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SADC MAPP
Tanzania National Stakeholder Workshop
Proceedings of the TANZANIA SADC-MAPP
National Stakeholder Workshop held at Peacock Hotel,
Dar Es Salaam. 6th and 7th September, 2007
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Workshop Facilitators:
Alex Joseph S. Nalitolela
Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives
Ninatubu Mathias Lema
Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives
1 Photo by Lema NM: Improved wheat variety under large scale cultivation at Uyole Agricultural Research and
Training Institute, Mbeya Tanzania
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ASDP Agricultural Sector Development Programme
ASDS Agric. Sector development Strategy
AU African Union
CAADP Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme
CGS Competitive Grants System
CIMMTY Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo
COR Client oriented Research
CORMA Client-Oriented Research Management Approach
CORDEMA Client –Oriented Research Management and Development Approach
DRET Department of Research, Extension and Training
DRT Department of Research and Training
EDF European Development Fund
EU European Union
FAAP Framework for African Agricultural Productivity
FANR SADC Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources directorate
FARA Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa
FTC Farmer Training Center
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IARC International Agricultural Research Centre
ICT Information and communication technologies
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute
IPR Intellectual Property Rights
ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research
KATC Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Centre
LGA Local Government Authority
MAFC Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives
MDG Millenium Development Goals
MLD Ministry of Livestock Development
NARES National Agricultural Research and Extension System
NARS National Agricultural Research Systems
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGO Non Governmental Organization
PADEP Participatory Agricultural Development Project
PMU Programme Management Unit
RISDP Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan
SRO Sub-regional Research Organization
SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture
TACRI Tanzania Coffee Research Institute
TAFORI Tanzania Forestry Research Institute
TAFIRI The Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute
TORITA The Tobacco Research of Tanzania
TRIT Tea Research Institute of Tanzania
ToR Terms of Reference
TPRI Tropical Pesticides Research Institute
ZADERF Zonal Research and Development Fund
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1.0 About this report
This report provides an outline of the process as well as the Proceedings
of the Tanzania SADC MAPP National Stakeholder Workshop held at Peacock
Hotel in Dar es Salaam on the 6th and 7th September, 2007.
Participants for this workshop were drawn from the National Agricultural
Sector with representatives from agricultural public and private service
providers as well as farmer representatives.
The report includes the workshop process, objectives, outputs and
recommendations. A full list of participants, workshop program and group wok
assignments are affixed to the report as appendices.
Two consultant facilitators led the workshop process. A SADC MAPP
Team Member (Ms Emelda Berejena) presented the SADCC MAPP program
while the SADC MAPP National consultant presented the Situational Analysis
of the Tanzanian Agricultural Sector. The two facilitators shared the workshop
sessions and jointly prepared this report.
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2.0 Contents
Ser. No Content Pg.
Acronyms and Abbreviations 2
1.0 About this report 3
2.0 Contents 4
3.0 Workshop Objectives 5
4.0 Workshop Process and Methodology 5
5.0 Summary of presentation on SADC Multi-Country
Agricultural Productivity Programme - Origin and
Development 6
6.0 Summary of Analysis of the Agricultural Technologies
Development and Dissemination in Tanzania 7
7.0 Plenary Discussions on the Presentations 8
8.0 Group Tasks on SADC MAPP Themes 9
9.0 Group Presentations and discussions 12
10.0 Consolidated Responses on Other Issues 18
11.0 Recommendations from the Country Situation Analysis – F
Shao 20
12.0 Way forward 21
13.0 Workshop Evaluation by facilitators 21
ANNEXES:
1.0 Workshop Programme 24
2.0 List of Participants 25
3.0 Welcome remarks and Official Opening by Mr. Peniel Lyimo - The
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and
Cooperatives read on his behalf by Mr. Timothy N Kirway. 29
SADC Multi-Country Agricultural Productivity Programme
4.0
(SADC MAPP) Origin and Development
Preliminary Findings of the Situation analysis study. 31
5.0 ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION IN TANZANIA 36
6.0 Closing Remarks by Mr. Timothy N Kirway – Assistant Direcctor for
Research and Training, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and 42
Cooperatives
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3.0 Workshop Objectives. Presented by Ninatubu Lema
The purpose of the national workshop was to get consensus and stakeholder
endorsement on the SADC MAPP programme design and institutional
arrangements, focussing on:
i) Structure, functions and operational modalities of the SRO
ii) Pluralism in programme implementation
iii) Subsidiary in programme implementation
iv) Programme themes
v) Funding mechanisms (basket and other funding arrangements, member
state contributions, programme grants)
vi) SADC MAPP focussing on trans-boundary regional activities
To get consensus and stakeholder endorsement of the national consultant’s
draft report on situation analysis, agricultural technologies and priorities.
We will receive the consultant’s draft report
4.0 Workshop Process and Methodology
After presenting the objectives the facilitator presented the program for the
two days workshop. This is appended to this report as an annex.
The workshop process began by breaking the ice through self introductions.
This was followed by a session on what is SADC MAPP. After understanding
SADC MAPP participants were given a presentation on the Preliminary
situational Analysis of the Agricultural Sector in Tanzania. This gave
participants a good understanding which made them able to discuss in plenary.
This was followed by sessions on group-work which mainly focused on
identifying MAPP activities for the MAPP pillars. These group works were
presented in plenary to agree and for the workshop to own the activities
identified in the groups.
To make the process lively and interactive all presentations were made using
power point and participants were given time to discuss issues as deeply as
possible.
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5.0 SADC Multi-country Agricultural Productivity Programme
(SADC - MAPP) Origin and Development.
Summary of Presentation by Emelda Berejena2
The New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) has developed the
Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP). In
addition NEPAD has mandated the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa
(FARA) to work out a framework that would contribute to the implementation
of CAADP. To that effect FARA developed the Framework for African
Agricultural Productivity (FAAP). The latter promotes new ways of doing
things at various levels in the (SADC) region. It has been endorsed by both the
AU (through NEPAD) and development partners. Its general objective is to
sustain rural poverty reduction through broad based growth in agricultural
productivity and incomes, with a focus on small holders and vulnerable groups.
FAAP share similar principal elements and priorities with the Regional
Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) and has been used as a
working tool to develop SADC – MAPP. This is a sub-regional programme
whose long term challenge lies on improving the efficiency and sustainability of
Agricultural technology generation and delivery system in Africa. MAPP will be
implemented in three phases of about 5 years each, spanning a 15-year period.
Each phase will build on the achievements and lessons learnt from previous
phases.
. The programme would focus on supporting activities that have a well defined
sub-regional benefit. SADC MAPP is therefore designed to support only sub-
regional research and development activities rather than national initiatives. Its
activities will be coordinated by a Sub-regional Organisation (SRO) to be
put in place as part of the programme implementation. The programme would
be financed through a basket fund arrangement from a range of sources,
including grants from SADC’s International Cooperating Partners; member
States contributions; co-financing for specific activities from national
programmes or participating institutions and CGIAR resources.
The Centre of Leadership model, as opposed to the Centre of Excellence,
would be adopted for promoting institutional collaboration, capacity building
and knowledge sharing.
Remaining timeline for SADC MAPP preparation is outlined.
2 See ANNEX 4.0 for full paper
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6.0 Analysis of The Agricultural Technologies Development and
Dissemination in Tanzania 3
Summary of Presentation by Francis Shao
There are a number of institutions undertaking technologies generation for the
smallholder farming sector in Tanzania. They include public, public semi-
autonomous, private, NGOs, national and international institutions
There are many “best bet” improved technologies and practices available.
These could be scaled up/out to smallholder farmers in the country and to
some of the other SADC member states. Despite all these technologies,
productivity of most of the food and cash crops grown and livestock
production are depressingly low, implying that adoption of the improved
technologies is low. This implies that either adoption of improved seed
varieties has not been achieved or that the improved technologies are not
widely available and the agronomic recommendations are hardly applied.
The technologies especially improved crop varieties have been released on the
basis of their attributes, high yield, pest and disease resistance, maturity
considerations and taste. Economic analysis, market access, processing, value
addition and gender analysis were not considered.
The Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP) provides the “best
bet” entry point for SADC MAPP activities in Tanzania. Opportunities also
exist through the many NGOs working on technology dissemination and
farmer empowerment in Tanzania and in the Region.
3 See ANNEX 5.0 for full paper presentation
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7.0 Plenary Discussions on the Presentations
During this session participants were involved in analytical discussions
following the presentations of the two papers i.e SADC Multi-country
Agricultural Productivity Programme - Origin and Development as well as that
on Preliminary Findings of the Situation analysis study.
Following the discussions the workshop agreed on the following:
1 Agreed that every SADC country has its own agricultural development
programs and that SADC expects to complement some of these.
2 Anticipated that business unusual will change the way of doing things so
that productivity will be increased within the next 15 years.
3 SADC members are normally listed according to alphabetical order.
These are Angola, Botswana, DRC Congo, Lethoso, Mauritius and
Malawi. Others are Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania,
Zimbabwe, Zambia, Madagascar and Swaziland.
4 Tanzania includes Zanzibar. However, agricultural development is not a
union matter and for that reason Zanzibar was not included in the
current terms of reference for the analysis of the agricultural
technologies development and dissemination in Tanzania
5. SADC team should revisit the ToRs so as to make provision of Zanzibar
in future similar studies.
6. ‘Best bet’ technologies as used in the study report refer to a package of
technologies rather than e.g. a single variety of a given crop. As far as
SADC - MAPP is concerned “best bet” means practices/technologies
that are both socially and economically viable.
7. The consultant for the agricultural technologies development and
dissemination in Tanzania study will consult more informants to get
more information on livestock technologies. In addition conservation
technologies will be included in the report whereas high cost of
irrigation, problems of applying the hand hoe and those of relying on
rain-fed agriculture will be stressed and linkages will be more elaborated.
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8. Noted that staff motivation is a problem in human resource
development and utilization, and that in order to be more effective,
research should be organised into an autonomous body/an agency.
8.0 Group Tasks on
SADC MAPP Themes
1. Participants were organised into groups of not more than 10 people of
mixed backgrounds, experiences, and from different organisations
2. Each group discussed two themes by following the steps as listed under
section .. (below). Group composition and their corresponding themes
were as follows;
GROUP 1:
Salim Msellem (private sector), H.J. Shimba (agricultural extension), N.
Temu (Agric. Researcher), Robert Misangu, Adolf Nyaki (soil scientist),
Leon Mrosso, E. J. Shirima (Animal production) and Patrick Lameck
(NGO).
Assigned task on
THEME No 1; Farmer Empowerment and Market Access
THEME No 5; Knowledge, Information and Communication
GROUP 2:
Anderson Temu, J.A. Masha, Gloria Mazoko, Juhudi Chambi, Alfred
Moshi, Fatima Faraji, D.B. Mpiri (Private sector) and P. Kapingu
Assigned Task on;
THEME No 2: Research and Technology Generation
THEME No 4: Education, Training and Learning systems
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GROUP 3
Shamte Shomari, Rosemary Msabaha, Elias Letayo, Pilika Mwakilembe,
Bartazar Rwenyagira, Amani Kingu, Fidelis Myaka and S Meena
Assigned Task on;
THEME No 3: Farmer led Advisory Services and Innovative Systems
THEME No 5: Knowledge, Information and Communication
GROUP 4:
A. Kullaya, Ruth Kamala, Archard Kato, Hussein Mansoor, Felix Akaro,
Erasto Shenkalwa, Margaret Bakuname and Ramadhani Kapande
Assigned Task on:
THEME No 1: Farmer Empowerment and Market Access
THEME No 2: Research and Technology Generation
GROUP 5
Michael Otaru, Ally Mbwana, Mary Lutkam, Catherin Madatta, Grace
Mahuwi, Asia Kapande, George Ley and Eddah Mleche
Assigned Task on:
THEME No 3; Farmer led Advisory Services and Innovative Systems
THEME No 4: Education, Training and Learning systems
The Following General process and steps were followed by each group:
1. Appointed a moderator:
2. Group members brain-stormed to identify the relevance of each the five
themes and RANKED them on a scale of 1 to 5; (1=Very High ranking;
5=Very Low ranking).
3. Group members discussed their two assigned themes and documented
the Current Status of each them in the county.
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4. They discussed and documented the Expected Activities that SADC
MAPP should carry out/concentrate in Tanzania under each respective
theme. Where possible this was supported with examples or justification.
Where the group agreed it referred to the issues that were presented in
the Situational Analysis Report. However, new issues were raised where
necessary
5. The Expected Activities under each theme were ranked using scale 1
to 5 as above
6. A rapportuer from each group presented at a plenary
In addition to the above task every team was assigned to present a
discussion on the following;
i) How national stakeholders in Tanzania can benefit from SADC
MAPP.
ii) Pre-conditions for SADC MAPP to succeed.
iii) Comments on the SADC MAPP programme design and institutional
arrangements.
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9.0 Group Presentations and discussions
Below are highlights of the presentations made by groups of participants. These highlights are presented here after incorporating various
comments agreed upon during plenary discussions
SADC MAPP Thematic Prioritization (Stakeholders Workshop results)
Thematic Area Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Total Average
Farmer empowerment and markets 1 1 1 2 5 1.25 (1)
Research and technology generation 3 1 1 1 6 1.50 (2)
Farmer led advisory services and innovative systems 2 2 1 1 6 1.50 (2)
Education training and learning systems 3 2 1 2 8 2.0 (3)
Knowledge information and education 2 1 1 1 5 1.25 (1)
Institutional development and capacity building
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Rank 5
No % No % No % No % No %
Farmer empowerment and markets 3, /4 75% 1 25% - - - - - -
Research and technology generation 3, /4 75% - - 1 25% - - - -
Farmer led advisory services and innovative systems 2, /4 50% 2 50% - - - - - -
Education training and learning systems 1, /4 25% 2 50% 1 25% - - - -
Knowledge information and education 3, /4 75% 1 25% - - - - - -
Institutional development and capacity building
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SADC MAPP Matrix of Thematic Activities
(Group 1, & 4 )
Theme 1: Farmer empowerment and market access
Current Status Expected activities Rank*
Existence of few farmer groups and networks at various levels that are not well organized;
- -Some groomed by projects and programmers; •1 Mobilization of farmers into strong groups 1
-Lack economic power; Lack access to finance and other •2 Initiate and strengthen voluntary farmer groups and networks from village to
extension services international levels 1
- Some are voluntary, some registered some not; •3 Facilitate formation of SACCOs 2
•4 Facilitate farmer groups and networks registration 3
-Lack leadership (administrative) and organization skills •5 Training farmer groups on group organizations, management and leaderships 2
-Lack lobbying capacity (skills) •6 Training farmer groups on lobbying and advocacy skills 2
•7 Rehabilitate and revive farmer training canters 1
-Cannot defend their rights, interests and priorities •8 Facilitate for extension services providers to reach farmers (financial, human, materials 1
inputs, infrastructure etc.)
On marketing:
- Free market economy • Facilitate formation and strengthening of producers marketing groups, commodity 1
based and service system and network oriented farmer organization
-Poor input supply arrangements •1 Improve access to agricultural inputs (subsidy) 1
-Lower farmer producer prices; Lack entrepreneurship skills •2 Connect farmers with lending institutions 2
•3 Training of farmers on entrepreneurship skills 1
-Limited initiatives in value addition •4 Improve agro-processing 1
•5 Training on value addition skills 2
-Unfavourable policy environments •6 Sensitize and training on marketing policy issues and agreements 2
-Lack of awareness on marketing policies and agreements •7 Facilitate a platform and mechanism where marketing issues will be shared 2
-Poor marketing services; •8 Improve marketing information 1
-Limited marketing information •9 Conduct market information research 1
•10 Improve marketing information network and systems for farmers and stakeholders. 2
•11 Training farmers on marketing knowledge, information and communication skills
2
13
-Poor infrastructures in rural areas •12 Improve rural infrastructure 1
•13 Tasking central and local government to fulfil their roles and responsibilities on
infrastructures provision to rural areas 3
-.COR being implemented in 3 zones ( LZ and NZ) •14 Implement COR (five zones) 1
•15 Remove non-tariff barriers 2
•16 Remove tariff barriers (between regions) 1
•17 Increase tariff barriers to non-SADC members to protect producer market
2
*Rank of expected activities (1-5)
(Group 4 & 2)
Theme 2: Research and technology generation
Group 4: Both Basic and COR should be emphasized (6 areas);
Group 2: Relevance - Mainstay/basis for agric development, Support producers/ entrepreneurs to meet new challenges, optimization of use of resources;
Current Status Expected activities Rank*
Established NARS working in: Crop and livestock research •1 Improve human resource management 1
services; agro-forestry; forestry; soil and water management; •2 Establish an autonomous research organization 1
fisheries, etc. •3 Improve organization and financial management 1
1
•4 Sustain participatory research planning, monitoring and evaluation
•5 Rehabilitate and equip existing laboratories 1
•6 Support promotion of technology development (output-outcome level)
•7 Support development of state of the art technology against diseases of plants and animals
§1 Support/spearhead research to mitigate against climate change
§2 Rehabilitate research labs
Performance of research: Demand driven technologies; §3 Emphasize output production (results based) and dissemination 1
Output level; Outcome level; Impact level §4 Conduct research that is market oriented (demand driven technologies)
§5 Research on ways to facilitate farmers to access markets for their products (market linkage)
§6 Support development of agro-processors and rural infrastructures
Linkages/support institutions: Service providers; Input §7 Improve linkage and collaboration 1
suppliers; Credit/loans §8 Facilitate/coordinate exchange of information/collaboration in technology development
and transfer
§9 Improve policy environment to facilitate better access to input supply and availability of
credit/loans
*Rank of expected activities (1-5)
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(Group 3 & 5)
Theme 3: Farmer led advisory services and innovation systems
Current Status Expected activities Rank*
-Low except for few pockets where NAEP, DASIP, •1 Scaling out farmer field schools and farmer to farmer advisory services 2
PADEP,DADS and TARP II have been implemented – But •2 Forming and strengthening farmer groups network 1
dependent on external funding •3 Provision of extension kits 1
•1 Formation of farmer groups & networks 2
-Weak linkage between Farmer, Research, Extension and •5 Facilitate Increase in Research and Training participation in DADPs planning and 2
Training implementation
•6 Establish and operationalize fora for linkage and coordination (ZIELO) 2
•7 Institute Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) 3
-Lack of inventory of innovations •8 Inventorise farmer innovations systems 1
•9 Disseminate and utilize the inventorized innovation to various stakeholders 1
•10 Monitoring and evaluation 2
-Limited resources (human-few staff to reach many •1 Recruitment of extension agents 1
farmer groups)
-Extension staff not updated on current findings and •2 Training and retraining of extension staff 1
technologies •3 Design incentive packages for workers 1
-Limited working facilities and transport to implant •1 Provision of housing, transport & offices 2
agreed plans
•5 Prep. Of comprehensive work-plan, 3
*Rank of expected activities (1-5)
(Group 5 & 2)
Theme 4: Education, training and learning systems
Group 2: Relevance: Create awareness in all levels of society on importance of natural resources; Channel through which qualified manpower is obtained; Provide a
system for dissemination of knowledge /new ideas
Current Status Expected activities Rank*
-Established agricultural training institutions – FTCs, MATIs, •6 Inventories and assessment of equipment & training materials 1
LITIs and SUA •1 Provide up to date training materials 1
•2 Rehabilitate and expand training institutes
•7 Establish training needs and facilitate utilization of the available capacity
-Relevant curricula for specialized training •8 Implement/develop training programmes out of the needed assessment
1
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•9 Review and update curricula
-Training capacity does not meet immediate demand •10 Preparation of Training needs assessment 1
•11 Recruitment of tutors 1
•12 Train sufficient staff at all levels 1
•14 Assess /document training needs of member countries
•15 Support/facilitate training needs
•16 Develop the training infrastructure as coping strategy
•17 Interstate collaboration partnership
*Rank of expected activities (1-5)
(Group 1 & 3)
Theme 5: Knowledge, Information and Communication
Current Status Expected activities Rank*
-Top down in formation and product flow to farmers •8 Facilitate two-way communications of research information and products to and 1
from farmers.
-Information packaging not in farmer user friendly language •9 Build capacity of researchers and other stakeholders on information, communication 2
and promotional skills
-Poor research information products pathways to farmer •10 Improve communication pathways of research information and products to and 1
feedback from farmers
-Zonal communication unit not well resourced to perform their •11 Strengthening of zonal communication unit and centers of continuing education 1
duties. (ICE-SUA)
-Zonal communication unit not well resourced to perform their •12 Strengthening of zonal communication unit and centers of continuing education 1
duties. (ICE-SUA)
•13 Conduct market studies for raw and processed farm produce
-Generally farmer knowledge on improved Agricultural •14 Training of farmers e.g exchange visits, demonstrations, agricultural shows, mass 1
technologies is inadequate communication and workshops
-Some approaches that are used to disseminate technologies are •15 Involvement of farmers and other stakeholders in research planning and 1
less appropriate? implementation
-Most Farmers lack appropriate resources to adopt most of the •16 Involvement of farmers and other stakeholders in research planning and 1
technologies implementation
-Very few research proposals include KIC plans that involve all •17 Train researchers on how to prepare KIC plans and undertake KIC activities 1
relevant stakeholders
•18 To establish rural information centers, e.g. WARC, community based radio, TV and 2
Library
16
•19 To strengthen the ZIELU office 1
•20 Update and improve ICT among stakeholders e.g, farmers, Research Centres, 2
Districts, etc.
•21 Conduct stakeholders analysis 2
•22 Establish communication networks among stakeholders and public sector 2
•23 Establish fora for stakeholders meetings 2
-Policies, Regulations and guidelines on the involvement of •24 Oversee the implementation of information sharing, regulations and guidelines as 1
other stakeholders in sharing information are not effectively outlined in the Agricultural and related policies
implemented
•25 Facilitate networking between research institutions and other agricultural 1
development stakeholders.
•26 Facilitate preparation of extension materials e.g. fliers, posters, pamphlets, 2
newsletters, magazine and mass media
*Rank of expected activities (1-5)
Theme 6: Institutional capacity Development and capacity building: NOT DISCUSSED
*Rank of expected activities (1-5)
17
10.0 Consolidated responses (for all groups) on Other Issues
10.1 How can the National stakeholders in Tanzania benefit from SADC
MAPP?
Stakeholders includeFarmers, Input suppliers, Stockists, Consumers, NGOs & CBOs,
Researchers, Policy makers, Transporters, Trainers, Traders, CT workers); Benefits include:
Resources (human, financial and materials), Infrastructures (laboratories, ICT
etc), Exchange, exposure and study visits within and outside SADC and New
market avenues, -Resources (human, financial and materials). Other benefits
will be on Improved service delivery and market access, Improved performance
in agricultural Production and productivity as well as Enhanced capacity
building. The groups further observed that more benefits will be gained on
Improved information communication and knowledge sharing., -By learning
best bet practices from other member states (through networking, workshops,
etc.), Through identified Centres of leadership, -Access to funding from SADC
MAPP. In addition Cross cutting issues will be dealt with more effectively.
Other benefits will be gained in the areas of
-Technology development and Dissemination, Infrastructure Development,
Market improvement and access, Job creation, Farmers empowered, Increased
options of technology and Improved productivity, incomes and livelihood
10.2 What are the preconditions for SADC MAPP to succeed?
Consolidatged response from all groups indicated that the pre conditions
for SADC – MAPP to succeed include
Timely availability of resources, Commitments by involved parties, Mutual
trust, shared values and transparencies, Continued Political stability as Political
will to honour commitments of member states. Other pre conditions are
Continued (donor) support from development partners (SACAR collapsed
because donors pulled out); With time increase member states support and
decrease dependence on donors, Concentrate on few areas of expertise,
Unnecessary bureaucratic structures in the member states should be reduced
and the existence of Efficient information exchange system. Further the groups
noted the following were also necessary; collaboration with existing programs,
Sensitization of the programme at all levels, Transparency and accountability as
well as Motivation of all players
Comments on the SADC MAPP programme design and institutional
arrangements
18
The five groups made the following comments SADC MAPP programme
design and institutional arrangements;
Programme design is generally very comprehensive, however ensure equal
representations of member states in various administrative bodies and
committees
Harmonize and build on existing initiatives and programmes within each
member country (to avoid duplication) and Develop and elaborate vision and
mission of SADC-MAPP. The workshop observed that Sustainability is
questionable –except for strategies the attainment of sustainability appear to be
unclear, so long as there seem to be donor fund dependence
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11.0 Recommendations From the Country Situation Analysis
By Francis Shao
‘Best-bet’ agricultural practices and technologies
Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP) focuses on increasing
growth and accelerating poverty reduction in rural Tanzania through increased
agricultural productivity, higher added value, and improved producer price
incentives. Particular emphasis is placed on improved institutional functioning
and service delivery, technology adoption, infrastructure development and
greater commercialisation among smallholder farmers. It recognizes that future
growth in farm productivity and product value will require better management
of agricultural and natural resources, in particular land and water, and access to
improved technologies.
Technologies:
The Directorate of Research and Training of MAFC and the Research Section
of MLD have been the leading NARS institutions in the generation of
agricultural and livestock technologies (Annex table 3 attached). In Technology
Generation and Dissemination, The introduction of the Client-Oriented
Research (COR) building on the Farming Systems Research (FSR) experience
and its evolution to Client-Oriented Research Management Approach
(CORMA), evolving towards Client –Oriented Research Management and
Development Approach (CORDEMA) and the setting up of Zonal Research
and Development Fund (ZADERF) provides “best bet” practice for involving
the farmers in setting up the research agenda and participate in allocation of
funds.Use of Farmer Research Groups (FRG) and Farmer Field School (FFS)
are “best bets” in the implementation. They have also developed an improved
coffee banana intercropping system for smallholder coffee farmers.
TACRI has identified some “best bet” new clonal coffee varieties with average
yield of 1.1 Kg per tree compared to 0.27 Kg per tree national average for
smallholder coffee growers. The material is high yielding and resistant to coffee
berry disease and coffee leaf rust hence low cost of production. Compared to
the currently grown materials, the new clonal coffee variety has cost benefit
ratio of 1:2.55.
Farmer training at KATC Moshi have “best bet” practices in extension service
delivery through their farmer training programmes. The practice involves
farmer training farmers and extension workers in rice production, employing
close linkage to the field, packaged training adjusted to local conditions,
monitoring and follow up and farmer to farmer extension approach. Buhuri has
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a similar approach which has facilitated increased milk production from small
holder farmer groups
Major Constraints and Opportunities
•Limited trained and experienced human resource (specialists)
•Poor infra-structure; Poorly equipped laboratories
•Irregular/ unsustainable financing which disrupts experiments (discontinuity)
•Changing mind set of research staff (towards CORMA/ CORDEMA) and
clients/LGA/ communities to demand services
•Empower communities and LGA uplifting capacity to procure services
•Establishing a farmers’ radio in each zone to transmit new technologies
Conclusion
•The study has revealed that there are many improved “best bet improved
technologies and practices available in Tanzania which could be scaled up/out
to smallholder farmers in the country and to some of the other SADC member
states. The technologies especially improved crop varieties have been released
on the basis of their attributes high yield, pest and disease resistance, maturity
considerations and taste.
•Economic analysis, market access, processing, value addition and gender
analysis were not considered. With all these technologies, productivity of most
of the food and cash crops grown in the country are depressingly low. This
implies that adoption of improved seed varieties has not been achieved.
•It may also imply that the improved technologies are not widely available and
the agronomic recommendations are hardly applied.
12.0 Way forward
It was agreed that the national SADC MAPP Consultant finish his report and
present it the National Contact person who will appoint reviewers to review the
National Situational Report before it is forwarded to SADC MAPP
headquarters in Gaborone.
13.0 Workshop Evaluation by facilitators
The workshop had two main objectives which are:
To get consensus and stakeholder endorsement on the SADC MAPP
programme design and institutional arrangements and To get consensus and
stakeholder endorsement of the national consultant’s draft report on situation
analysis, agricultural technologies and priorities. These two objectives were met
as participants clearly showed enthusiasm in the MAPP programme to the
extent that they developed and agreed on national activities to fit in the SADC
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6 themes. With regard to the report presented by the MAPP National
consultant; - Participants received well the report with some input on
improving a few areas. The entire workshop achieved its objectives to a very
satisfying level.
22
ANNEX 1.0: PROGRAME FOR SADC MAPP TANZANIA
NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
6 – 7 September 2007
Peacock Hotel, Dar es Salaam
Time Topic Responsibility
Day 1 6 September 2007
08:00-08:30 Registration All
08:30-09:00 Introductions Alex Nalitolela
09:00 – 09:15 Welcome remarks and Official Opening Director of Research and
Training - Dr. J. Haki
09:15 – 09:30 Workshop Objectives Ninatubu Lema
09:30 – 10:00 Background to SADC MAPP Emelda Berejena
10:00 –10:30 TEA BREAK
10:30 – 11:00 SADC MAPP Governance & Organisational Emelda Berejena
Arrangements
11:00 – 12:00 Preliminary Findings of the Situation analysis Dr. Francis Shao
study in Tanzania
12:00-12:30 Clarifications and Discussions Facilitator
12:30-13:00 Group Tasks Facilitator
13:00-14:00 Lunch
14:00 – 15:15 Group work All
15:15-15:30 Tea Break
15:30-16:30 Group work All
Day 2 7 September 2007
08:00 – 10:00 Group Presentations and discussions All
10:00 – 10:30 Tea Break
10:30 – 13:00 Group Presentations and discussions All
12:30 LUNCH
14:00 – 14:30 Group Presentations and discussions
14:30 – 15:30 Presentation Summary of the Workshop Dr Francis Shao
Recommendations on the national situation
analysis
15:30 – 15:45 Closing Remarks Director of Research and
Training - Dr. J. Haki
15:45 Tea and departure
23
ANNEX 2.0: LIST OF PARTCIPANTS
TANZANIA SADC MAPP NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
Address Tel fax E-mail
1. SALIM FARMMBASE LTD P.O. Box 22792, 0754332488 022-2862331 farmers@intafria.com
MSELLEM DSM
2. H.J.M. SHIMBA MIN. OF AGRI.FOOD & P.O. BOX 9192 DSM 0222864899 0222864899 njmshimba@yahoo.com
COOP. 0784334453 cps@kililmo.go.tz
3. ANDREW TEMU ARI UYIOLE MBEYA P.O. BOX 400 0754806603 temunderson@yahoo.co.uk
MBEYA
4. SHAMTE ARI NALIENDELE P.O.BOX 509 0784620807 shshomari@yahoo.co.uk
SHOMARI MTWARA 2700552
5. ALOIS KULAYA MIKOCHENI AGRIC. BOC 6226, DSM 2700552 2775549 akullaya@mari.or.tz
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
6. J.A. MASHA MIN. AGRIC. FOOD & P.O. BOX 078728O252 fepu@africaonline.co.tz
COOP (EXTENS) 9192 DSM
7. MICHAEL MIN OF LIVE. BOX 2066 DSM 0754845939 michaelotaru@yahoo.com
OTARU DEVELOPMENT
8. R. KAMALA MAFC/DRT BOX 2066 DSM 0754567037 Kokuganyilwar@hotmail.co
9. GRACE MOSHI UNIVERSITY P.O. BOX 22001 0755877874 - mahuwigrace@yahoo.com
MAHUWI COLLEGE OF COOP. & DSM
BUSSINESS STUDIES,
DSM REGIONAL
CENTRE
10. GLORIA TANZANIA P.O. BOX 2567 0754699770 ushirika@ushirika.co.tz
MAZOKO FEDERATION OF COOP DSM
11. DR. ALRED J. ILONGA ARI KILOSA P.O.BOX 33 0787828732 0232623284 alfomoshi@yahoo.co.uk
MOSHI KILOSA
12. MRS. FATIMA FINCA ESTATE P.O. BOX 14703 0754261461 0272508246 fatijeje@yahoo.com
24
A. FARAJI ARUSHA
13. DR. ADOLFS ARI MLINGANO P.O.BOX 5088 0754295270 asnyaki@yahoo.com
NYAKI TANGA
14. D.P. MPIRI CAPRICEN P.O.B OX 32399 0754277581 cclmpiri@yahoo.co.uk
CONSULTANT DSM
15. P.A.A. UYOLE P.O. BOX 400 0755675847 - pilkamwakilembe
MWAKILEMBE MBEYA
16. GEORGE J. LEY ARI MLINGANO BOX 5088 TANGA 0754295276 giley@iwayafrica.com
17. FELIX AKARO HIVET SERVICES BOX 1338 - 0754629571 hivetclinic@yahoo.com
MBEYA MBEYA
18. ASIA K. TANZANIA HOME P.O.BOX 11242 0754043780 0262354722 pgmlameck@yahoo.co.uk
KAPANDE (MRS) ECONOMICS (TAHEA). MWANZA
19. PATRICK INADES FORMATION P.O. BOX 203 0754043780 0262354722 pgmlameck@yahoo.co.uk
LAMECK TANZANIA DODOMA
20. BALTHAR W. MAFC/ASDP P.O.BOX 9192 DSM 0713894522 brwenyagira@yahoo.com
RWENYAGIRA
21. ROBERT SUA BOX 3005 0754401009 misangu@yahoo.com
MISANGU MOROGORO
22. ALLIY S.S. SELIAN ARI BOX 6024 ARUSHA 0784390223 0272505211 asmbwana@yahoo.com
MBWANA
23. FIDELIS A. ARI-ILONGA P.O.OX 33, KILOSA 0784415907 0232623284 zro@iwaafricacom
MYAKA famyaka@yahoo.com
24. ARCHARD KATO CENTRAL ZONE PO. BOX 154 0754267811 0262324919 katoalm@yahoo.com
DODOMA
25. JUHUDI Y. SRI - KIBAHA BOX 30031 023-2402038 0232402039 sri@iwayaafrica.com
GHAMBI KIBAHA 0754-495318
26. CATHERINE ARI UYOLE P.O.BOC 400 +25525251006 +25525251006 madataco@yahoo.co.uk
S.MADATA MBEYA 2 5
+25575455326
6
27. ROSEMARY B.N. REGIONAL REGIONAL 025- 0252504243/02 nyingilir@yahoo.com
MSABAHA COMMISSINER’S OFFICE COMMISSIONER’S 2500911/25009 52504020
25
BOX 754 MBEYA OFFICE O7
28. HUSSEIN SELIAN ARI BOX 6024 0784262257 +25527250521 Hussein.mansor@gmail.com
MANSOOR ARUSHA 1
29. NEWTON TEMU MARI BOX 6226 DSM 0754498934 255222777554 nastemn@hotmail.com
9
30. ELIAS A. ARI-HOMBOLO (C2) Box 299 0754816021 +255026 elialetayo@yahoo.com
LETAYO DODOMA 2320046
31. ALEX MAFC BOX 2066 Dortafrica3@yahoo.co.uk
NALITOLELA
32. NINATUBU M. MAFC BOX 2066 0754300584 25522286531 Ninatubu.Lema@kilimo.go.tz
LEMA 2
33. TIMOTHY N. MAFC BOX 266 0754865475 25522286531 tkirway@yahoo.com
KIRWAY 2
34. SHAMTE NALIENDELE BOX 509 0784620807 shshomari@yahoo.co.uk
SHOMARI RESEARCH MTWARA
35. PETER ARU YJURUGYRY BOX 1433 0754277971 c/o pkapingu@yahoo.co.uk
KAPINGU MWANZA 0282501079 lzardiukiriguru@yahoo.com
36. EMELDA SADC BAG 0095 002678356 eberejeNa@sadc.com
BERESEWA GABORONE
BOSWANA
37. LEON MROSSO ARI-MAKUTUPORA BOX 1676 0754432965 - lmrosso@yahoo.com
DODOMA
38. EDDA MLECHE ZSZ-MTWARA BOX 411 0784414320 - ewmleche@yahoo.co.uk
MTWARA
39. AMANI KINGU JANE GOODALL INST BOX 1182 0713492171 0282804447 Amanikingu61@yahoo.co.uk
TACARE PROJ. KIGOMA
40. ERASTO ARI – TUMBI BOX 306 0784713496 - zdrdwz@yahoo.com
SHEMKALWA TABORA TABORA shenkalswa2002@yahoo.com
41 ESRASTO E. FANRM RESEARCH BOX 70463 DSM 0222451400 0222451400 ersastoemlay@yahoo.com
MLAY CONSULTANTS 0784891330
42 M.R.BAKUNAME MLD BOX 9152 2865296 maggybak@yahoo.co.uk
26
DSM 0784300525
43. M. H. LUTKAM MAFC HQ BOX 2066 2865319 1865312 lutkam@yahoo.com
DSM
44. E.J. SHIRIMA MLD HQTS BOX 9192 0787138284 shirima@yahoo.co.uk
DSM
45. S. B. MEENA MLD HQTS. BOX 9152 0754828710 2863765 meenasbn@yahoo.co.uk
DSM
46. FRANCIS SHAO FANRM RESEARCH BOX 70463 DSM 0754270682 fshao@muchs.ac.tz
CONSULTANTS
27
ANNEX 3.0
Welcome remarks and Official Opening by Mr. Peniel Lyimo - The
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and
Cooperatives read on his behalf by
Mr. Timothy N Kirway.
Mr. Chairman,
SADC MAPP representative – Ms Emelda Berejena,
Private Sector and Farmer Representatives,
Agricultural Sector Stakeholder Representatives,
Ladies and Gentlemen
It is a great honour and privilege for me to be accorded this opportunity to officiate the
opening of this Tanzania SADC MAPP National Stakeholder Workshop which is being held
here at Peacock Hotel Dar es Salaam. On behalf of the Agricultural Sector and on my own
behalf, I wish to welcome you and thank you for accepting our invitation and setting aside
your time to participate in this important workshop.
Mr. Chairman; SADC MAPP emerged from the Comprehensive African Agricultural
Development Program (CAADP) which was conceived in consultation by the New
Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) by the the African Heads of State and
Governments.
The objective of SADC MAPP is to improve agriculture technology development and
dissemination. It is a sub-regional program intended to provide a mechanism through which
SADC countries will be able to work together and get resources to undertake collective
action, on issues of common interest and mobilize global knowledge.
The programme is now in the final stages of preparation and at this stage we are holding
consultations at national level and Tanzania is now the third country in this process.
Mr Chairman; As you will note later on, the NEPAD’s Comprehensive Africa Agricultural
Development Program (CAADP) has 4 pillars which include:
1. Land and water management
2. Rural infrastructure and trade – related capacity for market access
3. Increasing food supply & reducing hunger
4. Agricultural research, technology dissemination & adoption.
All these pillars are relevant in the implementation of Tanzania’s National Strategy for
Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA). Pillar no. 4 is of particular importance to
the Agricultural services Sub-program of our Agricultural Sector Development Program
(ASDP). During this workshop you will be background to SADC MAPP which is highly
linked to National Agricultural Services provision; including its proposed governance &
organizational arrangements. Preliminary findings of the situation analysis in Tanzania will
also be presented by the National Consultant.
Most of the time of this 2-day workshop will be used for us to identify activities for
Tanzania which can be included in SADC MAPP.
28
I am requesting for an active participation of all of us is crucial for this national stakeholder
workshop to achieve its objectives. May I now wish you a nice and successful workshop.
Mr. Chairman; I hope you will have a fruitful two day workshop that will come up with a
common agreement on a list of possible Tanzanian activities to be included in the SADC
MAPP. With these few remarks it is my pleasure to declare this workshop open.
Dar es Salaam, 6th September 2007.
Peacock Hotel
29
ANNEX 4.0: SADC Multi-Country Agricultural Productivity Programme
(SADC MAPP) Origin and Development
Presented by Emelda Berejena
The African Heads of State and Government, through the New Partnership for Africa’s
Development (NEPAD) have recognized that:
•Agriculture and agro-industry are the engine for African development
•Agricultural development requires a major systematic commitment to science and
technology
In recognition of this, NEPAD has developed the Comprehensive African Agricultural
Development Program (CAADP) which comprises four Pillars
The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) has been mandated by NEPAD to
take the lead in developing a framework under which Pillar 4 of CAADP might be
implemented. In response to NEPAD’s request, FARA in consultation with stakeholders,
developed the Framework for African Agricultural Productivity (FAAP)
FAAP provides an African vision of the knowledge institutions, programs, and policies
needed by Africa to raise the productivity of its agricultural sector. FAAP is therefore
intended as a guide to the development and scaling up of agricultural productivity
programmes, taking into account sub-regional policies and priorities, and the kinds of
institutional structures which are likely to be the most effective at regional, sub-regional and
national levels.
The FAAP calls for:
1 Reforms to make agricultural research, extension, and education programs more
effective;
2 Increases in the scale of investment in agricultural R&D at the national and sub-
regional levels; and
3 Harmonization of external support
FAAP is therefore a framework that promotes a new way of doing things at various levels –
regional, sub-regional and national levels. FAAP has received the endorsement and
commitment of the AU through NEPAD, and of development partners.
FAAP Guiding Principles are;
1 Greater participation of key stakeholders, especially smallholder farmers, in the
definition of research priorities and in system governance
2 Greater institutional pluralism in technology development by opening to other
service providers
3 Greater institutional pluralism in technology dissemination by opening to other
service providers, e.g. universities, NGOs, civil society
4 Greater market orientation in technology development
5 Stronger linkages between extension, research, agricultural education and the private
sector
6 Subsidiarity in regional programming
7 Harmonized donor support for regional activities
30
FAAP Objectives:
General Objective:
To sustain rural poverty reduction through a broad-based growth in agricultural productivity
and incomes, with a focus on smallholders and vulnerable groups
Specific Objective:
To strengthen the capacities of the African agricultural research and extension systems to
effectively generate, disseminate and apply knowledge and technologies suitable and
appropriate to the agricultural context and challenges
FAAP Goals are intended to meet the MDGs and NEPAD targets of:
1 50% reduction in absolute poor, and
2 6% growth in agricultural GDP by 2015
SADC Goals
These are described in the RISDP and in the Dar es Salaam Action Plan. Sub-region’s goals
share the principal elements and priorities of CAADP and closely mirror CAADP’s
emphasis on agricultural productivity. They call for an increase in investments and in
institutional development directed toward improving the effectiveness of national and sub-
regional agricultural technology and productivity systems – in particular:
1 agricultural research,
2 agricultural advisory services, and
3 related institutional development.
SADC Goals recognise:
1 the need for a new way of doing business, i.e. a radical departure from the past in the
focus, structure, policy and operational processes of the sub-region’s agricultural
technology development systems.
2 the need for a departure from the current practice whereby international agricultural
research centres are largely de-linked from local producers and technology
dissemination systems,
3 the lack of resources and scientific critical mass among NARS and the need for sub-
regional collaboration
Thus SADC’s RISDP and FAAP share similar principal elements and priorities. Both
emphasise the need for a substantial increase in agricultural productivity.
From FAAP and RISDP to SADC MAPP
In the SADC sub-region, FAAP has been used as a working tool in the development of
SADC - MAPP, taking into account the region’s priorities and strategies as provided under
both RISDP, and the Dar Es Salaam Action Plan. SADC MAPP is a sub-regional
programme intended to enable Member States to:
i) Pool their resources to more effectively address areas of common interest,
ii) Take advantage of economies of scale,
iii) Coordinate joint action on shared priorities, interests and knowledge, and
iv) Contribute to the development of knowledge or technologies which have greater
impact and benefit within the sub-region than the actions of one national system
alone
31
SADC-MAPP Thematic Areas
Theme1: Farmer Empowerment & Market Access
Theme 2: Research and Technology Generation
Theme 3: Farmer Led Advisory Services and Innovation Systems
Theme 4: Education, Training & Learning Systems
Theme 5: Knowledge, Information & Communication
Theme 6: Institutional Development & Capacity Building
Major Cross-cutting Issues are;
1 Gender
2 HIV/AIDS
3 Intellectual Property Rights
4 Policy Issues
5 Climate change
Time horizon for MAPP Implementation
Improving the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural technology generation and delivery
systems in Africa is a long-term challenge. Therefore, MAPP will be implemented in three
phases of about 5 years each, spanning a 15-year period. Each phase will build on the
achievements and lessons learnt from previous phases.
4.1 SADC MAPP Governance & Organisational Arrangements
SADC MAPP activities will be coordinated by a Sub-regional Organisation (SRO) to be
put in place as part of the programme implementation
4.2 Programme Financing
The Process of Programme financing will include;
1 Identification of activities within themes by stakeholders
2 Prioritisation of activities by stakeholders
3 Identification of sub-regional networks and partnerships
4 Call for proposals by SRO under the appropriate financing option
5 Development of joint proposals by applicants, institutions or networks, including
roles of partner institutions
6 Leadership by sub-region based institutions
7 Element of cost sharing
8 Assessment of proposals and award of grants, based on standard procedures to be
developed
A sub-regional focus
SADC - MAPP would not be a mechanism to provide funds to individual Member States
through the sub-region as a means of “topping-up” for national initiatives.
Rather, the programme would focus on supporting activities that have a well defined sub-
regional benefit. SADC MAPP is therefore designed to support only sub-regional research
and development activities, not national activities
Financing mechanisms
Two basic forms of financing will be:
32
i) Sub-regional Productivity Grants, all with an element of competition and cost sharing.
These are:
Competitive grants
Commissioned grants
Institutional capacity building and partnering grants
Innovation grants
They will be used across all productivity themes and open to the full range of SADC MAPP
stakeholders
ii) Core Funding for the SRO
This will be provided for use only by the SRO
Sources of Programme Financing
It is expected that SADC MAPP would be financed from a range of sources, including:
i) Grant funding from SADC’s International Cooperating Partners;
ii) Member States contributions through the SADC Secretariat;
iii) Co-financing for specific activities from national programmes or participating
institutions, to ensure ownership and commitment; and
iv) CGIAR resources (by re-directing part of their funding through the MAPP funding
mechanism to make them more demand-driven).
To the extent possible, funds would be pooled into a type of basket funding arrangement.
Where this is not possible, donors could fund specific SADC MAPP themes or activities.
4.3 Centre of Leadership Model
The Centre of Leadership model, as opposed to the Centre of Excellence, would be
adopted for promoting institutional collaboration, capacity building and knowledge sharing.
Example of Centre of Leadership Model is that of Networking.
Remaining timeline for SADC MAPP preparation is as follows (Revised in consultation with
Steering Committee)
1 27 July 2007: Presentation to SADC FANR of draft SADC MAPP document and
strategy of country consultations.
2 2-3 August 2007: Steering committee meeting in Johannesburg prior to county
consultations.
3 14 August – 30 September 2007: Country consultations. Draft programme document
sent in advance.
4 ??? September 2007: FANR donor round table
5 Mid October – receive final country reports
6 Mid October – Regional Consultants start consolidating the reports – work in FANR
7 Mid November – Steering Committee Technical meeting – consolidated report with
FANR contributions – may enlarge TC if necessary
8 End November 2007: Steering committee meeting prior to regional workshop
9 End November 2007: Regional workshop of key stakeholders. Revised Draft
programme document and SRO document sent in advance.
10 Early December – Distribute revised programme document to stakeholders and
donors
11 Mid January 2008: Joint SADC/FARA/Donor preparation workshop
12 3-7 March 2008: Joint Donor Appraisal Mission
33
4.4 Conclusion
1 SADC MAPP is designed sub-regional R&D programs and projects.
2 SADC MAPP would not be a mechanism to provide funds to individual Member
States through the sub-region as a means of “topping-up” for national initiatives.
Rather, SADC MAPP would focus on supporting and coordinating activities that
have a well defined sub-regional benefit.
3 SADC MAPP will promote a new way of doing business:
4 Greater participation of all key stakeholders
5 Pluralism in technology generation and dissemination
6 Subsidiarity in regional programming and implementation
7 Greater market orientation in technology development
8 Harmonized donor support for regional activities
9 SADC MAPP has been designed with a 15-year time horizon, believed a long
enough timeline to promote sustainability
10 Establishment of an SRO and a menu of competitive and cost sharing mechanisms
for thematic activities, are seen as crucial for effective and sustainable programme
implementation and coordination.
34
ANNEX 5.0 Preliminary Findings of the Situation analysis study.
ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPMENT
AND DISSEMINATION IN TANZANIA
By Francis Shao
Objectives of the country situation analysis
•Review and identify outstanding examples of “best practice” in the country which can be
scaled out for the benefit of the country and the region
•Develop outline proposals as to how these might be scaled out elsewhere in the region
•Get stakeholder views on the findings from the situation analysis
Tanzanian Socio-economic situation
Tanzania, like most of the other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa has been experiencing slow
economic growth over the years. The GDP growth has been slow during the 90s (2.8%),
better since 2000 (up to 6%) which is not enough compared to population growth rate of
2.8% in the 90s and 2.9% between 1988-2002.
While the economy has been growing steadily since 2000, the proportion of people living in
poverty has fallen only slightly, about three percentage points over the decade. 87 percent of
the 11 million people living below the poverty line are in the rural areas. Main factors
accelerating poverty in the rural areas are low productivity, frequent droughts and limited
access to farm inputs and markets. The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains a serious problem
with a negative impact on poverty reduction.
Importance of the agricultural sector
The economy of Tanzania is highly dependent on agriculture. The agricultural sector
constitutes nearly half of the value of the national income (GDP), about three quarters of the
national export revenue and source of livelihood for over 80 % of the population. Growth in
this important sector was 3.6 percent annually in the 1990s, It grew by 6 percent in 2004.
The recent annual average growth rates of export crops, food crops and livestock have been
about 6, 4, and 3 percent respectively.
Use of Agricultural Inputs in Mainland Tanzania
Tanzania’s agriculture is dominated by small-holder subsistence farming. To a large extent
the sector is characterized by traditional production systems which rely on indigenous
varieties and breeds and whose overall productivity is generally low. Only a small number of
households use inputs especially those that are not produced on farm i.e. improved seed,
pesticides, inorganic fertilizers, fungicides, herbicides and improved livestock. The Agric.
Sector Dev. Strategy (ASDS) was initiated in 2001 to address the necessary interventions for
improved agricultural productivity and profitability. Important technical considerations to
achieving better profitability and sustainability include improved management of agricultural
resources, efficiency in managing inputs and outputs, adoption of new technologies and
extension of use of existing technologies (land husbandry, reduced tillage, water harvesting
and irrigation, range management, crop protection, animal health and post-harvest
management). Increase in farm profitability through adoption of new technologies and
development of competitive agricultural marketing systems are important.
35
Agro-ecological zones and farming systems
Tanzania is divided into seven major agro-ecological zones on the basis of thermal, moisture,
soil types and topography characteristics. These are: (i) Zone 1- Coastal; (ii) Zone II & III-
Eastern Plateaux and Mountain Blocks; (iii) Zone IV – Central Plateux; (iv) Zone V-
Southern Highland, Ufipa Plateau and Western Highlands; (v) Zone VI – Northern Rift and
Volcanic Highlands and (vi) Zone VII- Rukwa-Arusha Rift and Inland Sediments.
Main agricultural activities and commodities
Cereals are the main agricultural crops grown in Tanzania, followed by roots and tubers,
pulses and oil seeds and cash crops. Fruits are normally permanent crops and are not fully
reflected, while vegetables are often underestimated due to production on small household
plots.
Maize is the main cereal produced in Tanzania with total production of 2,617,115 tonnes,
representing 74 percent of total cereal production. The area under maize is about 44 percent
of the total area planted with crops and 72 percent of the area planted with cereals. It is
followed by paddy (13%), sorghum (9%), bulrush millet (2%), finger millet (2%) and wheat
and barley (<1%).
Productivity of all cereal crops declined over the period 1987 to 1998. Analysis of previous
data 1986 to 2000 revealed that during the census year, the yield of maize was down by 36
percent, sorghum by 42 percent and paddy 32 percent.
Cash crops production comprise of annual and perennial cash crops. Permanent crop
production is dominated by smallholder 93% and large scale farms accounting for only 7%.
The cash crops include Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar Cane, Tea, Pyrethrum, Coffee, Sisal and
Cashew nuts
Some of the food crops, including horticultural crops, maize, rice and beans are playing an
important role as non traditional export crops. Overall production of some of the major
traditional cash crops have been declining.
Livestock keeping is the second major agricultural activity in Tanzania. Out of the 4,901,837
smallholder households 1,745,776 rear livestock. The major livestock types are Cattle, Goats,
Sheep, Pigs and Chickens. Cattle is the most important type of livestock for smallholder
(72% of livestock keeping households or 26% of total smallholder) households keeping
cattle. The majority of cattle in Tanzania Mainland are indigenous
Main Livelihood Systems
Crop farming, Livestock keeping and pastoralism and fishing are the main livelihood systems
in the rural areas of Tanzania. However, according to the Household Budget Survey 2001,
households have diversified their economic activities. The number of households headed by
individuals working in agriculture or fishing dropped from 75 percent in 1992 to 70 percent
in 2001.
Methodology for the Study
The analysis of the Agricultural Technologies Development and Dissemination Situation in
Tanzania was initiated through a workshop of all the national SADC MAPP consultants and
36
country contact persons held in Gaborone Botswana 21 to 22 June, 2007. The workshop
agreed on the methodology for the study, the report outline, plan of activities for each
member state and the national validation workshops. The agreed approach for the study was
stage 1: Review of documents Stage 2: Key Informants Interviews and Stage 3: Situation
Analysis (“Best fit” Practices).
Review of the available documents
Critical and extensive review was undertaken of strategy and policy documents, sector
reports, reviews and development programmes, annual reports, economic and household
budget surveys, project documents, Appraisal reports, research and technology development
reports and other relevant documents.
Interview key Informants and stakeholders.
Interviewing involved the following:
•The managers of Agriculture Sector Lead Ministries,
•Research, Extension and Training Managers
•Research Zonal Directors and Programme Coordinators
•Directors of Private Research Institutions
•District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officers and District Extension Officers
•Agricultural Universities and Colleges
•Private and Public Crop/Livestock Marketing Agencies
•Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) involved in Research, Technology
Dissemination, Micro-financing and Marketing
•Farmer Group Representatives/Community Based Organisations/SACCOS.
Situation Analysis
The information collected through the interviews was organized and summarized into the six
SADC MAPP components and ‘Best fit’ technologies and practices identified and
conclusions and recommendations made on the basis of the information. Proposed options
for implementing the SADC MAPP were also made based on the conclusions and
recommendations.
Findings of the Study
Profiles of the institutions in the agricultural system in the country
There are a number of institutions undertaking technologies generation for the smallholder
farming sector. They include public, public semi-autonomous, private, NGOs, national and
international institutions
Public Sector Research Institutions:
The Department of Research and Training (DRT) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food
Security and Cooperatives (MAFC) and The Directorate of Research, Extension and
Training (DRET) of the Ministry of Livestock Development, are the main Institutions
undertaking Public Sector Research for the small holder farming and livestock keeping
communities in Tanzania.
Public Semi-autonomous Research Institutions
The Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives works in partnership with
several semi-autonomous research institutions to deliver agricultural research. These
37
institutions have a governing body and a process that determines the research agenda and to
varying degrees, sources of funds. They include:
•The Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
•The Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI)
•Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI)
•The Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI))
Private Sector Research
The Government of Tanzania has made some progress in privatizing research activities
pertaining to some of the major traditional cash crops. This was done for tea, coffee and
tobacco, leaving it to stakeholders in the industry to fund and administer the research. These
are:
•Tea Research Institute of Tanzania (TRIT)
•Tanzania Coffee Research Institute (TACRI)
•The Tobacco Research of Tanzania (TORITA)
Institutions Involved in Technology Dissemination
Extension services in both crops and livestock have traditionally been operated by the
respective Ministries extension services sections and implemented by LGAs, NGOs and
projects/programmes also undertake some dissemination. Institutions involved are:
•MAFC Extension Services
•Livestock Extension Services
•Agricultural inputs and market promotion
•Crop Promotion Services Section
•Plant Health Services
•Irrigation and Technical Services
•Non Governmental Organisations
•Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP)
•Participatory Agricultural Development and Empowerment Project (PADEP)
•The Millennium Challenges Villages Project
Institutions Involved in Agricultural Education
Institutions undertaking agricultural education in Tanzania include the Training section of
the DRT of MAFC (7 MATIs) and the Training section of the DRET of MLD (4) and a few
private institutions eg Kilacha in Moshi and Kagera.
Institutional linkages and coordination
Effective linkages and coordination mechanisms are key to successful implementation of the
roles and mandates of the different institutions. In the National Agricultural Research
System (NARS), research, extension and farmer linkages has been an issue of major concern
for years especially in relation to implementation of the technology dissemination adoption
mandate. Poor research, extension and farmer linkage was viewed as the main cause of poor
uptake of technologies. In the DRT, a number of initiatives have been taken to bridge this
gap. In the 1990s, attempts were made to establish linkage and liaison offices at research
institutes (Research Extension Liaison Officers), initiate by the Farming Systems Research
Project (FSRP), COR which evolved to CORMA which also evolved to CORDEMA
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‘Best-bet’ agricultural practices and technologies:
1 The Directorate of Research and Training of MAFC and the Research Section of
MLD have been the leading NARS institutions in the generation of agricultural and
livestock technologies (Annex table 3 attached)
2 In Technology Generation and Dissemination, The introduction of the Client-
Oriented Research (COR) building on the Farming Systems Research (FSR)
experience and its evolution to Client-Oriented Research Management Approach
(CORMA), evolving towards Client –Oriented Research Management and
Development Approach (CORDEMA) and the setting up of Zonal Research and
Development Fund (ZADERF) provides “best bet” practice for involving the
farmers in setting up the research agenda and participate in allocation of funds.
3 Use of Farmer Research Groups (FRG) and Farmer Field School (FFS) are “best
bets” in the implementation.
4 They have also developed an improved coffee banana intercropping system for
smallholder coffee farmers.
5 TACRI has identified some “best bet” new clonal coffee varieties with average yield
of 1.1 Kg per tree compared to 0.27 Kg per tree national average for smallholder
coffee growers. The material is high yielding and resistant to coffee berry disease and
coffee leaf rust hence low cost of production. Compared to the currently grown
materials, the new clonal coffee variety has cost benefit ratio of 1:2.55.
6 Farmer training at KATC Moshi have “best bet” practices in extension service
delivery through their farmer training programmes.The practice involves farmer
training farmers and extension workers in rice production, employing close linkage to
the field, packaged training adjusted to local conditions, monitoring and follow up
and farmer to farmer extension approach.
7 Buhuri has a similar approach which has facilitated increased milk production from
small holder farmer groups
Major Constraints and Opportunities
1 Limited trained and experienced human resource (specialists)
2 Poor infra-structure; Poorly equipped laboratories
3 Irregular/ unsustainable financing which disrupts experiments (discontinuity)
4 Changing mind set of research staff (towards CORMA/ CORDEMA) and
clients/LGA/ communities to demand services
5 Empower communities and LGA uplifting capacity to procure services
6 Establishing a farmers’ radio in each zone to transmit new technologies
Conclusion
1 The study has revealed that there are many improved “best bet improved
technologies and practices available in Tanzania which could be scaled up/out to
smallholder farmers in the country and to some of the other SADC member states.
The technologies especially improved crop varieties have been released on the basis
of their attributes high yield, pest and disease resistance, maturity considerations and
taste.
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2 Economic analysis, market access, processing, value addition and gender analysis
were not considered. With all these technologies, productivity of must of the food
and cash crops grown in the country are depressingly low. This implies that adoption
of improved seed varieties has not been achieved.
3 It may also imply that the improved technologies are not widely available and the
agronomic recommendations are hardly applied.
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ANNEX 6.0 : Closing Remarks by Mr. Timothy N Kirway – Assistant Direcctor for
Research and Training, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives.
Mr. Chairman,
MAPP SADC representative – Ms Emelda Berejena,
Private Sector and Farmer Representatives,
Agricultural Sector Stakeholder Representatives,
Ladies and Gentlemen
Mr. Chairman, on behalf of the workshop organisers, the Ministries of Agriculture and Food
Security and Livestock Development, let me thank you all once again for your willingness to
participate in this Workshop.
As we have all been made aware during this Workshop, MAPP SADC has a major challenge
in improving the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural technology generation and
delivery systems in the SADC countries. The main objective of this two-day workshop was
to get consensus and stakeholder endorsement on the SADC MAPP programme design and
institutional arrangements; and to get consensus and stakeholder endorsement of the
national consultant’s draft report on situation analysis, agricultural technologies and
priorities.
Mr. Chairman, during this workshop we have witnessed the presentation of the SADC
MAPP programme, a situational analysis of the agricultural sector in Tanzania and most of
all we have agreed on proposed national activities suitable for SADC MAPP. Wee can say
that the road map for the programme has started to take shape. The major challenge is for
the SADC MAPP secretariat to incorporate these ideas in the programs and be able link to
this regional program.
Mr. Chairman this workshop should act as a catalyst for improved linkage among the
stakeholders. Our main task in Tanzania now is to sensitize all other stakeholders about
SADC MAPP and their roles.
.
Mr. Chairman, the general issues raised by the participants are crucial in improving the the
programme. Mr. Chairman, in addition to the general issues raised, specific issues and
recommendations related to the programme have also been so discussed. These issues will
be additional inputs required in making improvements.
I would also like to thank SADCC MAPP headquarters in organising and funding the
workshop. Let me also record my appreciation for the excellent work done by the
participants who have worked hard to come up with the activities we agreed upon. The
contributions of participants throughout the workshop have been very good and useful.
Finally, let me sincerely thank our host, the management of the Peacock Hotel for the good
workshop facilities, including meals and refreshments they served us.
Let me now wish you all safe journeys to your work places and it is my great pleasure to
declare this workshop officially closed.
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Mr. T.N. Kirway
Assistant Director Farming Systems Research/Socio-Economics
Division of Research and Development
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
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