10 well-known theory of psychology

							10 well-known theory of psychology
1, cage logic
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A beautiful bird cage hanging in the room where the most prominent, had a few days,
the owner will make one of the following two options: to throw away cage, or buy a
bird cage on the back. This is the logic cage. The process is simple, imagine you are
the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room, see the cage, you can not
help but ask you: "bird? Is not dead?" When you answer:
"I never or raise birds. "People will ask:" So, do you
need a bird cage? "Finally you have to choose one of two options in the
second, because this ratio is much easier to endless interpretation. Cage logical reason
is simple: most of the time people are thought to inertia. So visible in the life and
work culture of thinking how important it is.

2, broken window effect
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The study of psychology has a phenomenon called the "broken window
effect", that is, a house if the windows broke, no one to repair Shortly
afterward, other windows will be broken inexplicable; a wall, if some graffiti is not
washed, and soon, the wall and covered with a mess, unsightly things. A very clean
place, people will shy disposal of waste, but when there is garbage on the ground
there, the people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed. This is really a very
strange phenomenon.
Psychologists study is the "tipping point", how to how dirty the
ground, people will think anyway, so dirty, dirty little longer does not matter, what
will be bad and to what extent, people will give up on themselves and let it rot in the
end.
No bad thing, if not blocked off at the beginning, into a trend, change it Gaibu Diao,
as if the river bank, a small gap is not timely repair, dams can collapse, causing the
loss of millions of times.
Crime is actually the result of disorder, the New York City in the 80's when
the real presence rob, not kill every day, walking in the street in broad daylight to be
afraid of. Not to mention the subway, car dirty, foul words plastered everywhere,
sitting in the subway, and everyone feels insecure. Although I have not been looted,
but the professors have been in broad daylight, knocked one lose their eye sight, from
the end of his research career, so I talk about Tiger color for many years, not alone to
New York. New York city and the city recently raised a lot of reputation, so I am quite
surprised that a city has been sinking, can escape from the dead, moving upward.
So when I went out to meet, and met a criminologist, one immediately to him for
advice, the original New York City is the last book with a sense of the broken window
effect of the theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which it is not easy
crime, then Once upon a Budao slowly return to order.
Although this approach was criticized as being slow, the "ship to be sunk
still wash the deck," but New York City subway cars or from the
maintenance of a clean start, and do not buy tickets white people who ride with
handcuffs chained row into a standing on the platform, open to the public to announce
the government's determination to rectify was found very effective.
Police found that people do not really compare the situation of crime in a clean, also
found that grasping Riders rewarding, because each of those seven Riders have one is
wanted, there is a 20 in the carrying of weapons, so the police are willing to seriously
grab Riders, Riders making criminals afraid, afraid to go out with weapons to avoid
more harm than good, runs the risk. This New York City, from the smallest, the easiest
place to proceed to break the criminal link of (chain), so this vicious cycle can
continue.

3, the duty to spread effect
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suburban apartment in New York before a man named Juno young women than white
bars in between the end of the work on the way home assassination. When she cried
in despair: "Some people want to kill it! Help! Help!" Heard
shouting nearby residents lit the lamp, opened the window, the attackers ran away.
When everything is calm, the killer returned to commit crimes. When she yelled, the
nearby residents then the light switch, the attackers then fled. That has nothing to do
when she returned to her home upstairs, the killer once again appeared before her, to
kill her on the stairs. In the process, even though she shouted for help, her neighbors
in the window at least 38 to watch, but no one to rescue her, or no one call the police.
This incident caused a stir in New York society, but also attracted the attention of
social workers in psychology and thinking. It is considered a large number of
bystander phenomenon known as the responsibility of neglecting the dispersion
effects.
The responsibility of spreading and the formation of the reasons, psychologists have
done a lot of experiments and surveys, found that: this phenomenon can not just say
that everyone's callous, or moral decay of the performance increased. For
different occasions, people really are different acts of assistance. When a person in an
emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he would clearly aware of their
responsibilities, provide assistance to the victims. If he is refusing to produce feelings
of guilt, feelings of guilt, it need to pay a high psychological cost. If there are many
people are here, Bangzhu seeking help for Zeren on by everyone to share, create
liability dispersed, each share of responsibility Henshao, bystanders and even the one
prepared with his 自己 sense of responsibility for Ye Bu Dao, Congerchansheng an
"I do not save, save by someone else" mentality, resulting in
"collective indifference" of the situation. How to break this
situation, this is a research psychologist is an important issue.

4, Parkinson's Law
Well-known British historian Nuosigude Parkinson through long-term research, write
a book called "Parkinson's Law" book. In his book,
agency staff explained the reasons for and consequences of inflation: an incompetent
official, there may be three ways, first for his resignation, the seat vacate competent
person; the second is for a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of
two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first way is absolutely Zou
Bude, because that would lose many of the rights; The second way can not go,
because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way the
most suitable. Thus, two mediocre assistant shared his work, his own orders from high
above, they will not pose a threat to their rights. Two assistants as incompetent, they
are calling the shots, then found himself two more incompetent assistant. And so on,
to form a body bloated, overstaffed, and mutual wrangling, inefficient leadership
system.

5, the halo effect
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The famous Russian literary giant Pushkin Zengyin halo effect suffered a great deal.
He feverishly in love with is called "Moscow the first beauty"
of Natan Li, and married her. Natan Li looks amazing, but different puhi Jin-Zhi Road
substandard. When Pushkin's poem written for each to read it to her when.
She always covered their ears and said: "Do not listen! Do not
listen!" On the contrary, she always Pushkin play with her, attended some
luxurious party, dance, Pushkin created for this leave, which makes debt, and finally
her duel to death, so that a literary superstar prematurely fallen. Appears in Pushkin, a
beautiful woman is also inevitably have great wisdom and noble character, however,
is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.
The so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who show the
characteristics of a particular area, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal
cognitive obstacles. In daily life, "halo effect" often quietly
influence our perception and evaluation of others. For instance, some elderly to young
people's individual shortcomings, or dress, habits find it unacceptable to
think that they must unpromising; some young friends, one thing about due
admiration, will see him everywhere lovely, really called "a cover 100 Jun
ugly." Halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological speculation, the
error is: First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics and habits in order to
promote individual and general, as Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the face;
second It is no inherent relationship to some personality or physical characteristics
associated with, the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics;
third, it said, certainly good on all that bad on all the negative, this is a absolute
domination by the tendency of subjective bias. In short, the halo effect is the
interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive
impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo
effect.

6, Hawthorne effect (Hawthorne effect)
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An experimenter effect in psychology. 20-30 years of the 20th century, U.S.
researchers in the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory's
working conditions, social factors and relations of production efficiency experiment
found experimenter effect, called Hawthorne effect.
The first phase of the experiment in November 1924 from the beginning of the
working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and
control group. Increase or control the results regardless of illumination in the
experimental group had increased production, and constant illumination output of the
control group also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, rest breaks, the daily
work of length and number of days per week, and other factors, can not see these
working conditions, there is a direct impact on production efficiency. The second
phase of the trial is led by Harvard Professor Mayo, and focused on social factors and
the relationship between productivity and found that the production efficiency is
mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit of the great changes have taken place.
Participate in the trial of the workers are placed in special laboratory research staff led
by the social condition has changed the concern from all sides, creating a feeling of
participating, feel an important part of the company so that the employees From the
social point of view has been encouraging, promoting increased production.
This effect tells us that when students or their attention or attention by the public, the
study and would greatly increase the efficiency of communication. Therefore, in our
daily lives to learn to live in friendship with others, understand what kind of behavior
is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, we can only live and learn and
continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention
and appreciation, but also can allow us to study progresses, full of confidence!

7, learned helplessness experiments
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Xiligeman Overmyer found later in animal and human studies has been widely
discussed. In short, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or
engage in other behavior to avoid the shock the experimenter added to it. However, if
the dogs are not expected before (do not know when to come) and can not be
controlled by electric shock (such as interruption of electric shock or not depends on
the dog's behavior), when the dog was an opportunity to escape electric
shock, they also change was unable to escape. Moreover, the dogs also showed other
defects, such as frustration and depression, decreased initiative and so on.
The reason a dog show this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of
hopelessness. That is, they recognize their own, whatever is done can not control the
termination shock. In each experiment, the electric shocks were terminated under
experimenter control, and the dog will recognize their inability to change the control
of the outside world, which learned a sense of hopelessness.
If he had learned helplessness, they become a deep despair and sadness. Therefore, we
should study and life in the open their eyes a little and see the real events behind the
determining factor, do not make our own despair.

8, the witness's memory
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Witness, in our understanding of where, usually with some objective evidence, is to
put himself saw and hear what people who speak out honestly. However,
psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not accurate,
or is a personal preference, with personal views and awareness.
Witness confidence in their testimony and their testimony can not decide the accuracy
of the results of this study is surprising. Mrs fees can be special and the psychologist
Howard Springs decided that further study conclusions. In order to investigate
whether the testimony of a witness something special, they will witness's
memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
They made were shown a short video, is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day,
to answer some of the subjects in the content of the video and asked them to tell their
own level of confidence to answer, and then make a recognition memory test. Next,
using the same method, the content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and
general knowledge of selected issues.
The same place as before, Perkin fees can be special, and Howard Springs also found
that the accuracy of the witness recalled, the confidence that their answers do not
actually have the confidence of the people than those who are not greater, but general
knowledge , the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of
people who score better than the lack of confidence.
People in the general knowledge about their strengths and weakness with
self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to modify their test results for the confidence scale.
General knowledge is a database, is shared between the individual, it has recognized
the right answer can be tested to measure. For example, people will know whether the
issue in sports better than others or more almost. However, the event witnessed the
impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to
know others in the memory of the incident than the participants in hair color side
better or worse.

9, Rosenthal effect
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American psychologists in 1968, Rosenthal and others conducted a famous
experiment. Them to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of all apparent
seriousness, children's, "predict the future development of the
test", then the experimenter would be considered "excellent
development possible" list of students to inform teachers. In fact, this list is
not determined according to test results, but randomly selected. It is based on
"authoritative lie" implies teachers to mobilize the teachers, the
students on the list some anticipation. 8 months later, another intelligence test results
showed that the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also
gave their good conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, It
is considered by teachers to nurture the students of psychology, so that teachers expect
students to achieve progressive phenomenon, known as the "Rosenthal
Effect", it is customary, also known as Pygmalion (Pygmalion of Cyprus in
ancient Greek mythology, the king, he created a statue of love for young girls, and his
ultimate desire to make the statue into a real person, the two fall in love combined).
Educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will
have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and
encouragement; often a positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and their
behavior towards the students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a
kind of positive passion, the teachers of these students often get the desired progress.
On the contrary, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the
teacher's discourse over time, behavior, facial expressions of teachers feel
the "eccentric", will take a negative attitude towards teachers,
towards their own learning, to ignore or refuse to obey the teacher requirements;
These students often worse day by day, and finally reduced to the bad elements of
society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm
for teachers.

10, false share deviation (false consensus bias)
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We usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you like playing
computer games, so it may overestimate the number of people like computer games.
You will usually overestimate the students to vote for their favorite numbers,
overestimate their own prestige in the population and leadership and so on. This
overestimation of your behavior and your attitude to the inclination of the same
number of features is called the "false sympathy bias." Some
factors will affect your share of this false bias strength:
(1) When the external time due to strong internal attribution;
(2) the current behavior or events when a person is very important;
(3) When your own point of view is to determine when or conviction;
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning are threatened;
(5) when it comes to a positive quality or individuality;
(6) When you and other people as when they are similar.

?
Kick the cat effect:
Not subordinate to vent their grievances, vent their anger to avoid a chain reaction
Who love science and bad feelings of dissatisfaction, usually along the level and
intensity of the chain composed of social relations in turn passed by the pyramid has
been spread to the bottom, no place to vent that one of the smallest element, then
become the ultimate victims .
In general, the emotion will be the environment, and some accidental factors, when a
person's emotional deterioration, the subconscious will drive his choice of
subordinates or the weak can not fight back vent. Attack by the boss or the strong
emotions of people went back to find their punching bag. This will anger the
formation of a clear chain of transmission, the ultimate bearer of the
"cat" is the most vulnerable groups, is bullied most of the
groups, because there may be multiple channels of anger passed to him here.
?
Werther effect
Phillips's theory called the "Werther effect" that
mimic the phenomenon of suicide. The so-called "Werther
effect" refers to two hundred years ago, the German writer Goethe
published a major novel, called "Young Werther of trouble", the
novel has a strong spirit of the times abnormal, it raised with the times significance of
the universal enlightenment. The Witte's spirit and character of you
certainly will have admiration and sympathy and affection; for his fate, inevitably one
of you shed your tears of sympathy. Novel was published, causing a great sensation,
not only a large noise Goethe reputation in Europe, but throughout Europe, triggered a
wave of suicide imitation Witte, for which several countries would be
"Young Werther of trouble" as a banned books .

Phillips is one of interest to the modern track since then has appeared in various forms
of "Werther effect." He found on the sensational suicide
reported in the area covered by the report, followed by the suicide rate would have
increased significantly. Therefore, he concluded that: some inner suffering, see the
news people committed suicide, committed suicide on the inspired idea of following
the suicide. That which runs through a social identity theory, people suffering heart
pains to see other people who take heart in the form of suicide, he also adopted this
means to eliminate suffering.

Phillips is on 1947 to 1968 suicide statistics between the United States are
"Werther effect" of evidence. He found every sensational news
reports of suicide within two months after, the average number of suicide more than
usual 58. So in a sense, each of suicides in the report, have killed 58 people could
continue to live. Phillips also found that the phenomenon of suicide induced suicide
suicides occurred mainly in the areas of widely publicized. Moreover, such
information more widely, the greater the subsequent suicide.

For example, the media reported the news after the suicide of Marilyn Monroe, the
year the world's suicide rate is up 10%.

Herding: sheep where to go, where to go behind the sheep to follow.

Herding is the first equity investment in a term mainly refers to the investors in the
transaction existed in the process learning and imitation phenomenon,
"suit" blindly follow others, resulting in a certain period of time
in the same stock trading .
?
?1. The Butterfly Effect: 70s last century, the United States a 名 叫 洛 伦 兹
meteorologist in the Air system theory, said that occasionally the Amazon rain forest a
butterfly wing vibration, and perhaps two weeks would cause the United States, Texas
State of a tornado.


The butterfly effect is that very small changes in initial conditions continue to enlarge
after its future status will result in very significant difference. Some small things can
be confusing, and some small things such as amplified by the system, then an
organization, a country is very important, it can not confused.




2, frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its adverse
reactions are very sensitive environment, will quickly jump out of pot outside. If you
put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately
jump out of pot, the water temperature gradually increased the ultimate outcome is to
be boiled frog is dead, because the water temperature so high that the frog can not
stand, it has been too late, or is unable to jump out the pot outside.


Frog told us that some mutation events, they often cause people to alert, and prone to
cause deadly is the feel-good cases, the actual situation deteriorating, there is no clear
detection.




3, crocodiles rule: its intent is to assume that a crocodile bite your feet, if you hand to
try to break away from your feet, while crocodile will bite your feet and hands. The
more you struggle, it was the more bite. In the event that crocodile bite your feet, your
only solution is to sacrifice one foot.


For example, the stock market, the crocodile rule is: when you find yourself trading a
departure from the direction of the market, must immediately stop, without any delay,
shall not have any luck.




4 catfish effect: In the past, sardines low survival rate during transportation. After it
was found that, if put in the sardines in a catfish, the situation is somewhat improved,
the survival rate will be greatly enhanced. This is Why?

Catfish in the original to a strange environment, the will "brash",
everywhere, travel, which for a lot of quiet, the sardine run, no doubt played a mixed
role; and sardines found in such a " dissent ", naturally, very
nervous, speed swimming. This problem will be solved oxygen sardines, and sardines,
will not die.