01 Jul02 Aug02 Oct03 May03 May03 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2002 2000 2003 2003 2000 2000 2001 2002 171 172 173 Mazda Mazda Mazda Small car Minivan Family car Mazda Protege Mazda MPV Mazda6 Conv Conv Conv 2002 2003 2003 EX minivan, 3.5-liter V6, 5speed automatic EX 4-door SUV 4WD, 3.5liter V6, 4-speed automatic EX sedan, 2.7-liter V6, 4speed automatic EX sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic EX sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 5speed manual SE 4-door SUV 4WD, 2.5liter V6, 5-speed automatic sedan, 4.6-liter V8, 4-speed automatic Premium sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic Signature sedan, 4.6-liter V8, 4-speed automatic LX sedan, 2.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic LX minivan, 2.5-liter V6, 4speed automatic LX 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0liter V6, 4-speed automatic LX sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic Protege5 4-door hatchback, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic ES minivan, 3.0-liter V6, 5speed automatic s sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 5speed automatic i sedan, 2.3-liter Four, 4speed automatic 4800 4500 3410 2875 2815 3640 3895 3700 4415 3095 3720 3575 2715 1160 1145 860 850 850 905 1100 900 1100 850 1190 950 850 15 15 20 24 25 17 17 20 17 20 18 18 25 20 18 27 34 32 21 25 26 25 26 23 24 30 16 15 20 25 28 17 18 19 17 22 18 18 26 10 10 13 18 20 13 12 13 11 15 13 12 19 25 21 29 36 35 22 28 29 27 30 25 24 34 20 17 23 30 34 20 22 23 22 27 21 22 30 2800 3925 3355 850 1305 850 25 18 19 30 25 27 25 19 20 18 12 14 34 28 30 30 23 23 174 Mazda Family car Mazda6 Conv 2003 3150 850 23 29 23 16 33 27 Page 25 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 175 176 177 178 Mazda Mazda Mazda Mazda MercedesBenz MercedesBenz MercedesBenz MercedesBenz MercedesBenz MercedesBenz Mercury Sports/sporty car Small car Small car Wagon Midsized sport-utility vehicle Upscale car Luxury car Convertible Luxury car Luxury car Large car Mazda RX-8 Mazda3 Mazda3 Mazda6 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Mercedes-Benz C-Class Mercedes-Benz E-Class Mercedes-Benz SLK Mercedes-Benz S-Class Mercedes-Benz E-Class Mercury Grand Marquis Conv Conv Conv Conv Dec03 Aug04 Aug04 Dec04 Jun00 May01 Nov01 Jun02 Nov03 Jun04 Feb03 Oct02 Jun05 Aug00 Jul00 Jul02 2004 2004 2004 2004 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2000 2001 2001 2002 2003 2004 2003 186 Mini Small car Mini Cooper Conv 2002 187 188 189 Mini Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Small car Sports/sporty car Family car Mini Cooper Mitsubishi Eclipse Mitsubishi Galant Mitsubishi Lancer Conv Conv Conv 2005 2000 2000 coupe, 1.3-liter rotary, 6speed manual i sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic i sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 5speed manual s wagon, 3.0-liter V6, 5speed automatic ML430 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.3-liter V8, 5-speed automatic C320 sedan, 3.2-liter V6, 5speed automatic E320 sedan, 3.2-liter V6, 5speed automatic SLK320 convertible, 3.2liter V6, 6-speed manual S430 sedan, 4.3-liter V8, 5speed automatic E320 sedan, 3.2-liter V6, 5speed automatic LSE sedan, 4.6-liter V8, 4speed automatic Base 2-door hatchback, 1.6-liter Four, 5-speed manual S convertible, 1.6-liter Four supercharged, 6-speed manual GT 2-door hatchback, 3.0liter V6, 5-speed manual ES sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic LS sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic 3085 2830 2815 3510 680 850 850 850 18 26 28 19 24 34 35 26 18 30 33 19 14 23 24 13 22 38 42 30 20 32 36 23 4720 3445 3530 3075 4195 3745 4180 1340 865 965 395 970 965 1100 15 19 20 17 17 19 17 19 25 28 26 24 27 25 15 21 22 23 18 20 16 11 15 15 17 11 14 10 20 29 32 31 28 28 25 18 25 27 26 22 25 21 2560 815 28 37 30 23 38 35 2900 3220 3285 815 660 825 25 20 20 32 28 27 25 24 22 19 17 15 32 32 30 28 28 27 190 Mitsubishi Small car Conv 2002 2765 825 24 30 26 19 35 31 Page 26 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 191 Mitsubishi 192 Mitsubishi Small car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Small sportutility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Family car Family car Large car Family car Family car Small car Small sportutility vehicle Mitsubishi Lancer Mitsubishi Montero Mitsubishi Outlander Mitsubishi Endeavor Mitsubishi Galant Mitsubishi Galant Infiniti I30 Nissan Altima Nissan Maxima Nissan Sentra Nissan Xterra Conv Dec03 Aug03 Jun03 Aug03 May04 Feb05 Feb00 Jan00 May00 Sep00 Oct00 Aug01 Sep01 Mar02 Jan02 2003 Conv 2003 193 Mitsubishi Conv 2003 Evolution sedan AWD, 2.0liter Four turbo, 5-speed manual Limited 4-door SUV 4WD, 3.8-liter V6, 5-speed automatic XLS 4-door SUV AWD, 2.4liter Four, 4-speed automatic XLS 4-door SUV AWD, 3.8liter V6, 4-speed automatic ES sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 4speed automatic GTS sedan, 3.8-liter V6, 4speed automatic I30 sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic GXE sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 4-speed automatic GXE sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic GXE sedan, 1.8-liter Four, 4-speed automatic SE 4-door SUV 4WD, 3.3liter V6, 4-speed automatic SC crew cab 4WD, 3.3-liter V6 supercharged, 4-speed automatic LE 4-door SUV 4WD, 3.5liter V6, 4-speed automatic sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic 2.5 S sedan, 2.5-liter Four, 4-speed automatic 3340 825 18 26 20 15 26 23 4955 1180 15 19 14 10 19 17 3525 825 20 25 20 14 26 23 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2004 2004 2005 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 4195 3430 3715 3410 3050 3315 2695 4315 970 825 825 880 860 880 825 885 17 23 19 20 21 20 26 15 21 30 27 28 28 28 33 19 17 23 20 22 22 21 26 15 12 16 14 14 15 14 18 11 22 32 28 32 31 31 36 21 20 26 24 27 27 27 32 19 202 Nissan/Infiniti 203 204 205 Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Pickup truck Midsized sport-utility vehicle Upscale car Family car Nissan Frontier Nissan Pathfinder Infiniti I35 Nissan Altima Conv 2001 4285 915 15 18 14 9 19 17 Conv Conv Conv 2001 2002 2002 4270 3400 3235 1030 880 860 15 20 23 19 26 29 16 20 22 11 14 15 22 29 32 19 25 28 Page 27 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 206 Nissan/Infiniti 207 208 209 Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Family car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Upscale car Sports/sporty car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Large sportutility vehicle Family car Minivan Pickup truck Family car Pickup truck Midsized sport-utility vehicle Small sportutility vehicle Luxury car Convertible Nissan Altima Conv Feb02 Sep03 Jul03 Dec03 Aug03 Mar04 Jul03 Oct03 Jul04 Feb05 Jul05 Apr05 Aug05 Sep05 Jun02 Jul03 2002 Infiniti FX Infiniti G35 Nissan 350Z Conv Conv Conv 2003 2003 2003 3.5 SE sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic FX35 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic Touring coupe, 3.5-liter V6, 6-speed manual SL 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5liter V6, CVT LE 4-door SUV 4WD, 5.6liter V8, 5-speed automatic 3.5 SE sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 5-speed automatic 3.5 SL minivan, 3.5-liter V6, 4-speed automatic SE crew cab 4WD, 5.6-liter V8, 5-speed automatic 2.5 S sedan, 2.5-liter Four, 4-speed automatic LE crew cab, 4.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic SL 4-door SUV AWD, 3.5liter V6, CVT S 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.0liter V6, 5-speed automatic M35 X, sedan AWD, 3.5liter V6, 5-speed automatic Base convertible, 2.7-liter Six, 5-speed manual Vector sedan, 2.0-liter Four turbo, 5-speed automatic 3300 860 19 26 20 14 30 25 4295 3515 3345 950 900 450 16 19 20 22 26 26 18 20 22 13 14 16 25 29 30 21 26 24 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan Murano Nissan Armada Nissan Maxima Nissan Quest Nissan Titan Nissan Altima Nissan Frontier Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 4060 5715 3545 4410 5380 3235 4655 860 1375 860 1205 1105 860 1160 20 13 20 19 14 23 15 24 18 28 26 18 29 20 19 13 21 18 13 23 15 14 9 14 12 9 16 11 26 19 32 28 18 30 21 22 16 26 21 16 28 18 217 218 219 220 Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Nissan/Infiniti Porsche Nissan Murano Nissan Xterra Infiniti M35/M45 Porsche Boxster Conv Conv Conv Conv 2005 2005 2006 2002 4090 4480 4095 2960 860 920 860 505 20 16 17 19 24 21 24 27 19 17 18 22 14 12 12 17 26 23 25 28 22 20 22 25 221 Saab Upscale car Saab 9-3 Conv 2003 3420 920 21 30 21 14 32 25 Page 28 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 222 223 224 225 226 227 Saab Scion Scion Scion Scion Subaru Upscale car Small car Small car Small car Small car Family car Saab 9-5 Scion xA Scion xA Scion xB Scion xB Subaru Legacy Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Feb04 Aug04 Aug04 Aug04 Aug04 Jan00 Mar00 Oct00 Oct01 Jul02 Aug02 Dec01 Jun03 Jun03 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2000 228 Subaru Family car Subaru Legacy Conv 2000 229 230 Subaru Subaru Small wagon Family car Subaru Forester Subaru Legacy/Outback Conv Conv 2001 2001 231 Subaru Small car Subaru Impreza Conv 2002 232 Subaru Small car Subaru Impreza Conv 2002 233 Subaru Small car Subaru Impreza Conv 2002 234 Subaru Pickup truck Small sportutility vehicle Subaru Baja Conv 2003 Arc sedan, 2.3-liter Four turbo, 5-speed automatic 4-door hatchback, 1.5-liter Four, 4-speed automatic 4-door hatchback, 1.5-liter Four, 5-speed manual wagon, 1.5-liter Four, 4speed automatic wagon, 1.5-liter Four, 5speed manual L sedan AWD, 2.5-liter Four, 4-speed automatic Outback Ltd. wagon AWD, 2.5-liter Four, 4-speed automatic S 4-door SUV AWD, 2.5liter Four, 4-speed automatic H6 VDC wagon AWD, 3.0liter Six, 4-speed automatic 2.5 RS sedan AWD, 2.5liter Four, 4-speed automatic Outback Sport wagon AWD, 2.5-liter Four, 4speed automatic WRX sedan AWD, 2.0-liter Four turbo, 5-speed manual Base crew cab AWD, 2.5liter Four, 4-speed automatic 2.5 X 4-door SUV AWD, 2.5-liter Four, 4-speed automatic 3540 2400 2355 2485 2450 3300 930 825 825 825 825 850 19 32 32 30 31 22 28 38 38 34 35 27 21 30 31 30 32 22 14 20 22 23 25 15 33 40 38 37 36 32 26 37 39 35 37 28 3610 900 22 27 20 14 28 24 3225 3790 900 900 22 20 26 27 20 20 15 13 26 28 25 25 3065 830 22 27 22 16 27 25 3110 900 22 27 22 15 29 26 3110 830 20 27 21 15 28 25 3575 800 21 26 20 14 28 24 235 Subaru Subaru Forester Conv 2003 3215 900 21 26 21 15 28 25 Page 29 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 236 Subaru Family car Subaru Legacy/Outback Conv Jan03 Dec03 Nov04 Dec04 May02 Mar03 Aug04 Aug04 May04 Feb00 May00 Aug00 Dec00 Aug00 May01 2003 237 Subaru Small car Subaru Impreza Conv 2004 238 239 Subaru Subaru Family car Family car Small sportutility vehicle Small car Small car Small car Family car Large car Family car Sports/sporty car Small car Convertible Subaru Legacy Subaru Outback Suzuki Vitara/XL-7 Suzuki Aerio Suzuki Forenza Suzuki Forenza Suzuki Verona Toyota Avalon Toyota Camry Conv Conv 2005 2005 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2002 2003 2004 2004 2004 2000 2000 247 248 249 Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota Celica Toyota Echo Toyota MR2 Conv Conv Conv 2000 2000 2000 L Special Edition sedan AWD, 2.5-liter Four, 4speed automatic WRX STi sedan AWD, 2.5liter Four turbo, 6-speed manual 2.5 GT Limited sedan AWD, 2.5-liter Four turbo, 5-speed automatic 2.5i wagon AWD, 2.5-liter Four, 4-speed automatic Touring extended SUV 4WD, 2.7-liter V6, 4-speed automatic GS sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic S sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 4speed automatic S sedan, 2.0-liter Four, 5speed manual LX sedan, 2.5-liter Six, 4speed automatic XLS sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic LE sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic GT-S 2-door hatchback, 1.8-liter Four, 6-speed manual sedan, 1.5-liter Four, 5speed manual convertible, 1.8-liter Four, 5-speed manual sedan, 3.0-liter Six, 5speed automatic 3360 850 22 29 21 14 30 26 3290 830 18 24 20 15 26 22 3540 3545 850 900 19 22 25 28 18 21 11 14 27 31 22 26 3590 2715 2840 2815 3370 3455 3285 1170 895 875 875 900 900 900 17 26 22 22 20 21 19 20 31 30 30 27 29 27 17 25 24 27 20 21 21 12 18 16 19 14 13 14 22 32 35 36 30 33 31 21 29 29 32 23 27 27 2570 2150 2235 725 775 425 23 34 25 32 41 30 28 38 31 21 29 25 36 46 36 32 44 34 250 Toyota/Lexus Upscale car Lexus IS300 Conv 2001 3390 860 18 23 21 15 28 25 Page 30 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 251 Toyota/Lexus 252 253 Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Midsized sport-utility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Small car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Large sportutility vehicle Small car Small sportutility vehicle Minivan Pickup truck Upscale car Family car Family car Large sportutility vehicle Luxury car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Lexus RX300 Conv Jul01 Sep01 Feb01 Oct01 Mar01 Dec00 Mar01 Jan01 Aug01 Mar02 Jan02 Feb02 Nov02 Nov03 2001 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0-liter V6, 4-speed automatic SR5 4-door SUV 4WD, 3.4liter V6, 4-speed automatic LE sedan, 1.8-liter Four, 4speed automatic Limited 4-door SUV AWD, 3.0-liter V6, 4-speed automatic 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.7-liter V8, 4-speed automatic sedan, 1.5-liter Four hybrid, CVT 4-door SUV AWD, 2.0-liter Four, 4-speed automatic LE minivan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic TRD crew cab 4WD, 3.4liter V6, 4-speed automatic sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic LE sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 4speed automatic XLE sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic Limited 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.7-liter V8, 4-speed automatic sedan, 4.3-liter V8, 5-speed automatic 4065 840 18 22 19 13 23 22 Toyota 4Runner Toyota Corolla Toyota Highlander Toyota Land Cruiser Toyota Prius Toyota RAV4 Toyota Sienna Toyota Tacoma Lexus ES300 Toyota Camry Toyota Camry Conv Conv 2001 2001 4135 2510 1115 850 16 30 19 39 16 29 11 20 22 41 19 35 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Conv Conv Small Hybrid Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 3915 5435 2750 3070 4060 3875 3540 3240 3430 925 1240 800 760 1160 1225 900 900 900 18 13 52 23 19 17 21 23 20 22 16 45 27 24 19 29 32 28 18 14 41 22 18 16 21 24 20 12 9 30 16 12 12 14 16 13 24 20 49 27 26 22 34 35 29 22 18 49 26 24 19 26 29 25 263 264 Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota Sequoia Lexus LS430 Conv Conv 2002 2003 5280 4205 1320 900 14 19 17 25 15 19 11 12 20 29 19 23 265 Toyota/Lexus Toyota 4Runner Conv Aug03 2003 SR5 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.0liter V6, 4-speed automatic 4345 1035 17 21 16 11 22 19 Page 31 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 266 267 268 269 Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Large car Small car Small wagon Upscale car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Midsized sport-utility vehicle Family car Small sportutility vehicle Minivan Pickup truck Luxury car Family car Coupe Minivan Toyota Avalon Toyota Corolla Toyota Matrix Lexus ES330 Conv Conv Conv Conv Feb03 Jul02 Aug02 Feb04 Mar04 Sep03 Dec04 May04 Oct04 Oct03 Jul04 Sep05 Feb05 Jun05 Mar05 Jul05 2003 2003 2003 2004 XLS sedan, 3.0-liter V6, 4speed automatic LE sedan, 1.8-liter Four, 4speed automatic XR wagon AWD, 1.8-liter Four, 4-speed automatic sedan, 3.3-liter V6, 5-speed automatic 4-door SUV 4WD, 4.7-liter V8, 5-speed automatic 4-door SUV AWD, 3.3-liter V6, 5-speed automatic Limited 4-door SUV AWD, 3.3-liter V6, 5-speed automatic 4-door hatchback, 1.5-liter Four hybrid, CVT 4-door SUV AWD, 2.4-liter Four, 4-speed automatic LE minivan, 3.3-liter V6, 5speed automatic SR5 crew cab 4WD, 4.7liter V8, 4-speed automatic XLS sedan, 3.5-liter V6, 5speed automatic LE sedan, 2.4-liter Four, 5speed automatic SLE convertible, 3.3-liter V6, 5-speed automatic XLE minivan, 3.3-liter V6, 5-speed automatic Base crew cab, 4.0-liter V6, 5-speed automatic 3500 2595 2985 3525 900 860 860 900 21 29 26 20 29 38 31 29 21 29 24 22 13 20 17 14 31 39 33 33 26 35 29 26 270 Toyota/Lexus Lexus GX470 Conv 2004 4825 1225 15 19 15 11 21 18 271 Toyota/Lexus Lexus RX330 Toyota Highlander Toyota Prius Toyota RAV4 Toyota Sienna Toyota Tundra Toyota Avalon Toyota Camry Toyota Camry Solara Toyota Sienna Conv 2004 4200 925 18 24 18 12 26 21 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Toyota/Lexus Conv Small Hybrid Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv Conv 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 4035 2950 3135 4205 5095 3600 3285 3620 4365 1160 825 760 1160 1505 875 900 755 1280 18 60 22 19 14 22 24 20 19 24 51 27 27 17 31 34 29 26 19 44 21 21 14 22 24 21 19 13 35 15 14 10 15 16 14 13 25 50 28 30 18 33 34 31 27 22 48 24 25 17 26 28 25 23 281 Toyota/Lexus Pickup truck Toyota Tacoma Conv 2005 4115 1100 17 21 17 13 21 20 Page 32 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 282 Toyota/Lexus Luxury car Lexus GS300/GS430 Volkswagen Golf Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Jetta Volkswagen Jetta Volkswagen New Beetle Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Touareg Volkswagen New Beetle Volvo S40/V40 Volvo S40/V40 Conv Sep05 Dec00 Jul00 Mar00 Oct01 Dec02 Aug02 Oct02 Jan02 May03 Nov04 Sep03 Jun05 Jan00 Mar00 2006 283 284 285 286 Volkswagen Volkswagen Volkswagen Volkswagen Small car Family car Family car Family car Diesel Conv Conv Conv 2000 2000 2000 2001 287 288 Volkswagen Volkswagen Small car Small car Diesel Conv 2002 2002 289 290 291 Volkswagen Volkswagen Volkswagen Small car Family car Family car Conv Conv Conv 2002 2002 2003 292 Volkswagen 293 Volkswagen Upscale car Midsized sport-utility vehicle Diesel 2004 GS300 sedan AWD, 3.0liter V6, 6-speed automatic GLS TDI 4-door hatchback, 1.9-liter Four turbodiesel, 5-speed manual GLS sedan, 2.8-liter V6, 5speed automatic GLS wagon, 1.8-liter Four turbo, 5-speed automatic GLX wagon AWD, 2.8-liter V6, 5-speed automatic GLS sedan, 1.9-liter Four turbodiesel, 4-speed automatic GLS wagon, 1.8-liter Four turbo, 5-speed automatic Turbo S 2-door hatchback, 1.8-liter Four turbo, 6speed manual GLS sedan, 1.8-liter Four turbo, 5-speed automatic GLX sedan, 2.8-liter V6, 5speed automatic GLS TDI sedan, 2.0-liter Four turbodiesel, 5-speed automatic V6 4-door SUV AWD, 3.2liter V6, 6-speed automatic GLS convertible, 1.8-liter Four turbo, 5-speed manual sedan, 1.9-liter Four turbo, 4-speed automatic wagon, 1.9-liter Four turbo, 4-speed automatic 3915 815 21 27 20 14 29 23 2935 3350 3330 3825 935 1000 1000 1070 42 18 20 17 49 26 29 24 41 22 21 18 29 15 14 12 54 30 31 27 50 27 26 23 3045 3155 885 1000 34 22 45 29 32 23 22 16 46 32 41 29 3005 3335 3530 750 1060 1060 23 21 19 30 30 27 25 23 21 18 15 14 32 35 30 29 28 25 3450 1065 27 38 28 18 42 37 Conv 2004 5210 1280 15 20 15 10 20 18 294 295 296 Volkswagen Volvo Volvo Small car Family car Family car Conv Conv Conv 2005 2000 2000 3280 2960 3075 770 825 825 25 21 21 30 28 28 24 22 21 18 14 13 29 31 32 28 27 26 Page 33 of 36 Veh Mfr Vehicle Type Make & model Fuel Type Pub date Mod Year Tested version Curb wt. (lbs.) Max Load (lbs.) EPA City EPA High way CR Over all CR City CR High way CR 150mile trip 297 Volvo Upscale car Upscale wagon Midsized sport-utility vehicle Upscale car 298 Volvo Volvo S60 Volvo V70/Cross Country Conv May01 Jul01 Sep03 Feb04 Jun04 Nov04 Dec04 2001 Conv 2001 299 300 Volvo Volvo Volvo XC90 Volvo S60 Conv Conv 2003 2004 301 302 Volvo Volvo Upscale car Family car Volvo S80 Volvo S40 Conv Conv 2004 2005 303 Volvo Family car Volvo V50 Conv 2005 2.4T sedan, 2.4-liter Five turbo, 5-speed automatic XC wagon AWD, 2.4-liter Five turbo, 5-speed automatic T6 4-door SUV AWD, 2.9liter Six twin-turbo, 4speed automatic 2.5T sedan, 2.5-liter Five turbo, 5-speed automatic T6 sedan, 2.9-liter Six twin-turbo, 4-speed automatic 2.4i sedan, 2.4-liter Five, 5speed automatic T5 wagon AWD, 2.5-liter Five turbo, 5-speed automatic 3425 890 21 28 21 14 31 25 3815 1075 17 22 18 12 26 22 4795 3465 1285 890 15 22 20 30 15 22 9 14 25 35 18 26 3630 3245 890 950 19 22 26 30 19 23 12 14 29 36 23 29 3555 800 19 26 20 13 32 26 Page 34 of 36 APPENDIX B To show that 1.11 × EPAFleetAvgMPG ≤ CAFE FleetAvgMPG ≤ 1.28 × EPAFleetAvgMPG , consider the following bounds for the overall MPG estimates: EPAOverall = 1 0.55 0.45 + EPACity EPAHighway = 1 0.55 0.45 + 0.78 × CAFECity 0.90 × CAFE Highway > 1 0.55 0.45 + 0.78 × CAFECity 0.78 × CAFE Highway 1 0.55 0.45 + CAFECity CAFE Highway = 0.78 × CAFEOverall = 0.78 × Likewise, EPAOverall = 1 0.55 0.45 + EPACity EPAHighway 1 = 1 0.55 0.45 + 0.78 × CAFECity 0.90 × CAFE Highway < 0.55 0.45 + 0.90 × CAFECity 0.90 × CAFE Highway 1 0.55 0.45 + CAFECity CAFE Highway = 0.90 × CAFEOverall = 0.90 × Hence, 1.11 × EPAOverall = 1 1 × EPAOverall < CAFEOverall < × EPAOverall = 1.28 × EPAOverall . 0.90 0.78 Page 35 of 36 Now, substituting the bounds for the overall MPG estimates yields, EPAFleetMPG = Sales1 + Sales 2 + K + Sales n Sales n Sales1 Sales 2 + +K+ EPAOverall ,1 EPAOverall , 2 EPAOverall ,n < Sales1 + Sales 2 + K + Sales n Sales n Sales1 Sales 2 + +K+ 0.90 × CAFEOverall ,1 0.90 × CAFEOverall , 2 0.90 × CAFEOverall ,n Sales1 + Sales 2 + K + Sales n Sales n Sales1 Sales 2 + +K+ CAFEOverall ,1 CAFEOverall , 2 CAFEOverall ,n = 0.90 × = 0.90 × CAFE FleetMPG Likewise, EPAFleetMPG = Sales1 + Sales 2 + K + Sales n Sales n Sales1 Sales 2 + +K+ EPAOverall ,1 EPAOverall , 2 EPAOverall ,n > Sales1 + Sales 2 + K + Sales n Sales n Sales1 Sales 2 + +K+ 0.78 × CAFEOverall ,1 0.78 × CAFEOverall , 2 0.78 × CAFEOverall ,n Sales1 + Sales 2 + K + Sales n Sales n Sales1 Sales 2 + +K+ CAFEOverall ,1 CAFEOverall , 2 CAFEOverall ,n = 0.78 × = 0.78 × CAFE FleetMPG Hence, 1.11 × EPAFleetMPG = 1 1 × EPAFleetMPG < CAFE FleetMPG < × EPAFleetMPG = 1.28 × EPAFleetMPG . 0.90 0.78 Page 36 of 36