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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4, July 2010
Specifying And Validating Quality Characteristics
For Academic Web-sites – Indian Origin
Ritu Shrivastava J. L. Rana
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Retired Professor, Department of Computer Science and
Sagar Institute of Research Technology & Science Engineering
Bhopal 462007, India Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal 462002, India
M Kumar
Prof. & Dean, Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sagar Institute of Research & Technology
Bhopal 462007, India
Abstract— Every stakeholder of Academic Web-sites is mainly Institute Web-sites (Indian Origin) from point of view of
concerned with external quality, viz., usability, functionality, and usability, and to theoretically validate the proposed model.
reliability. Signore and Olsina have given hierarchical quality
characteristics for measuring quality of Web-sites, especially for
e-commerce and museum domains. In this paper, the authors
II. LITRATURE SURVEY
have proposed a hierarchical model of attributes, sub-attributes, The quality of software being developed has always been
and metrics for measuring external quality of academic Web- prime concern of software engineers. Some widely used
sites – Indian origin. The theoretical validation of model has been software quality models were proposed by Boehm et. al. [8],
carried out using distance measure construction method. The and McCall and Covano [9]. Complexity is probably the most
empirical validation is in progress and will be reported soon. important attribute of software because it influences a number
of other attributes such as maintainability, understandability,
Keywords-component; Web-site Quality, Academic domain, modifiability, and testability.
Hierarchical model, Attributes, Metrics
International bodies such as ISO and CEN(European) are
I. INTRODUCTION trying to integrate different approaches to the definition of
quality, starting from the awareness that the quality as an
World Wide Web (WWW) has been the fasted adopted attribute which changes developer’s perspective and action
technology. Every day many new Web-sites are uploaded on context [10]. The ISO/IEC 9126 model [10] defines three
Web. Often quality of Web-sites is unsatisfactory and basic views of quality: user’s view, developer’s view, and manager’s
Web principles like inter-portability and accessibility are view. Users are interested in the quality in use (external quality
ignored [1,2]. The main reason for lack of quality is attributes), while developers are interested in internal quality
unavailability of trained staff in Web technologies/engineering attributes such as maintainability, portability, etc.. This model
and orientation of Web towards a more complex XML based is hierarchical and contains six major quality attributes each
architecture [1,2,3]. very broad in nature. They are subdivided into 27 sub-attributes
Web-sites can be categorized as informative or cultural, e- that contribute to external quality and 21 sub-attributes that
commerce, e-government, museums, tourism, and academic contribute to internal quality. The users are interested in
intensive. It is obvious that domains differ significantly, and external quality, viz., usability, functionality, reliability, and
hence a common yardstick can not be applied to measure efficiency of Web-sites. These attributes and sub-attributes in
quality of all Web-sites. Loranca et. al. [4] and Olsina et. al. [5] ISO 9126 are of very general in nature and can be applied to
have identified attributes, sub-attributes, and metrics for e- Web-sites as well.
commerce based Web-sites. Olsina et. al. [6] have also Olsina et. al.[5,6] have proposed hierarchical model of
specified metrics for Web-sites of museums. Tripathi and attributes, sub-attributes and metric for Web-sites of museum
Kumar [7] have specified quality characteristics for e- and e-commerce domains. They have also developed a
commerce based Web-sites of Indian origin from external point technique called QEM to measure quality of these sites [5].
of view. Tripathi and Kumar [7] have identified attributes, sub-attributes
The aim of this research is to identify attributes, sub- and metrics for Indian origin e-commerce Web-sites. They
attributes, and metrics for measuring quality of Academic have validated the proposed quality characteristic model both
theoretically and empirically [11]. In this research we are
107 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4, July 2010
proposing a hierarchical model of attributes and sub-attributes It is necessary that any new model of attributes, sub-
to measure quality of academic institute Web-sites of Indian attributes and metrics is properly validated before it is put to
origin. The model is also theoretically validated. use by professionals and academia. The process of validation is
described in the next section.
III. PROPOSED QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS MODEL
In fact, software artifacts are generally produced to satisfy IV. THEORETICAL VALIDATION OF PROPOSED
specific user’s need, and Web-sites are no exception. In HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF METRICS
designing Web-sites care should be taken that a user entering Recent software engineering literature has shown a concern
for the first time at a given home page should be able to find a for the quality of methods to validate software product
piece of information quickly. For this, there are attributes like metrics (e.g., see [12][13][14]). This concern is due to fact
site map, an index, or a table of contents that help in getting that: (i) common practices for the validation of software
quick global site understanding that facilitates browsing. engineering metrics are not acceptable on scientific grounds,
Alternatively, a global searching function on the home page and (ii) valid measures are essential for effective
could help retrieving required piece of information and avoid software project management and sound empirical research.
browsing. The site understandability increases if both the According to Kitchenham et al. [13] "unless the software
functions are included. The main attributes that enhance the measurement community can agree on
Web-site external quality are usability, functionality, and a valid, consistent, and
reliability. A quality attribute can be decomposed into multiple comprehensive theory of measurement validation, we have no
levels of sub-attributes and finally a sub-attribute can be scientific basis for the discipline of software measurement, a
refined in a set of measurable attributes or metrics. The situation potentially disastrous for both practice and research."
proposed hierarchical model of metrics to measure external Therefore, to have confidence in the utility of the many metrics
quality of academic Web-sites is given in Fig. 1. those are proposed from research labs, it is crucial that they are
validated.
The validation of software product metrics means
1 Usability 2.3. Student-Oriented Features
1.1. Global Site understandability 2.3.1 Academic Infrastructure Information
1.1.1 Site Map(location map) 2.3.1.1 Library Information
1.1.2 Table of Content 2.3.1.2 Laboratory Information
1.1.3 Alphabetical Index 2.3.1.3 Research Facility Information
1.1.4 Campus Image Map 2.3.1.4 Central Computing Facility Information
1.1.5 Guided Tour 2.3.2 Student Service Information
1.2. On-line Feedback and Help Features 2.3.2.1 Hostel Facility Information
1.2.1 Student Oriented Help 2.3.2.2 Sport Facilities
1.2.2 Search Help 2.3.2.3 Canteen Facility Information
1.2.3 Web-site last Update Indicator 2.3.2.4 Scholarship Information
1.2.4 E-mail Directory 2.3.2.5 Doctor/Medical Facility Information
1.2.5 Phone Directory 2.3.3 Academic Information
1.2.6 FAQ 2.3.3.1 Courses Offered Information
1.2.7 On-line Feedback in form of Questionnaire 2.3.3.2 Academic Unit (Department) Information
1.3. Interface and Aesthetic Features 2.3.3.3 Academic Unit t Site Map
1.3.1 Link Color Style Uniformity 2.3.3.4 Syllabus Information
1.3.2 Global Style Uniformity 2.3.3.5 Syllabus Search
1.3.3 What is New Feature 2.3.4 Enrollment Information
1.3.4 Grouping of Main Control Objects 2.3.4.1 Notification uploaded
2.3.4.2 Form Fill/Download
2 Functionality 2.3.5 Online Services
2.1. Search Mechanism 2.3.5.1 Grade/ Result Information
2.1.1 People Search 2.3.5.2 Fee dues/Deposit Information
2.1.2 Course Search 2.3.5.3 News Group Services
2.1.3 Academic Department Search
2.1.4 Global Search 3 Reliability
2.2. Navigation and Browsing 3.1. Link and Other Errors
2.2.1 Path Indicator 3.1.1 Dangling Links
2.2.2 Current Position Indicator 3.1.2 Invalid Links
2.2.3 Average Links Per Page 3.1.3 Unimplemented Links
2.2.4 Vertical Scrolling 3.1.4 Browser Difference Error
2.2.5 Horizontal Scrolling 3.1.5 Unexpected Under Construction Pages
4 Efficiency
4.1 Performance
4.1.1 Matching of Link Title and Page Information
4.1.2 Support for Text only Version
4.1.3 Global Readability
4.1.4 Multilingual Support
Fig. 1 Quality Characteristics For Academic Institute Web-sites
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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 4, July 2010
convincingly demonstrating that : Weyuker and Braind et al.[19]
1. The product metrics measures what it purports to
measure. For example, that a coupling metrics really measures For the theoretical validation DISTANCE framework
coupling. proposed by Poels and Dedene[18], is a conceptual
framework for software metric validation grounded in
2. The product metric is associated with some important measurement theory. This is briefly described below :
external metric (such as measures of maintainability or
reliability). A. The DISTANCE Measure Construction Procedure
3. The product metric is an improvement over existing
product metrics. An improvement can mean, for example, The measure construction procedure prescribes five
that it is easier to collect the metric or that it is a better activities. The procedure is triggered by a request to construct
predictor of faults. a measure for a property that characterizes the element of
some set of objects. The activities of the DISTANCE
According to Fenton [15], there are two types of validation procedure are given here. For notational convenience, let P
that are recognized: internal and external. Internal validation be a set of objects that are characterized by some property
is a theoretical exercise that ensures that the metric is a proper pty for which a measure needs to be constructed.
numerical characterization of the property it claims to
measure. Demonstrating that a metric measures what it 1) Finding a measurement abstraction: The object
purports to measure is a form of theoretical validation. of interest must be modeled in such a way that the property
External validation involves empirically demonstrating points for which a measure is needed is emphasized. A suitable
(2) and (3) above. Internal and external validations are also representation, called measurement abstraction hereafter,
commonly referred to as theoretical and empirical validation should allow to what extent an object is characterized by the
respectively [13]. Both types of validation are property to be observed. By comparing measurement
necessary. The approaches used in two validations are shown abstraction we should be able to tell whether an object is
in Figure 2. more, equally or less characterized by the property than other
object.
2) Defining distance between measurement abstraction:
METRIC This activity is based on a generic definition of distance that
DEFINITION hold for elements in a set. To define distance between
elements in a set, the concept of ‘elementary transformation
function’ is used.
3) Quantifying distance betweenmeasurement
abstraction: This activity requires the definition of a
distance measure for the element of M. Basically this
THEORETICAL EMPIRICAL means that the distance defined in the previous activity are
VALIDATION VALIDATION now quantified by representing i.e. measuring them as the
number of elementary transformation by representing i.e.
Property
Based
Measureme
nt Theory
measuring them as the number of elementary
Experi Case Surv
Approach based ments Stud eys transformations in the shortest sequence of elementary
ies
transformation between elements. Formally, the activity
results in the definition of a metric MxM→R that can be
used to map the distance between a pair of elements in M
Fig. 2 Approaches to Software Metrics Validation
to a real number.
The main goal of theoretical validation is to assess 4) Finding a reference abstraction: This activity
whether a metric actually measures what it purports to require a kind of thought experiment. We need to
measure [15]. In the context of an empirical study, the determine what the measurement abstraction for the object
theoretical validation of metrics establishes their construct in P would look like if they were characterized by the
validity, i.e. it ‘proves’ that they are valid measures for the theoretical lowest amount pty. If such a hypothetical
constructs that are used as variables in the study. There is measurement abstraction can be found, then this object is
not yet a standard, accepted way of theoretically validating called the reference abstraction for P with respect to pty.
software metric. Work on theoretical validation has followed 5) Defining a measure for the property: The final
two paths (see Fig 2), viz.
activity consists of defining a measure for pty. Since
• Measurment-theory based approach such as properties are formally defined as distances, and
those proposed by Whitmire[16], Zuse[17], and these distances are quantified with a metric function,
Poels and Dedene [18] the formal outcome of this activity is the definition of a
• Property-based approach (also called function μ:P→R such that p Є P: μ(p)= δ(abs(p), ref(p)).
axiomatic approaches), such as proposed by
B. Metric Validation
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The proposed hierarchical model of metrics given in
Fig 2 is validated using Distance methodology. We have
used the five activities of DISTANCE measure procedure
for metrics of the model and important metrics are
summarized in Table 1
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TABLE I. DISTANCE BASED VALIDATION CRITERIA FOR METRICS
Quality Metrics Validation
Measurement Defining distance Quantifying Hypothetical Determining a
Abstraction between two extreme distance e in reference measure ptv
abstraction extremes abstraction
1.1.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no map EQ=1, if map available
1.1.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no table EQ=1, if table available
1.1.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no EQ=1, if alphabetic
alphabetic index index available
1.1.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no image EQ=1, if image map
map available
1.1.5 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no guided EQ=1, if guided tour
tour available
1.2.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no student EQ=1, if student
oriented help oriented help available
1.2.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no search EQ=1, if search help
help available
1.2.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no update EQ=1, if update
indicator indicator available
1.2.4 Ordinal Complete/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ=0, if no email EQ=1, if complete
directory email directory
Usability available
1.2.5 Ordinal Complete/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ=0, if no phone EQ=1, if complete
directory phone directory
available
1.2.6 Ordinal Exhaustive/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ=0, if no FAQ EQ=1, if exhaustive
FAQs available
1.2.7 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if feedback
feedback available available
1.3.1 Ordinal Uniform/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ=0, if no link color EQ=1, if uniform link
style color style available
1.3.2 Ordinal Uniform/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ=0, if no global EQ=1, if global style
style uniformity uniformity available
1.3.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no new EQ=1, if new feature
feature available
1.3.4 Ordinal Complete/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ=0, if no grouping EQ=1, if complete
of objects grouping of objects
2.1.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no people EQ=1, if people search
search available
2.1.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no course EQ=1, if course search
search available
Functionality 2.1.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no EQ=1, if department
department search search available
2.1.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ=0, if no global EQ=1, if global search
search available
2.2.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no path EQ=1, if path indicator
Functionality indicator available
2.2.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no current EQ=1, if current
position position available
2.2.3 Ordinal Good/Average/Bad EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ = 0, if no average EQ=1, if average link
link per page per page 6 or more
2.2.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no vertical EQ=1, if vertical
scrolling scrolling available
2.2.5 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if horizontal
horizontal scrolling scrolling available
2.3.1.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no library EQ=1, if library Info
info available
2.3.1.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if laboratory
laboratory info Info available
2.3.1.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no research EQ=1, if research
facility facility available
2.3.1.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no central EQ=1, if central
computing facility computing facility
available
2.3.2.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no hostel EQ=1, if hostel facility
facility info info available
2.3.2.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no sports EQ=1, if sports facility
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Vol. 8, No. 4, July 2010
Quality Metrics Validation
Measurement Defining distance Quantifying Hypothetical Determining a
Abstraction between two extreme distance e in reference measure ptv
abstraction extremes abstraction
facility info info available
2.3.2.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no canteen EQ=1, if canteen
facility info facility info available
2.3.2.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if scholarship
scholarship info info available
2.3.2.5 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no medical EQ=1, if medical
facility info facility info available
2.3.3.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no courses EQ=1, if courses
offered info offered info available
2.3.3.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if department
department info info available
2.3.3.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no Dept. EQ=1, if Dept. site map
site map available
2.3.3.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no syllabus EQ=1, if syllabus info
info available
2.3.3.5 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no syllabus EQ=1, if syllabus
search search available
2.3.4.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if notifications
notifications available
2.3.4.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no form EQ=1, if form
download download available
2.3.5.1 Ordinal Complete/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ = 0, if no result EQ=1, if all sem result
info info available
2.3.5.2 Ordinal Complete/Partial/No EQ = {1,0.5,0} EQ = 0, if no fee dues EQ=1, if full fee dues
Functionality info info available
2.3.5.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no news EQ=1, if news group
group available
3.1.1 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if dangling link
dangling link available
3.1.2 Ordinal High /Medium/ Low EQ={1, if bet 0- EQ = 0, if invalid EQ=1, if invalid links
2; 0.5, if bet 3-5; links 6 or more bet 0-2
0, if 6 or more}
3.1.3 Ordinal High /Medium/ Low EQ={1, if bet 0- EQ = 0 if EQ=1, if
Reliability 2; 0.5, if bet 3-5; unimplemented link 6 unimplemented links
0, if 6 or more} or more bet 0-2
3.1.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no browser EQ=1, if browser
difference difference available
3.1.5 Ordinal High /Medium/ Low EQ={between 0- EQ = 0 if EQ=1, if
2, 3-5, 6 or unconstructed pages 6 unconstructed bet 0-2
more} or more
4.1.1 Ordinal High /Medium/ Low EQ={between 0- EQ = 0 if unmatching EQ=1, if unmatching
2, 3-5, 6 or link 6 or more link bet 0-2
more}
4.1.2 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no support EQ=1, if support for
Efficiency text only version
4.1.3 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0 if no global EQ=6, if global
reliability reliability good
4.1.4 Nominal Yes/No EQ = {1,0} EQ = 0, if no EQ=1, if multilingual
multilingual support support available
V. CONCLUSION VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We have proposed a hierarchical model of attributes, sub- Authors sincerely thank Dr R. K. Pandey, Director, Institute of
attributes, and metrics for measuring quality of Indian origin Technology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal for his constant
academic Web-sites from the point of view of usability, which is support and expert guidance during preparation of this paper.
of major concern to users (stake holders). The proposed metrics
are theoretically validated using distance measure construction
procedure and results are shown in the Table 1. The empirical
validation is in progress and will be reported soon.
REFRENCES
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112 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Ritu Shrivastava has taught computer science to graduate
students for 17 yrs in institutions like MANIT, Bhopal, Amity
University, Delhi. She is actively involved in research in the
field of object-oriented software engineering/technology.
e-mail ritushrivastava08@gmail.com
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