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GENDER, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Gender, Ethnicity and Health Unit GRENADA
Population
The total population of Grenada is estimated at 90,000 in 2005, of which 42.2% live in urban
areas.1 Women represent 47.8% of the total population.2
The average annual rate of growth of the population fluctuated considerably in the period since
1970, but has generally been within the range of -1% to +1% (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
GRENADA: Average annual rate of population growth
(%), 1970-2010
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Population grow th 0.77 0.06 -1.44 0.49 -0.85 -0.09 -0.14 0.19 0.52
(%)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base.
http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/, 14 March 2006.
The most recent year for which mortality data from Grenada are available by sex, age and cause
of death is 1997. During the period 1995-1997, the estimated (crude) death rates decreased
slightly among women and were stable among men (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
1
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
2
Based on: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. http://www.paho.org, 26 January
2006.
GRENADA: Estimated (crude) death rates, 1995-1997
9,0
8,0
Rate per 1,000
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
1995 1996 1997
Men 7,4 7,4 7,4
Women 7,8 7,7 7,6
Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator.
(December 2005) http://www.paho.org
Socioeconomic context
The gross national income per capita (PPP value) was US$7,030 in 2003.3
Health expenditure
Public expenditure on health was 3.1% of gross domestic product in the year 2000, and private
expenditure was 3.2% (excluding health insurance).4
Environmental health
Well over 90% of the population has access to improved water sources and to sanitation services
(Figure 3). There is very little urban-rural difference in access to either of these services.
Figure 3.
GRENADA: Access to improved water
sources and sanitation services, 2002
97 93 96 97
100
% population
75
50
25
0
Water Sanitation
Urban Rural
Source: PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the
Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC,
2005.
3
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
4
Ibid.
Education
Among the population aged 15 years and over, literacy was 98.0% in 1998 among males as well
as females.5 In 2002-2003, the gross enrollment rate exceeded 100% for women and men at the
primary and secondary levels (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
GRENADA: Gross enrollment rate (%),
primary and secondary levels, 2002-2003
180
146 152
119 121
120
Percent
60
0
Primary Secondary
Women Men
Source: UNESCO. http://www.uis.unesco.org, 24
January 2006.
Political participation
Percent of women6:
- in Parliament (2003) 29%
- in ministerial posts (2001) 25%
Resources that facilitate initiatives leading to gender equality
Commitment to gender equality
The facultative protocol for the Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)7: Yes No
- Was signed X
- Was ratified by the legislature X
Abortion policy8
5
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
6
PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC,
2005.
7
United Nations. Division for the Advancement of Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw, 27 March 2006.
Yes No
Does the penal code prohibit abortion? X
Are there exceptions: X
- To save the life of the mother X
- To preserve the physical and mental health of the X
mother
- In cases of rape or incest X
- Other exceptions X
Health Situation
In 2005, life expectancy at birth was 66.3 years for women and 62.7 years for men.9 According
to demographic estimates, there were decreases in life expectancy between 1985 and 2005,
especially among women, but increases will again be seen by 2010 (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
GRENADA: Life expectancy at birth (years), 1985-
2010
90
80
70
60
50
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Women 71.6 69.0 66.9 66.3 66.3 68.2
Men 65.3 64.9 64.1 62.7 62.7 64.4
Women Men
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. International Data Base.
http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/, 14 March 2006.
Risk factors10
The prevalence of tobacco consumption in the population 13-15 years of age was 14% among
women and 18% among men (2000).
Mortality
Age-specific death rates in 1997, due to all causes combined, were higher among males than
females in all the age groups except among children under 1 year (Figure 6).
Figure 6.
8
United Nations. Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc , 27 March 2006.
9
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
10
PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC,
2005.
GRENADA: Estimated age-specific death rates
(per100,000), 1997
0 2000 4000 6000
1479
Under 1 year 1326
23
1-4 years 40
31
5-14 years 50
123
15-44 years 237
870
45-64 years 1333
3826
65 years & over 5005
Women Men
Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator.
(December 2005) http://www.paho.org
The infant mortality rate was 19.6 per 1,000 live births in 2002.11
Mortality due to broad groups of causes
When mortality in Grenada was considered by cause of death and by age, substantial variability
was encountered for the younger age groups. There are two main reasons for this: the low number
of total population, and the few deaths occurring at young ages. Often, there were no deaths for
specific causes. Because this makes the rates less meaningful, they have been omitted from the
material that follows.
Among the population 15 to 44 years old, as well as the population 45 to 64 years, in 1997 the
male death rate due to external causes was several times greater than the female rate (Figure 7).
However, at ages 45 to 64 years the amount of male and female mortality caused by diseases of
the circulatory system, and by neoplasms, was far greater than the mortality due to external
causes (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
11
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
GRENADA: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group,
15 to 44 years of age, 1997 GRENADA: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause
group, 45 to 64 years, 1997
0 100 200 300 400 500
0 100 200 300 400 500
Communicable 18
diseases 33
Communicable 43
diseases 96
Diseases of 42
circulatory system 36
Diseases of 317
circulatory system 405
18
Neoplasms 25
246
Neoplasms
328
14
External causes
65
17
External causes
121
33
All other causes 80
248
All other causes
384
Women Men
Women Men
Source: Based on data from: PAHO/AIS. Technical
Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) Source: Idem.
http://www.paho.org
Malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs and peritoneum are an important element within
total mortality due to neoplasms. In the age group 45 to 64 years, the male death rate in 1997 due
to this cause was 162 per 100,000 and the female rate was 93. Among women, deaths due to
malignant neoplasms of this site, together with mortality from malignant neoplasms of uterus (17
per 100,000 women) and breast (51), contributed almost two-thirds of the total mortality due to
neoplasms at ages 45 to 64 years.12
Selected causes of death
Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus are major causes of death
among adults 45 years and over, and especially adults 65 years and over. Among women 45 to 64
years old in Grenada, malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast, jointly, caused considerably
more mortality than ischemic heart disease in 1997 (Figures 8 and 9). However, among women
65 years and over, diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular diseases had far greater importance than
these two types of malignant neoplasms (Figures 8 and 9).
12
The data in this paragraph are from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator,
http://www.paho.org (December 2005).
Figure 8.
GRENADA: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to GRENADA: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to
ischemic heart disease, 1997 cerebrovascular diseases, 1997
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
37 107
All ages All ages
57 81
42 103
45-64 years 45-64 years
98 126
190 477
65 years & over 65 years & over
466 585
Women Men Women Men
Source: Idem. Source: Idem.
Figure 9.
GRENADA: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to diabetes GRENADA: Estimated age-specific death rates due to
mellitus, 1997 malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast (per 100,000
women), 1997
0 200 400 600 800
0 50 100 150 200
65
All ages
36
35-44 years 0 17
76
45-64 years
57 45-64 years 17 51
501
65 years & over 65 years and over 135 41
405
Women Men Uterus Breast
Source: Idem. Source: Idem.
Accidents, suicide and homicide are all included in the grouping external causes of death. In
Grenada, male death rates due to accidents in 1997 were several times greater than the female
rates (Figure 10). However, death rates due to suicide and homicide are very small and, at the
same time, a considerable amount of the total mortality from external causes was due to Other
external causes. Generally, most of the deaths included in this grouping are due to injury, but in
circumstances under which it is unknown whether the injuries causing death were accidental or
were purposely inflicted.
Figure 10.
GRENADA: Mortality due to external causes, 1997
75
Estimated (crude) rate per 100,000
50
25
0
Wom en Men
Other external 1.2 19
causes
Hom icide 2.2 1.1
Suicide 1.1 1.1
Transport 2.2 8.5
accidents
Accidents, except 8.9 31
transport
Source: Idem.
Sexual and reproductive health
In 2004 the total fertility rate in Grenada was 2.4 children per woman.13
There were no maternal deaths in 2002.14
During the period 1985-2000, a total of 86 cases of AIDS were reported among men and 33
among women (Figure 11). An additional 4 cases were reported (3 in 1992, 1 in 1993) for which
the sex is unavailable, and only the totals are available for cases occurring in 2001 (5 cases) and
2002 (7). For 2003, a total of 12 male cases and 10 female cases were reported.15 In September
2005 there were 23 people under treatment with antiretroviral drugs;16 the number of people 15 to
49 years old who need such treatment is unknown.17
Figure 11.
13
PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC,
2005.
14
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
15
PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program.
16
Idem.
17
UNAIDS/WHO.
GRENADA: Reported cases of AIDS, 1985-2000
18
15
12
Cases
9
6
3
0
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
Men Women
Source: PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program.
Access to health services
Prenatal care and care at childbirth
In 2003, 100% of all births were attended by trained personnel and 99.0% of pregnant women
received at least one consultation for prenatal care, provided by a trained health worker.18
Health personnel
Although this topic is an essential element in the analysis of gender-based inequalities related to
the participation of women and men in the health sector, the statistics that would allow such
analyses are not currently available.
18
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
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