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Intelligent Transport System in HK
- the road forward
Dr Jason C.H. Chao
Brilliant Technology Development Ltd
June 13, 2001
Intelligent Information System
• 智能运输系統
(Intelligent Transport
System)乃是應用先
進的电子，通信，
资信与感测等技术，
以整合人，路，车
的管理策略，提供
即时(real-time)
的资信而增進运输
系統的安全，效率
及舒適性，同时也
減少交通對環境的
衝擊。
怎樣更有效利用交通
• 減低意外事故的發生
• 減低交通擁塞
• 環境監視及保護
• 生產及營運效益
• 舒適因素
減低意外事故的發生
監測攝像系統
車速控制
-車速及交通號誌
事故查覺 自動交通控制
及警告系統
意外減低 -行人及踩單車人士
•減少意外事故
•減低傷害程度
緊急事故管理 天氣預測
•縮短救援時間
碰撞預防系統 提升視線系統
減低交通擁塞
• 需求管理
• 改善交通網路效益
• 轉用其他交通工具替代
減低交通擁塞
需求管理
需求管理
電子道路控制 使用控制
減低交通擁塞
網路效率
事故發現及管理 坡度計算
網路效率
駕駛者資訊
車速控制
全面性交通控制
減低交通擁塞
鼓勵旅行模式轉換
鼓勵旅行模式轉換
行前計劃 巴士優先
旅客資訊系統
環境監視及保護
需求管理策略 改善交通問題
環境監視
高污染地區 及保護 污染監視
之控制
空氣品質訊息
生產及營運效益
自動車輛
車隊管理 位置 (AVL)
生產及
營運效益
駕駛者監視 電腦輔助輸送
電子化收費
舒適因素
車輛追踪 - 即時交通訊息
安全及緊急救援 - 延誤的預警
舒適因素
路線引導- 即時公共交通訊息
減輕駕駛人壓力 - 延誤的預警
Vehicle Positioning System
in H.K
Junk Bay
Kwun Tong
•Urban Area
•Developed old
•urban Area
•New Town
• 6 districts with different characters were selected to perform a
visibility test
Wan Chai - Lockhart Road
Wan Chai - Lockhart Road
Satellite Visibility in HK
•Sha Tin •Central
•1Sat or less
•5% •2 Sats •4 Sats or more
•11% •23% •1Sat or less
• minimum requirement of 3
•40%
•3 Sats
•15%
•4 Sats or
•3 Sats
•13%
satellites for fixing position
•2 Sats
• less than 30% of test areas
•69%
more •24%
•21%
•Kwun Tong
•4 Sats or more •1Sat or less
•24%
•3 Sats
•9%
•Wan Chi
•4 Sats or more
•7%
are able to receive 3 or more
satellites
•3 Sats
•23% •2 Sats
•2 Sats
•21%
•1Sat or less
•63%
• only 2 districts with lower
•32%
population density have
•Junk Bay •Mong Kok
•1Sat or less •2 Sats
•0% •7% •3 Sats
•3 Sats
•10%
•4 Sats or more
•7%
better satellite visibility
•17%
•4 Sats or more •2 Sats
•26% •1 Sat or less
•76%
•57%
Positioning Systems
• Signpost
– roadside beacon/proximity beacon
– radio/sound/light
– self-positioning
• Wave-based
– determine position using propagation properties of waves
– GPS/GLONASS
• Dead Reckoning
– integrate sensors info for positioning
Signpost System
Pros Cons
low cost in-car unit high infrastructure cost
extensively deployed
robustness intermittent sampling of
position
Wave-based System
Pros Cons
precision can be high high infrastructure cost
no accumulated error Interference
can be continuous multi-path
positioning
Dead Reckoning
Pros Cons
Autonomous Error accumulated
Privacy Requires initialisation
Continuous positioning Cost could be high
Cellular Telephone
Positioning System
• Radio-based mobile communication system
• Infrastructure well established
• Worst propagation area (urban)
greatest number of cells
• Positioning mode
– Signal strength
– angle-of-arrival
– phase measurement
– timing measurement
Emergency Services
• Pre-trip, On-trip, emergency
– AA ITS Service (UK)
– ADAC ITS Services (Germany)
Electronic Road
Pricing
• Electronic Payment
– HAMLET 2 - Toll Collection on Motorways (France)
Bus Management
System
• Fleet Resources
Management
– Automatic Bus Depot
Management
(Bologna, Italy)
Fleet Management
• MOBILOC:
Fleet Management in an Urban Area
(Paris, France)
Public Transport
Information
• Info-bus: Real-time Bus Stop
Information (Geneva,
Switzerland)
On-demand Bus Services on a
Fixed Route (Bologna, Italy)
• Taxi Management
• Demand-responsive
Public Transport
Passenger Information at Bus
Stops (Brussels, Belgium)
Bus Information System
• Public Transport Information
– Countdown:
Real-time Bus Stop Information (London, UK)
Public Transport Information
• SIT - Public Transport Interactive Terminals
(Madrid, Spain)
Traffic Data Collection
• Incident Management
– CCATS & CCIDS: Video-Based Solutions for Data
Collection and Incident Detection (Europe)
Visionaute - RDS-based Traffic
Information and Guidance
(France)
Intelligent Transport
System
• 智能运输系統(Intelligent Transport
System)乃是應用先進的电子，通信，资信
与感测等技术，以整合人，路，车的管理
策略，提供即时(real-time)的资信而增進
运输系統的安全，效率及舒適性，同时也
減少交通對環境的衝擊。
ITGS - Intelligent Traffic
Guidance System (Tokyo, Japan)
• Route guidance and
navigation
• On-trip traffic
information
• Breakdown and
emergency alerts
• Dynamic speed
adaptation
• Lane control
Route guidance &
Navigation
– CARIN - Static Route
Guidance
Traffic Management
• Incident Management
• On-trip Traffic Information
Fleet Management
DIS - Dynafleet Information System:
Freight and Fleet Management (Europe)
Inter-urban Traffic Management
(Salzburg, Austria)
• On-trip Traffic
Information
• Lane Control
• Incident
Management
Speed Control
• Speed Management
– M25 Controlled
Motorway Project
(London, England)
– MCS: Motorway
Control System
(Stockholm, Sweden)
RWiS: Road Weather
Information System (Sweden)
Surf 2000 - Urban Traffic
Control System (Paris, France)
• Intersection Control
• Urban Traffic Control
Where are we talking about ?
Location Based Services
Content, e.g. Platforms
Network Services
News, Sport,
Internet
Stock Market
Yellow Page Technology Solutions
Listings PDAs
Server Techn. Partners
Real-time Traffic + Data-Integration
Map Data Service
Mapping Providers
for WAP-Phones
Routing
Geo-location
Weather Reports
Infotainment, Pagers
Events
Global market is expected to amount
Free Parking to US$ 20bn by 2005 (Signalsoft) In-vehicle Units
By 2003 15% of revenues for European
mobile network operators are expected
to be related to location-based
services (Durlacher Research)
Location based services
Navigation
Proximity Positioning
Concierge Emergency
services call
Address book map display
Billing Weather reports
Yellow Pages Breakdown
calls
Tracking & Tracing Traffic Travel & Booking
Info
What does the end user want ?
•Personalized services
•Peace of mind
•Good feeling
about •Convenience
safety and and easy &
security cheap access
•Reliable
Information at
any time /any
place
ITS 中国应用
1986～1995年期间，国家在交通管理系统方面开展
了一系列科学研究和工程实施，在城市交通管理、
高速公路监控系统、收费系统、安全保障系统等方
面取得了多项科研成果，并开发生产了车辆检测器、
可变情报板、可变限速标志、紧急电话、分车型检
测仪、通信控制器、监控地图板等多种专用设备，
制定了一系列的标准和规范。
ITS中国发展趋势
根据国内ITS的发展情况，近期工作为：
1．制定我国ITS发展标准
2．改造和完善城市的交通管理系统
3．发展公共交通系统
4．汽车安全和事故预防系统
5．快速货运系统
6．监控、通信、收费是高速公路ITS应用的主要方面
7．交通信息服务
ITS-HK
Established in Oct. 11, 2000
ITS Standards Committee set up in 2001
Traffic Management & Information Centre
Traffic Information Systems
Vehicle Tracking
• Fleet Management
– Taxi
– Buses
– Vans and Lorries
– Emergency Vehicle
• Security and Safety
– Tracking of Stolen Vehicle
– Tracing of emergency vehicle
– Tracking of Hazardous Goods
Web- based
Vehicle Tracking
Vehicle Tracking
Fleet Management
GPS +Dead Reckoning
GPS +Dead Reckoning
Map Matching
Map Matching
Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
Application Areas
Vehicle Vehicle
Tracking Navigation
ITS
Application Areas
Transport
Intelligent
Information
Transport
System
Management
(Real-time)
Proposed Development
Strategy of ITS
• From simple system to
sophisticated system
Vehicle Tracking
Vehicle Navigation
Transport Information System
Intelligent Transport Management System
Technologies Applied in
Vehicle Tracking
GPS
Map Dead
Matching Reckoning
Vehicle
Tracking
Digital
Communication Map
From Vehicle Tracking to
Vehicle Navigation
GPS
GIS Digital
Map
Vehicle
Tracking
Navigation
Spatial
Analysis Road Network
Communication Data Model
System
Transport Information System
Technical & Information
Requirement
Communication GIS
Network
Traffic Geographic
Information Database
System
Digital
Road Network Map
Sensors Data Model
From Transport Information
System to Intelligent Transport
Management System
GPS
Geog. GIS
Database
Digital
Map
Intelligent Transport
Sensors Management System
Transport
Model
Spatial
Analysis
Road Network
Communication Data Model
Network
Technologies Applied in ITS
GPS
Dead Reckoning
Map Matching
Digital Map Geog. Database
Road Network Database Geog. Data Model
Public Transport Information GPS Spatial Analysis
DB GIS
ITS
Comm. Sensor
Motion Sensor
Mobile Communication
Image Processing
High-speed Mobile LAN
Vehicle Tracking
ITS
Technologies & Application Areas
Road network
Database
Comm.
System GPS GPS GIS
Map
Data Vehicle Vehicle Comm.
Tracking Navigation System
ITS
GPS Intelligent Application
Areas
Transport Transport Database
GIS Management Information
System
System (Real-time)
Rd. network
Data model Sensor GIS
Sensor Comm.
Comm. Transport
System
System Model
Information & Technical Requirements for
Different ITS Application Areas
Establish road network
database and GISRoad network
Database
Comm.
System GPS GPS GIS
In-car Map
Data Vehicle Vehicle Comm.
Devise Tracking Navigation System
ITS
GPS Intelligent Application
Areas
Transport Transport Database
GIS Management Information
System
System (Real-time)
Rd. network
Data model Sensor GIS
Sensor Comm.
Comm. Transport
System
System Model Integration & Cooperation
Of Inter Gov’t Dept. &
Transport Related Organization
ITS Standardization
-Why Standardization
-Objectives of Standardization
-ITS Standard Setting Institution
1. ISO/TC204
2. CEN/TC278
-ITS Geographical Data Standard
Objectives of
Standardization
目标 含义
可扩展性 开放式：能不断采用交通信息和控制系统中的新技术来对系统
进行升级
互用性 设备独立：在市场能大量推广
兼容性 非干扰：同一系统中的各种设备都能工作，不会影响其他设备
的运行
可互换性 供货商独立：从不同供货商提供的执行相同功能的设备可以互
换
开放 非专利权：促进新技术的快速开发和被用户采纳
可伸缩性 灵活性：ITS设备和通信传输容量适合多种条件
现代化 使用可获得的最好标准，避免被逐渐过时的技术所约束
ITS领域标准化机构
-ITS领域标准化机构
1. ISO/TC204介绍
1992年，国际标准化机构（ISO）就ITS设置了TC204技术委员会，分16个工作组
进行ITS各领域的标准化工作。
1995年交通部被国家技术监督局确定为道路交通工程标准化委员会依托部门，委员会
秘书处依托在交通部公路科学研究所，并且在智能运输系统国际标准化组织（
ISO/TC204）中承担具体任务。
2. CEN/TC278介绍
欧洲经济共同体的交通信息与控制组织（ERTICO）负责协调欧洲ITS的研究和实施
。而CEN（欧洲标准化委员会）负责积极推进欧洲ITS标准化工作。欧洲标准化委员
会创立于1961年，有欧洲15个国家的标准化机构参加，并于1990年设立了CEN/TC278
，进行与TC204内容大致相同的标准制定工作。
智能交通系统地理数据标准
– Geographic Data File 3.0（GDF）
– American Standard
– Japanese Standard
– MAGIC
GDF 简介
–GDF是什么？
Geographic Data File, 国际标准导航图规范。它用于描
述和转化公路网及与公路相关的数据。它不仅是普通
的GIS标准，它还给出了数据采集， 特征、属性和关系
的定义规则。
–GDF的重要
1.GDF3.0版已经向CEN提交，它是CEN唯一承认的数
字公路网标准。
2.ISO204的工作组III已经采用GDF。
GDF 简介
GDF 三级结构 :
0级：拓扑，通用GIS拓扑描述。
1级：特征，包含简单特征如道路，河流，特征拥有特定
属性，特征间拥有关系。
2级：复杂特征，简单特征的集合。
1级表示 道路环行岛 -------------> 2级表示
MAGIC
MAGIC: (首版移动地理信息服务全球标准)
通过网络请求和接收移动地理信息服务的通用标准,尤其
是无线网络. 将在2001年初推出MAGIC1.0版.
MAGIC
Companies allied for setting up the standard
– Microsoft Corporation
– Tele Atlas N.V.
– Panasonic
– VDO/Siemens
– Increment-P Corporation (Pioneer)
– Others : MobileGIS, Telcontar, Xanavi,
Alpine Electronics
System Architecture of ITS
In-vehicle
ITS & GPS Display Unit
Positioning
System
Wireless
Comm. Unit
Base Station
Comm. Comm.
Tower # 1 ... Tower # 10
Modem Connection
Large Projection Screen
Wireless Comm. Public Safety 【Whole Region／Sub-region／District】
Network Control System Control Centre
ITS Data AVL
ITS DGPS Dispatching Control Centre
Basic Comm. Processing Units Dispatchin
Server Server Rectification ......... # 7
g
To Processing Unit
AVLS區域網絡 - 乙太網絡
# 1 CAD 圖形系統
Vehicle Navigation
• Route guidance
• Shortest path
• Fastest path
• Real time, accurate
Vehicle Navigation
Intelligent Map
FromTo
105
100 108
100 103
100 103
108 103
108
105 103
Intelligent Road Network
Database (IRND)
– Brilliant Technology Development Ltd
•A geographic database based on
international standards
•A comprehensive system that provide :
–Vehicle route suggestion and navigation
–Vehicle assignment and schedule planning
Road Attributes
• Over 20 road related attributes.
Traffic Direction
One way
Two way
Number of Lane
Road
Class
Max Height
Restrictions
Max Length
Turntable
• Provide all legal turns
From To
100 108
105
100 103 100 103
108 103
108
105 103
Vehicle Navigation
` Optimal Path
国家基础地理信息中心
– 国家基础地理信息中心与国家计委会
制定一套全国标准的电子导航地图规
范。
首先回于全国选择一至二个城市做研究测试，以建
立日后全国电子地图的统一标准模式。
– 耀天科技
耀天科技将配合共同开发此计划。耀天科技将是全
球第一家合法取得全国城市标准地图及全国道路网
的厂商。
Transport Information
System
• Provide real time traffic
information to passengers so
as to choose the optimal
transport mode and routes
– Traffic Conditions
– Current car park information
– Public transport system
information
– Road Conditions
Transport Information System
Comparison of Different
Transport Modes
• Trasnport modes Causeway
Bay
B
Buses Bus routes
Taxi estimated fare,time
Compare time requirement
Compare fares TST A
Propose transport mode and
route
Transport Information System
All kinds geographical information
Transport Information System
Route guidance & real-time traffic
information
Intelligent Transport
Management System
• Traffic Control System
• Auto Toll
• Electronic Road Payment System
• Public transport priority system
• Emergency vehicle priority system
• Road maintenance system
• Transport model and planning
Four Main Group of Stakeholders
• Network operators :
– Owners and managers of the transport network
• Network users
– Vehicle drivers and fleet operators
• Transport consumers
– Travelers, shipper
• City planners & Regional Authorities
Benefits of ITS
• Reducing Accidents
• Helping to relieve congestion
• Environmental monitoring and protection
• Productivity and operational efficiency
• Comfort factors
Benefits of ITS
Reducing Accidents
• Reduce No. of Accidents
• Reduce Severity
• Time taken for the emergence services to provide
rescue response
Benefits of ITS
Reducing Accidents –
Examples of Applications
• Adaptive speed control
• Incident detection and warning systems
• Emergence management
• Camera systems for speed and traffic signal
enforcement
• Automatic traffic control for pedestrians and cyclists
• Weather and micro-climate monitoring
• Anti-collision system
• Enhanced vision systems
Benefits of ITS
Helping to relieve congestion
• Managing the Demand
• Improving the efficiency of the transport
network
• Diverting the demand for car travel to other
modes of travel
Benefits of ITS - Helping to relieve congestion
Demand management
• Electronic Road Pricing
• Access control
Benefits of ITS - Helping to relieve congestion
Network Efficiency
• Area-wide Traffic Control
• Speed Control
• Ramp Metering
• Incident Detection and Management
• Driver Information
Benefits of ITS - Helping to relieve congestion
Encouraging Modal Shift
• Pre-trip Planning
• Passenger Information Systems
• Bus Priority
Benefits of ITS
Environmental monitoring and protection
• Any ITS measures that improve the
efficiency of traffic movement would
reduce air pollution
• More specific measures :
– Pollution monitoring
– Air-quality information
– Demand management strategies
– Access control to high-pollution areas
Benefits of ITS
Productivity and operational efficiency
• Reduce operating cost and allow productivity
improvement
• Examples of Applications :
– Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)
– Automatic cargo tracking
– Computer-aided dispatch
– Fleet management
– Driver monitoring
– Electronic toll collection
Benefits of ITS
Comfort factors
• More pre-trip information
• Reduce driver stress
• Early warning of delay
• Real-time information about alternative
services
Benefits of ITS - Comfort factors
Example Applications
• Real-time traffic information
• Dynamic route guidance
• Vehicle tracking (e.g. for security or
emergency rescue)
• Real-time public transport information
• Smart card payment systems for public
transport
How to take advantages from ITS
• Strong planning
• Good communications
• Effective coordination between interested
parties
Key Technologies
• Enabling technologies : central to the
deployment of ITS
– Telecommunications infrastructure
– Positioning technologies like Dedicated Short
Range Communication (DSRC), Global
positioning system (GPS)
– Digital map database and a standardized
locational referencing scheme
User Services – Application Areas
32 User services in 8 Categories
• Traffic Management (ATMS)
• Traveler Information (ATIS)
• Vehicle Systems (AVCS)
• Commercial Vehicles (CVO)
• Public transport (APTS)
• Emergency management (EMS)
• Electronic payment (EP)
• Safety
User Services – Application Areas
Traffic Management (ATMS)
• Transportation planning support
• Traffic control
• Incident management
• Demand management
• Policing/enforcing traffic regulation
• Infrastructure maintenance management
User Services – Application Areas
Traveler Information (ATIS)
• Pre-trip information
• On-trip driver information
• Personal information services
• Route guidance and navigation
User Services – Application Areas
Vehicle Control System (AVCS)
• Vision enhancement
• Automated vehicle operation
• Longitudinal collision avoidance
• Lateral collision avoidance
• Safety readiness
• Pre-crash restraint deployment
User Services – Application Areas
Commercial vehicles (CVO)
• Commercial vehicle pre-clearance
• Commercial vehicle administrative
processes
• Automated roadside safety inspection
• Commercial vehicle on-board safety
monitoring
• Commercial vehicle fleet management
User Services – Application Areas
Public Transport (ATPS)
• Public transport management
• Demand responsive transport management
• Shared transport management
User Services – Application Areas
Emergency management (EMS)
• Emergency notification and personal
security
• Emergency vehicle management
• Hazardous materials and incident
notification
User Services – Application Areas
Electronic Payment (EP)
• Electronic financial transactions
• Auto-toll
User Services – Application Areas
Safety
• Public travel security
• Safety enhancement for vulnerable road
users
• Intelligent junctions
不停车收费系统
科技/系統 建立程度 限制因素 評註
致力范圍通訊 普通 缺乏標準 成功
智能卡 限制 商業和用戶 成功
的接受程度,
缺乏標準
異頻雷達收發儀 普通 私隱權 成功
天線 普通 技術執行 成功
車牌辨認 限制 技術執行 尚未定案
緊急管理
科技/系統 建立程度 限制因素 評註
GPS/DGIS的緊急的車隊管理 全面 成本 成功
呼救訊號系統 全面 成本,車輛選擇 成功
呼救訊號處理中心/客戶服務中心 全面 成本 成功
公眾安全資訊中心 全面 成本,員工 成功
CDPD通訊 限制 有效性 尚未定案
船上顯示 全面 成本,用戶的接受 成功
程度
預設紅外線訊號系統 全面 制度問題,缺乏標 成功
準
電腦輔助車輛調派系統 全面 成本,員工支持 成功
自動車輛定位(AVL) 全面 成本 成功
政府部門之聯網系統 限制 制度問題,整體成 有待共識
本
事件管理
科技 建立程度 限制因素 評註
巡邏服務 全面 成本、員工 成功
共同通訊頻率 限制 成本、制度問題 成功
自動事件偵測計算程序 中等 技術執行 未可行
事件偵測無線通訊 全面 供應制度問題 尚未定案
駕駛者專用緊急電話 限制 能使用無線電話 成功
CCTV (地面、空中、高位放 全面 成本 成功
大)
無線通訊地理位置 ( 以往 ) 試驗中 精確性 不成功
無線通訊地理位置 (現在) 試驗中 供應制度問題 尚未定案
地區性處理計劃 限制 制度問題 有待共識
公路管理
科技/系統 建立程度 限制因素 評註
運輸管理中心(可運作各種科技) 全面 成本、員工 成功
流動管理中心(可運作各種科技) 限制 成本、員工 成功
道路封閉和限制系統(可包括各種科 限制 制度問題 成功
技)
車輛追查系統(可包括各種科技) 全面 成本、保養 未可行－根據科技發展
車輛探查(可包括各種科技) 中等 成本、一致性 尚未定案
坡度計算(包括各種科技) 全面 政制、使用者情況 成功
可變動的道路顯示器(包括各種科技) 中等 成本、變動技術 未可行－根據運作質素
公路交通訊息廣播(包括各種科技) 中等 員工 未可行－根據運作質素
可變動的道路控制 技術試驗中 或需執行本地法律 成功－尤於橋及隨道
可變動的速率控制/可變動的速率限 技術試驗中 成本 有待共識
制
下山速率及山泥傾瀉警告系統 限制 限制因素 成功
公共运输营运
科技/系統 建立程度 限制因素 評註
自動車輛位置 穩定 成本,車隊范圍,服務種類,員 成功,持續展,雖然主要利用
工的技術能力 GPS技術,但大多用DR來擴展
軟件操作 全面 無 成功
全自動快速追查 研究和發展 仍在研究和發展階段當中 尚未定案
流動數據站 穩定 經常建立自動車輛位置系統 成功,減少ü線電訊裝罝
不發聲的警鈴/隱藏的擴音器 穩定 經常建立自動車輛位置系統 成功,加強運送安全
監督攝影 限制 成本 尚未定案
自動乘客服務 限制 成本 尚未定案
預設旅客資料 全面 無 成功, 改善顧客需求
提供旅客車內和車道路資料 限制 成本,沒有駕車者增加 成功,持續展,雖然主要利用
GPS技術,但大多用DR來擴展
車輛特徵 限制 成本,沒有利益數據 尚未定案
交通訊號優先次序 限制 制度問題,考慮通流量衝突 尚未定案
電子收費 限制 成本 尚未定案
幹線管理
科技/系統 建立程度 限制因素 評註
合適的控制策略 限制 成本,科技,缺乏利益 尚未定案,巳得知一些利益,成本問
題,開業者間疑問題
ATIS的幹線資料 穩健 建立監察系統有困難,難 有待共識－最新監察系統能提高
於準確描述幹線擠擁 幹線資訊質素與質量
自動交通燈號實施系統 穩健 具爭議性,法律性,私隱權 成功,需與感知和教育建立
問題,
自動管制車速系統 限制 具爭議性,法律性,私隱權 尚未定案,具爭議性,公眾仍未接受
問題,
通過管轄權,提供日間和 普通 很多地方,仍然全在制度 成功,擴展近緊的環迴訊號系統和
固定時間訊號控制 問題 改善通訊
通過管轄權,提供實際時 限制 合適管制策略的限制性 有待共識：科技愈可行，制度問
間式合適的控制策略(包 建立,很多制度阻礙 題愈易解決
括待定事件)
連接高速公路(完備的管 限制 存在制度問題,缺乏領導 有待共識：合成公路幹線能提供
理) 的標準 實質利益
提供緊急服務(預設訊號) 普通 無 成功
ATIS
科技/系統 建立程度 限制因素 評註
Real-time traffic Widespread While deployment is Quality Mixed—the
information on the Deployment wide-spread, customer characteristics
intermet satisfaction with the of the websites vary, depending on
services seems related to the availability and quality of the
local traffic conditions user
and website information interface and underlying
Real-time transit status Limited Transit authorities have Holds promise—where the service
information on the Deployment limited funds for ATIS is available, reports suggest that
Internet investments and little there is high customer satisfaction
data that establish a with
relationship the service
between ridership and
ATIS
Static transit system Widespread Successful
Deployment
Real-time traffic Limited Limited by information Successful—as evaluated in a
information Deployment quality and production highly congested metropolitan
on cable television costs, area where consumers value the
although one service easy, low-tech
provider has developed access to traffic information
a way to automate
production
ATIS
科技/系統 建立程度 限制因素 評註
Real-time transit status Limited Cost Successful—where evaluated in greater
information at terminals and Deployment Seattle
major bus stops
Dynamic message signs Widespread Positive driver response is a Successful—drivers really
Deployment function of sign placement, appreciate accurate en-route
content, and accuracy Information
In-vehicle navigation systems Limited Purchase cost Holds Promise—as prices fall, more
(no traffic Information) Deployment* drivers will purchase the systems
In-vehicle dynamic route No commercial Irregular coverage and data Holds Promise—
guidance (navigation with deployment; quality, combined with manufacturers are poised
real-time traffic information) the San Antonio conflicting industry geocode to provide this service once
MMDI standards, have kept this issues are resolved
installed product from the market
prototype
systems
in public agency
vehicles*
Fee-based traffic and transit Unknown Service providers make this Jury is still out—requires
information services on Deployment service available through larger numbers of sub-scribers
palm-type computers their websites, actual sub- becoming
scription levels are unknown acclimated to mobile
information services
World-Wide annual
hardware sales for
navigation systems
Europe Japan USA
3000
2500 2400
2300
2200
2000
2000
1600
1500 1500
1050 1300
1129
1000 900
550
656
500 300
130
145 344
62
10
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ref. Tele Atlas n.v.
Differences between
continents
JAPAN : population : 125,0 Mio
new cars/year : 4,5 Mio
INFOTAINMENT
DRIVEN BY CAR MANUFACTURERS
USA : population : 266,0 Mio
new cars/year : 8,3 Mio
SECURITY (Breakdown & Emergency)
EUROPE : population : 380,0 Mio
new cars/year : 15,0 Mio
Turn-by-Turn NAVIGATION
Ref. Tele Atlas n.v.
European annual h/w
sales & installed base
7000
6000 5736
Annual Sales
5000 Installed Base
4000
3436
3000
2300
1936
2000 1500
1036 900
1000 550
486
186 300
130
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ref. Tele Atlas n.v.
Driver Information
Systems
• open client/server architecture
• integrated multi-media functionality,
audio
TV/Video
trip computer
GSM phone
internet/e-mail
etc.,
Future Database use
• Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
Headlight control (tunnels, radius of curvature)
Traction control (3-D information : grade, altitude, …)
Curve Warning (radius or curvature)
Assisted Braking (radius of curvature, crossings,…)
Etc
• Traffic Telematics - on-line info. transfer
Traffic congestions
Traveller information
Map updates/extensions
Related docs
