Get documents about "Simulation Analysis of Node Misbehavior in an Ad-hoc Network using NS2
Description
The International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security is a monthly periodical on research articles in general computer science and information security which provides a distinctive technical perspective on novel technical research work, whether theoretical, applicable, or related to implementation. Target Audience: IT academics, university IT faculties; and business people concerned with computer science and security; industry IT departments; government departments; the financial industry; the mobile industry and the computing industry. Coverage includes: security infrastructures, network security: Internet security, content protection, cryptography, steganography and formal methods in information security; multimedia systems, software, information systems, intelligent systems, web services, data mining, wireless communication, networking and technologies, innovation technology and management. Thanks for your contributions in July 2010 issue and we are grateful to the reviewers for providing valuable comments. IJCSIS July 2010 Issue (Vol. 8, No. 4) has an acceptance rate of 36 %.
Document Sample
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4, 2010
Simulation Analysis of Node Misbehavior in an
Ad-hoc Network using NS2
Rekha Kaushik Dr. Jyoti Singhai
Department of Information Technology, MANIT Department of Electronics and Communication
Bhopal, M.P, India Engineering
rekhakaushik28@gmail.com Bhopal, M.P, India
j.singhai@manit.ac.in
Abstract— Proper operation of MANET requires mutual forwarding and routing maintenance according to the routing
cooperation of participating nodes. Due to presence of selfish or strategies and routing table. In an Ad hoc network, the routing
malicious nodes, performance of network degrades significantly. between nodes is through intermediate nodes because the
Selfish nodes drop packets coming from its neighbor nodes to coverage area of the wireless terminal is limited. Therefore, it
conserve its energy or push forward their own packets in the buffer
is called multi-hop wireless network, self-organizing network,
queue. To prevent this misbehavior, selfish nodes need to be
detected and isolated from network. This paper, detect selfish nodes not fixed facility network
which are created due to nodes conserving their energy. After their
detection, performance analysis of networks has done by comparing A. Cooperation of node
the ideal network and the network with selfish node using NS2. The successful operation of MANET is totally dependent on
the cooperation of participating nodes in communication. The
Keywords- MANET, DSR, Selfish node. lack of a fixed infrastructure in ad hoc networks forces ad hoc
hosts to rely on each other in order to maintain network
I. INTRODUCTION stability and functionality. But sometimes nodes do not work
as they are intended due to conservation of their resources
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring
such as energy, memory, and bandwidth. Such nodes are
network of mobile devices connected by wireless links, in
called misbehaving nodes or non cooperative nodes and are of
which each device is free to move independently in any
following types:
direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices
frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, Malicious Node:
and therefore be a router. Unlike networks using dedicated
nodes to support basic functions like packet forwarding, Nodes that perform active attacks with the aim of damaging
routing, and network management, in ad hoc networks these other nodes by causing network outage are considered to be
functions are carried out by all available nodes. malicious [1], also referred to as compromised nodes. In
addition, a compromised node may use the routing protocol to
Applications of mobile ad hoc networks range from military advertise itself as having the shortest path to the node whose
tactical operations to civil rapid development such as packets it wants to intercept as in the so called black hole
emergency search-and-rescue missions, sensor networks, and attack.
instantaneous classroom/meeting room applications.
Selfish Node:
MANET nodes are equipped with wireless transmitters and
receivers. At a given point in time, depending on the nodes' Selfish nodes [1] work in ad hoc network for their own
positions and their transmitter and receiver coverage patterns, benefit. They simply do not forward packets (data packets
transmission power levels and co-channel interference levels and/or control packets) of other nodes to conserve their own
changes. The ad hoc topology may change with time as the energy, or push their own packets in front of the buffer queue.
nodes move or adjust their transmission and reception Selfish nodes disturb the performance of ad hoc network to a
parameters. great extent. When a node becomes selfish it does not
In Ad hoc network, each mobile terminal has a router, and cooperate in data transmission process and causes a serious
host two functions: as host, terminal need to run the affect on network performance.
applications of end-users; as a router, terminal need to run the In this paper, simulation analysis of node misbehavior is
corresponding routing protocol, participate in Packet carried out only with selfish node. Theses nodes participate
179 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4, 2010
correctly in routing but do not forward data packets it receives network affect the end to end delay and lead to congestion in a
for other node; so data packets may be dropped instead of low density network.
being forwarded to their destination.
In COSR (Cooperative On Demand Secure Routing Protocol)
[6] Fei Wang measures node reputation and Route reputation
B. Routing Protocols
using three parameters: contribution of node, capability of
An ad hoc routing protocol [2] is a convention, or a standard, forwarding and recommendation.
by which node decides the way to route packets between
computing devices. There are basically three types of routing Zhong et al [7] propose an incentive based system named
protocols. SPRITE, in which selfish nodes are encouraged to cooperate.
In this system, a node reports to the Credit Clearance Service,
Pro-active (table-driven) routing: This type of protocols the messages that it has received/forwarded by uploading its
maintains fresh lists of destinations and their routes by receipts. Intermediate node earns credit when they forward
periodically distributing routing tables throughout the message of others’ node.
network. The main disadvantages of such algorithms are
respective amount of data for maintenance and slow reaction
III. SIMULATION SETUP
on restructuring and failures.
The simulation was done using NS-2 simulator [8], provides a
Reactive (on-demand) routing: This type of protocols finds a scalable simulation environment for wireless network systems.
route on demand by flooding the network with Route Request The simulated network consists of 20 nodes placed randomly
packets. The main disadvantages of such algorithms are high in 670x670 areas. Each node has a transmission range of 250m
latency time in route finding and excessive flooding can lead and moves at a speed of 10m/s. The total sending rate of all
to network clogging. the senders of the multi-cast group, i.e. the traffic load is
Hybrid routing: This type of protocols combines the 1Mbps.
advantages of proactive and of reactive routing. The routing is Every node has initial energy set to 1000 joules. During the
initially established with some pro actively prospected routes sending and receiving of packets, node energy gets decreases.
and then serves the demand from additionally activated nodes If energy of node is less than threshold, it becomes selfish, and
through reactive flooding. The choice for one or the other thus node drop all packets received from neighboring nodes.
method requires predetermination for typical cases. The main
disadvantages of such algorithms are advantage depends on On simulating the network with given simulation parameter
amount of nodes activated and reaction to traffic demand and considering the energy model parameters as discuss above
depends on gradient of traffic volume. as shown in table 1, two selfish nodes are detected , node 2
and node 4. Table 1 lists the values of common parameters
This paper uses Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) [3]
used for simulation.
which is a reactive routing protocol. The DSR is a simple and
efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in Table1. Simulation Parameters
multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes.
Parameter Value
DSR is an on-demand routing protocol which is based on
source route approach. The protocol is composed of the two
main mechanisms of "Route Discovery" and "Route Number of Nodes 20
Maintenance", which work together to allow nodes to discover
and maintain routes to arbitrary destinations in the ad hoc Routing Protocol DSR
network. All aspects of the protocol operate entirely on-
demand, allowing the routing packet overhead of DSR to scale Packet size 512 bytes
automatically to only that needed to react to changes in the
routes currently in use.
Traffic model of sources Constant bit rate
II. RELATED WORK
Marti at [4] observed increased throughput in MANET by Mobility model Random way point
complementing DSR with watchdog (for detection of selfish
or malicious misbehavior) and pathrater (for trust management max speed 10 m/s
and routing policy, every used path is rated); which enable
nodes to avoid malicious nodes in their routes. Initial energy of node 1000 joules
In [5] a simulation study of effects of misbehaving nodes on
DSR routing protocol on the basis of countermeasures is Simulation time 25 sec
described. This paper shows that selfish node present in the
180 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4, 2010
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The ideal network and the network with selfish nodes are
compared on the basis of node throughput, packet delivery
ratio and number of packets dropped.
Figure 2: Packet Delivery Ratio in ideal condition vs. network
with selfish nodes
+
Figure 1: Throughput of ideal network vs network with selfish
nodes
Node Throughput is the average rate of successful message
delivery over a communication channel. This data may be
delivered over a physical or logical link, or pass through a
certain network node. The throughput is usually measured in
bits per second (bit/s or bps).
Figure 1 shows throughput in ideal condition and throughput
when there were two selfish nodes in the network.
From the figures it is shown that the throughput at node gets
degraded by at node 2 and 4 as they become selfish. The
overall throughput gets degraded by 80%.
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is the ratio of total no. of
packets sends to total no. of packets received.
Figure 2 shows the PDR when there was no selfish node in the
Network and PDR when there are selfish nodes in the
network..
It can be shown that the PDR increases when there are selfish
nodes in the network. PDR increases by 40% when using
above simulation scenario. Figure 3: Number of bits dropped of ideal network vs network
with selfish nodes
Number of bits dropped: From figure 3 it is seen that the
number of bits dropped is more when there are a selfish node V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
in the Network. Bit drop increases by 96% when selfish nodes Misbehaving node such as selfish node in MANET can affect
are there in the network. the performance of the overall network. This paper is the study
of the selfish node impact on MANET performance. First
181 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4, 2010
selfish nodes are detected using energy model, and then [5] Abdelaziz Babakhouya, Yacine challal, “A Simulation
comparative analysis has been done between the networks in Analysis of Routing Misbehaviour in Mobile Ad-hoc
ideal condition i.e. the network in which there is no selfish Networks”, NGMAST-workshop on mobile security,
node and the network with selfish nodes. Europe,2008.
[6] Fei Wang, Yijun Mo, Benxiong Huang, “COSR:
It has been concluded from the simulation done in NS2 that
Cooperative On-Demand Secure Route Protocol in MANET”,
when selfish nodes are present in the network the overall
IEEE conference ISCIT, pp. 890 – 893, China,2006.
network load increases on remaining nodes, hence node
[7] S. Zhong, J. Chen, and Y. Yang, “Sprite: a simple, cheat-
throughput decreases. Packet Delivery Ratio increases as
proof, creditbased system for mobile ad-hoc networks,” IEEE
nodes also forward packets with in ideal case may be
INFOCOM 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA, April 2003.
forwarded by nodes which became selfish.
[8] NS2 network Simulator. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
From the above analysis, it is concluded that either
misbehaving node has been isolated from the network or AUTHORS PROFILE
some system must be include with the network which enforce
cooperation among nodes to improve network performance
For future work, simulation study with malicious node is
carried out and tries to get a system which motivate
misbehaving node to enhance cooperation and improve
network performance.
Rekha Kaushik holds a Master of Technology(2008) from BarKatullah
University , Bhopal, M.P. India and Pursuing Ph.D from MANIT Bhopal
REFERENCES , India. She is a member of CSI and IETE (Institution of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineers). Her general research interests include
wireless communication especially Ad-hoc network, network security.
[1] Matthias Hollick, jens Schmitt, Christian seipl,‘’On the
Effect of Node Misbehaviour in Ad hoc Network” IEEE
conference ,vol 6, pp 3759 – 3763,2004.
[2] E.Royer and C.K toh,” A Review of Current Routing
Protocols for Ad hoc Networks”, IEEE Personal
Communication Magazine, vol. 6, no 2,pp 46-55, April 1999.
[3] D.Johnson , Y. Hu , D. Maltz,” The Dynamic Source
Routing protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad hoc network”, RFC Dr. Jyoti Singhai is Assistant professor in MANIT, Bhopal, India. She
4728, 2007. holds Ph.D degree from MANIT, India. Her general research interests
[4] S.Marti, T. Giuli, K.Lai, M.Baker, “Mitigating routing include wireless communication , image processing , network security.
Misbehaviour in Mobile Ad –hoc Networks”, In Proc of the
Sixth International conference on Mobile Computing and
networking(MOBICOM), Boston,2000.
182 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
Related docs
Other docs by ijcsiseditor
Digital Images Encryption in Spatial Domain Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Cellular Automata
Views: 0 | Downloads: 0
Agent Behavior in Multiagent Systems: Issues and Challenges in Design, Development and Implementation
Views: 1 | Downloads: 0
Optimizing Cost, Delay, Packet Loss and Network Load in AODV Routing Protocols
Views: 2 | Downloads: 0
