NIGERIA!!!!

							      NIGERIA!!!!

Eric, Donovan, Pantino, Brett
                            Executive
• 1979, 2nd Republic, presidential system replaced parliamentary system
  based on British model
       • Multiple ethnic groups fragmented the multi-party system and the
         legislature and prevented a prime minister from gaining the
         necessary authority to rule

• Belief was that a president could symbolize national unity and rise above
  weak party system
        • U.S. presidential model with two-term limits

• 1983, Major-General Muhammadu Buhari initiated palace coup, set
  precedent for military coups and military rule
       • Buhari ousted by Gen. Babangida in 1985
       • Gen. Abacha replaces Babangida in 1993
       • Civilian rule returned in 1999, President Obasanjo
       • Obasanjo replaced through election in 2007 by Umaru Yar’Adua
                   The Fourth Republic
• Uses a U.S. style presidential model
    – Strong executive authority constrained by checks and balances
    – Bicameral legislature
    – Independent judiciary that deals with law and constitutional interpretation
• Federal structure
    – 36 states
    – 774 local governments (can enact own laws within jurisdiction limited by constitution
      and federal law)
• Very centralized
    –   Result of military fiat that drafted the constitution in 1999
    –   Despite formal democratization, political culture remains authoritarian
    –   Control of oil wealth remains in power of the central government
    –   Leaves local governments with little actual power as they receive nearly all funding
        from federal oil revenues
                           Executive ctd.
•   President is HOS and HOG
•   Due to long period of militaristic rule, military became politicized and divided by
    patron-client ties (Prebendalism)
•   Under Babangida and Abacha, military was transformed from medium of national
    defense into a predatory apparatus
•   President Obasanjo started many initiatives to root out misconduct and
    inefficiency in the public sector- unsuccessful
•   Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) –anticorruption commission
                              Yar’Adua
• 2nd president of Nigeria’s Fourth republic
• Served as governor of Katsina State
• Sworn in on May 29, 2007 under People’s Democratic Party (PDP)
• Received strong support from incumbent Obasanjo
• Close ties to Obasanjo raised suspicion as to legitimacy of nomination
• Suffers from kidney condition but strongly assures that his health is not an
  issue
• First Nigerian president to reveal a declaration of his assets in hope to set
  an example for future Nigerian leaders and discourage corruption
Federal Executive Council (Cabinet)
Office                                Name
President                             Umaru Yar’Adua
Vice president                        Goodluck Jonathan
Secretary to the Federal Government   Mahmud Yayale Ahmed
Minister of Commerce and Industry     Achike Udenwa
Minister of Defense                   Dr. Shettima Mustapha
Minister of Education                 Dr. Sam Egwu
Minister of Works and Housing         Dr. Hassan M. Lawal
Minister of FCT Administration        Adamu Aliero
Minister of Finance                   Dr. Mansur Mukhtar
Minister of Foreign Affairs           Ojo Maduekwe
Minister of Health                    Prof. B. Osotimehin
Minister of Information and           Prof. Dora Akunyili
Communication
                             Cabinet ctd.
Office                                   Name
Minister of the Interior                 Godwin Abbe
Minister of Justice (Attorney general)   Michael Aondoakaa
Minister of Labor                        Chief A. Kayode
Minister of Solid Mineral & Steel        Mrs. Deziani Allison-Madueke
Development
Minister of Science and Technology       Dr. A. B. Zaku
Minister of Transportation               Alhaji Ibrahim Bio
Minister of Tourism, Culture, National   Senator Bello J. Gada
Orientation
Minister of Youth Development            Senator Alkinabi Olasunkanmi
Minister of Women Affairs                Mrs. S. H. Sulaiman
Minister/Deputy Chairmen National        Dr. Shamsudeen Usman
Planning Commission
Minister/Chairman, National Sports       Engr. S. M. Ndanusa
Commission
                   Legislatures
 Senate has 109 senators, 3 from each of the 36 states, and one
  from federal capital territory of Abuja
        Elected by direct popular vote

 360 representatives of National Assembly (formerly the House
  of Representatives)
        Elected from single member districts by plurality vote

 Regional representation dominates in both houses.
 Wide-array of ethnic coalitions in legislature
 Legislative authority is weak in Nigeria
                             Elections
 Citizens vote for candidates on 3 levels: local, state, and national.
 National level: citizens vote for the president, representatives to the
  National Assembly, and senators from their states.
 National Elections
         Presidential Elections
              After annulled election of 1993, first election took place in
               1999, with another in 2003.
              If presidential candidate does not receive outright majority, a
               second ballot election takes place.
              President must receive at least 25% of the votes in 2/3 of the
               states
                   A purely regional candidate can not win
                   Requirement reflects difficulty experienced in attempt to
                    unify Nigeria
                       Election Fraud
• Currently 3 consecutive elections have been held without annulment or
  delay
• Public protest and several deaths have accompanied the last few
  elections, but none were as bad as many predicted they would be
• Several politicians were assassinated, including Marshall Harry, a leader of
  the ANPP
• Questions raised about inauguration of current president Yar’Adua

    – Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
        • Attempted to cleanse electoral process, declared six million names
          to be fraudulent during 2003 elections
        • International teams concluded elections were corrupt
        • Voting boxes were stolen, vandalized, and stuffed with fraudulent
          votes
        • Voting patterns in the south in particular were suspicious
                   Political Parties
• Independent National Election Committee (INEC) – registered a
  number of parties following the death of Abacha in 1998

• In order to run candidates for the legislative and presidential
  elections of 1999, a party had to qualify by receiving at least 5%
  of the votes in two-thirds of the states in the 1998 election

• This cut the number of parties significantly, only 5 parties were
  eligible to run candidates in the 2003 election
               Political Parties
• General Babangida
  – Only established 2 political parties
  – SDP- Social Democratic Party: ideologically left
  – NRC-National Republican Convention:
    ideologically right
              Political Parties
• General Abacha
  – Banning of the SDP and NRC
  – Registered only 5 parties
  – The G-34 created the PDP- People’s Democratic
    Party
  – APP- All People’s Party (now the ANPP)
  – AD-Alliance for Democracy
  – CNPP- Conference of Nigerian Political Parties
                           Political Parties
•   People’s Democratic Party (PDP)
               – Well-established Party
               – Began running candidates in 1998
               – Party of President Olesugun Obesanjo (Igbo, Christian from the North)
               – Obesanjo received 62% of vote in 2003 election
               – PDP gained majority in National Assembly and most of the governors throughout
                 the country
               – Do to voter fraud, difficult to determine accurate level of support for the PDP

•   All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP)
                 – General Muhammadu Buhari, Muslim from the North, ran against Obesanjo
                 – Received about 32% of the vote
                 – His running mate and potential future candidate was Chuba Okadigbo, an
                   Igbo from the Southeast

•   Other parties that ran presidential candidates include All Progressive Grand
    Alliance (APGA), The Movement for Democracy and Justice (MDJ), and the
    Justice Party

•   Alliance for Democracy (AD) did not have a presidential candidate in 2003, but
    did receive 9% of the votes for the legislative elections
              Prebendalism
• Personalized system of rule
• Large patronage networks based on personal
  loyalty
• Local government officials gain support of
  villagers by dispensing favors, in turn they
  receive favors for supporting their patron
  bosses
• Most favors exchanged by political elites
• Corruption and informal influence rampant
• Does however represent established form of
  political participation
                          Interest Groups
•   Labor Unions
         • Independent and politically influential prior to 1980s
         • Through the introduction of corporatism the Babangida regime limited the influence of
           labor unions
         • A central labor organization supplanted the older unions, and only candidates approved
           by Babangida could be chosen as labor leaders
         • In July 2003 labor unions widely and openly protested the government’s attempt to raise
           oil prices for Nigerian consumers

•   Business Interests
         • Business interests have tended to work in collaboration with the military regimes, in
           return for the spoils related to the corruption of the elite class
         • Associations for manufacturers, butchers, and car rental firms have operated outside
           the realm of government and helped promote economic reforms of the 1990s

•   Human Rights Groups
         • Promote democratic reforms
         • Include university students, teachers, civil liberties organizations, and professional
           groups (doctors, lawyers)
         • These groups protested against the abuses of Babangida and Abacha
                      Bureaucracy
• British installed elaborate civil service system during colonial
  period

• Nigerians were allowed to fill lower-level jobs within
  bureaucracy

• Civil service sector continued to grow after independence

• Current bureaucracy is bloated, corrupt, and inefficient. Bribery
  is common.

• Jobs in civil service are often awarded through the patron-
  client system, Prebendalism.
               Parastatals

– Most government agencies are parastatals, or
  corporations owned by the state. (Similar to Mexico)
– Provide commercial and social welfare services
– Board members are appointed by government
  ministers, and corporate executives are part of the
  president’s patronage system
– Parastatals provide public utilities such as water,
  electricity, public transportation, and agricultural
  subsidies
– Control major industries such as steel, defense
  industry, and petroleum
          State Corporatism

– Corporatism – authoritarian political system that
  allows for political input from selected interest groups
  outside the government structure
– In Nigeria, this input is provided by parastatals,
  because they are controlled by the government it is
  referred to as State Corporatism
– Parastatals insure that the state controls private
  interest as well as fulfills social & economic functions
– Parastatals serve as contact point between
  government & business interests, but state ultimately
  controls these interactions (Corrupt & inept)
                                     Military
•   Strong, policy-making force in Nigeria

•   “Military in Government” – those that initiate coups and take over the
    responsibility of the executive branch

•   “Military in Barracks” – fulfills traditional duties of military, its leaders have
    been critical of military control of political power.

•   Military has been subject to internal discord, military presidents often have
    to keep a close eye on other military leaders.
          • Babangida protected his authority by constantly moving military personnel around and
            appointed senior officers through his patronage system

•   Military is one of the few institutions that is truly national in character.

•   Military has restored and maintained order during ethnic strife and conflict
                     Military
• ManpowerAvailable for
  military service-26,802,678 males, age 18-49 (2005
  est.),
  25,668,446 females, age 18-49 (2005 est.)
• Fit for military service-15,052,914 males, age 18-49
  (2005 est.),
  13,860,806 females, age 18-49 (2005 est.)
• Reaching military age annually-1,353,180 males
  (2005 est.),
  1,329,267 females (2005 est.)
• Active personnel-85,000
                                  Judiciary
•   Early years of after independence judiciary had great deal of
    autonomy
•   Autonomy stripped by military decrees that nullified court decisions
    and setup quasi-judicial tribunals outside regular system
•   Judicial review was suspended
•   Presidential cronies appointed as justices
•   Today judiciary is responsible for interpreting laws in accordance with
    the Constitution, so judicial review exist in theory
•   Court structure at state & federal level, highest court is the Supreme
    Court
•   Shari’a courts exist in parallel existence with courts developed on
    British model
•   Cases:
         • In 1993, Mshood Abiolao, winner of annulled 1993 election was detained and died
           in custody. Presiding judges changed often and critics attacked the military
           cronyism of the judicial system
         • In 1995, activist Ken Saro-Wiwa, and 8 other activists were detained and executed
           under court orders arranged by the military and presided over by military officers
                Citizenship
• 50% Muslim, 40%Christian, 10% Tribal
  Religions
• Population- 140.7 million
• Official Language- English
• Life Expectancy- 42 (meaning the elderly are
  highly respected for living so long)
                    Hausa-Fulani
• roughly 32% of the
  population
• Made up of two different
  tribes- the Hausa and Fulani
• Fulani are nomadic cattle
  herders
• Hausa grow cotton and
  make clothes with it
• Both were heavily
  influenced by islamic trade
  as early as the 15th century
  which is why Islam is so
  prevalent
                                          Igbo
•   Southeastern Nigeria
•   Heavily influenced by British
•   Nigerian-Biafran War-A military coup in
    1966 resulted in General Johnson Aguiyi-
    Ironsi, an Igbo and head of the Nigerian
    Army to come into power. Although
    unsuccessful, the coup was perceived as
    having benefited mostly the Igbo because
    all but one of the five coup plotters were
    Igbo. Northerners executed a counter-
    coup and massacred Igbo Christians.
    When oil was found in the delta, the Igbo
    were afraid that the money would go to
    the North and would not benefit from it,
    therefore calling for succession. War
    lasted from 1967 to 1970
•   The result devastated Igbo towns and
    land, and prejudice from the rest of
    Nigeria.
                             Yoruba
• 21% of the population
• Southwestern Nigeria
• characterized by numerous
  densely populated urban centers
  with surrounding fields for
  farming. The centralization of
  wealth within cities allowed for
  the development of a complex
  market economy
• Majority is Islam but there is
  more indigenous religions than
  the Hausa Fulani.
• Farm yams and Cocoa
                     Political Culture
• Patron-Clientelism (Prebendalism)
   –   Loyalty pyramids- formed between military officials of higher and lower rank.
       When the high ranking officials came into power, they gained access to oil
       wealth from the lower ranks to reward support. This made personal goals and
       interests the defining characteristics of regimes. Abubakar helped dispose of
       some of these groups, but still some remain.


• State Control/Underdeveloped Society
             – In Nigeria state controls all aspects of life (economics, political
               participation, religious activity, etc.) this reinforces clientelism and
               limits democracy
• Modernity vs. Tradition
        • Pre-Colonial Era vs. Colonial Era
• Religious Conflict
• Geographic Influence
              Geographic Influences
•   Northwest – dominated by two groups that combined as the Hausa-
    Fulani people, area is predominantly Muslim.

•   Northeast – area is home to many smaller groups, such as the Kunari,
    also predominantly Muslim.

•   Middle Belt – many smaller ethnic groups, mix of Muslims and Christians.

•   Southwest – Yoruba dominate the area. They are about 40% Muslim,
    40% Christian, and 20% native religions.

•   Southeast – area dominated by the Igbo, predominantly Roman Catholic
    with some Protestant Christians as well
                   Political Cleavages
•   Ethnicity – Nigeria has between 250-400 ethnic groups, Huasa-Fulani,
    Igbo, and Yoruba dominant. Three groups have very little in common and
    speak different languages. Although these are the major groups, there are
    smaller ethnic groups as well.

•   Religion – Islam, Christianity, and native religions. Huasa-Fulani is
    mostly Muslim as well as Yoruba. Igbo are mostly Christian.

•   Region – follow along ethnic and religious lines, the Igbo in the south are
    Christian, with the Yoruba in the East and the Huasa-Fulani in the north.

•   Urban vs. Rural Differences – most political organizing, interest
    groups, and political protest takes place in cities. People in the rural
    villages do not have the education or a grasp of English to understand
    how to as effective in the political process.

•   Social Class – deep divisions among social classes. Wealth of elites stems
    from access to Nigeria’s resources, especially oil. Maintained their power
    by appealing to religious and ethnic identities. Educated elite would like
    to see adoption of democratic principles.
    Political Participation/Voting
               Behavior
• Nigerians have voted in elections since 1959, yet voting
  patterns are difficult to determine because of fraud,
  postponement, and election cancellation

• Periods of hostile military rule limited political
  participation, since most political parties’ activities were
  banned. Still today, participation consists, mainly of voting,
  working on behalf of candidates, and working with interest
  groups.

• Babangida’s annulment of 1993 election hurt political
  participation during the 1990s

• Local, state, & national elections have continued however
  since the late 1990s

• About 2/3 of eligible voters participated in the 2003
  election
   Attitudes toward Government
• Citizens do not Trust Nigerian Government

     • Corruption

     • Military Rule

     • Lack of Civil Society

     • No commitment toward Democracy

     • Babangida & Abacha (Corrupt - Military
       Authoritarianism)
   Political Violence and Protests
• Political Assassinations- Prime Ministers
  Balewa, Murtala Muhammad, Johnson Aguyi-
  Ironsi, in 1966, and 1976
• Military Coup’s overthrow the government in
  1966,1975, 1976, 1983, 1985, and 1993
• Today, Many political figures openly recruit and arm criminal
  gangs to unleash terror upon their opponents and ordinary
  members of the public. In Gombe State, for example,
  politicians openly recruited violent cult gangs to intimidate
  their opponents and rig the voting on Election Day.
• President Obansanjo has used military to end any disputes
  in local towns by wiping out the towns
• Environmentalists (Ken Saro-Wiwa)
       • Targeted the international oil companies, especially in the
         Niger River Delta
       • In 2002 group of Ijaw women occupied ChevronTexaco’s
         Nigerian headquarters for 10 days
              Societal Concerns
• Poverty    – 60% of all Nigerians live below poverty line, with
  many living in absolute poverty.


• Gap between Rich & Poor           – similar to Mexico, however
  in Nigeria now growth is being made to alleviate this gap.


• Health Issues – high rates of HIV/AIDS, one in every eleven
  HIV/AIDS sufferers live in Nigeria.


• Literacy   – for males is 75.7% and for females 60.6% (World
  averages are 83% men, 71% for women)
                             Mass Media
•   Nigeria has well-developed, independent press

•   General Abacha, following his predecessor Bababgida, attempted to curb criticism of
    his regime by closing several newspapers and magazines in Nigeria in 1994

•   Modern technology starting to develop- independent radio and tv stations are rapidly
    forming. New satellite towers have brought a boom in internet and
    telecommunications.

•   Investigative Journalism flourishing has brought down public figures such as
    governors and cabinet members for misconduct

•   Press reflects ethnic divisions in the country
     – Sometimes regarded as being bias by ethnic and regional constituencies. Has
        allowed for some attacks on privileges by the government.

•   Outspoken and critical newspapers mainly in the south
     – 100 state and privately owned newspapers state and local national newspapers

•   Radio is the main source of information for most Nigerians
         • All 36 states have their own radio stations
    Political Participation of Women
          • President Obasanjo made it part of his 2003 campaign to include more
            women in cabinet and bureaucratic offices
          • Nigerian legislature has very low female representation
                   » 6.4% in House of Representatives
                   » 3.7% in Senate
•   Women in the eighties and nineties began developing interest groups like
    Better Life Program, the Family Support Program, and Women in Nigeria.
    Some of their goals were getting more women into government and increasing
    funds available for education.
•   Women usually manage family matters and the farm. Because Nigeria is still
    mostly agricultural, this gives them power.
•   The Shari’a up north and tribal traditions do limit women progression.
             Political Change
• Colonialism and flawed democratic idea
• Ethnic competition
• Distrust in State
• 1960 Independence
• NPC and northern control
• Secession of Biafra and war
• Increase in military corruption – overthrow
  and coup
        Political Change Cont’d
• “truth and reconciliation” and anticorruption
• More freedom for media
• Political machinery
• Democratic Idea amid Military rule
• Ethnicity as a barrier
                 Economic Change
•   Corruption and debt
•   Oil profits
•   Ethnic and regional cleavages
•   February 2001 “revenue sharing”
•   No diversification
•   Price plummet and State direction
•   Supranational involvement – parastatals
•   Lack of investors
•   Corruption and over-regulation
•   Heavy foreign taxes
       Economic Change Cont’d
• Welfare
• ECOWAS
• Affects immigration
• Limited privatization
• Control of State
• Increase in Public Wages
              Public Policy
• Top-down process
• Prebendalism
• Pyramids
• Protest Dangerous
• Rampant clientelism
       Supranational Influence
• World Bank
• IMF
• OPEC
               Policy Issues
• Debt and Inflation
• Welfare
• Literacy
• Health – AIDS epidemic
• Disparity of Wealth
• Corruption
• Conservation