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Bioenergy Crop
Production
Hal Collins, Soil Scientist/Microbiologist
Hal Collins, Soil Scientist/Microbiologist
Vegetable and Forage Research Unit
Vegetable and Forage Research Unit
USDAARS, Prosser, WA
USDAARS, Prosser, WA
hcollins@pars.ars.usda.gov
hcollins@pars.ars.usda.gov
Bioenergy Crops: Are they worth considering?
Why the (renewed) interest?
US Energy Consumption
Oilseed/Ethanol crops Production Practices
Biodiesel Production
ARS/WSU BioFuel Variety Trials
Summary
BioEnergy Crops: Why the interest
February 4, 2004
Biodiesel Workshop Set, Feb. 17
Partnership Expands Clean Air Program: Fueling Metro
SPOKANE, Wash. Prospects for growing canola and
Transit buses with biodiesel will reduce greenhouse gas mustard as a renewable energy source in eastern
Washington is the topic of a workshop sponsored by
emissions Washington State University Extension, Feb. 17.
10/26/2004 "The goal of having a fully operable, local oilseed crusher is
closer than ever before," says Pam Kelley, a Pacific
SEATTLE The City of Seattle today joined with King County Metro Transit to begin Northwest Processors facilitator. PNP represents a group of
growers and business owners who are coordinating a
fueling buses with a combination of biodiesel, a clean fuel made from vegetable oil, regional effort to reap the highest value from processing
and ultra low sulfur diesel. Biodiesel reduces the greenhouse gas emissions that canola and mustard grain into biodiesel, livestock feed, and
contribute to global warming by 78% and allows fewer harmful particulates into our related value added products.
atmosphere.
The biodiesel portion of the fuel mix will be funded though Seattle City Light's
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Program. This boosts the utility's progress towards its
goal of being greenhouse gas neutral in 2005. The partnership with King County
Metro makes the transit system the largest biodieselpowered fleet in the state. Bill passed to encourage use of
biodiesel
Associated Press
OLYMPIA – With some gas prices topping $2 a gallon
and no relief in sight, some state lawmakers want to
give drivers more options at the pump.
The state House passed a package of bills on Tuesday
that would give tax breaks to encourage the production
and use of biodiesel, an environmentally friendly fuel
that can be used in any diesel engine.
Now just a few places in Washington state sell
biodiesel fuel, and it retails between $2.75 and $3.25 a
New Alamosa, CO Facility to Offer Nationwide gallon, compared to an average price of $2.03 per
Access to Biodiesel Blends gallon for regular diesel. But lawmakers and biodiesel
fans believe prices will drop if Washington can attract
biodiesel manufacturers to the state.
Alamosa, CO, October 20, 2004 – Blue Sun Biodiesel ® announces "As the price of petroleum goes up, the price of this
the nation’s first highvolume commercial biodiesel blending product will go down as we get into production," said
terminal and integrated biodiesel processing plant. High Rep. Brian Sullivan, DMukilteo, who sponsored the
performance biodiesel blends will be available from the terminal biodiesel bills. He said in Minnesota, where some
beginning this November. biodiesel production plants are located, the fuel costs
$1.80 a gallon.
BioEnergy Crops: Why the interest
● Increasing bioenergy crop production is a hot
topic. (biodiesel/ethanol)
● Drivers behind this interest include:
– Low commodity prices that can be used as
bioenergy feedstocks,
– Increasing fuel prices
– Environmental concerns with petroleum use,
– National security concerns about dependence
on foreign crude oil,
● The need to diversify agriculture’s commodity
base.
Reasons for Developing Biodiesel
● It provides a market for excess production of vegetable oils
and animal fats. New markets for PNW growers.
● The exhaust emissions from biodiesel, except for NOx, are lower
than with regular diesel fuel. Biodiesel provides substantial
reductions in carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and
particulate emissions from diesel engines.
● Biodiesel has excellent lubricating properties.
● It decreases the country's dependence on imported petroleum.
● Biodiesel is renewable and does not contribute to global
warming due to its closed carbon cycle.
● Very positive net energy gain, 34 to 1 ratio.
● High energy content: 120,000 BTUs per gallon (ethanol 80,000).
US Energy Consumption
• 38% of the energy consumed in the United States is
supplied by petroleum.
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• Currently there is an almost total dependence of the
transportation sector on petroleum, mostly gasoline.
U.S. Petroleum Consumption
• US petroleum consumption increased throughout the
last half century, domestic production peaked in 1970.
• The U.S. drop in production resulted in a dependence
on imported petroleum, which rose from less than 20%
in 1960 to more than 60% by 2004.
Annual PetroDiesel Sales (2004)
• Total diesel fuel consumption increased from about
200,000 barrels per day in 1950 to 3.5 million barrels
per day in 2004. (53 billion gals annually)
• Onhighway Diesel (billion gallons)
– 43.13
• OffHighway Farm
Current diesel
– 2.28 3.1 price at the pump
• Electric Power Railroad
$2.50 $2.80/gal
– 1.13 3.0
• Military
– 0.23
• Total Fuel Oil and Kerosene
– 57.1
From University of Idaho
http://www.uidaho.edu/bae/biodiesel/
PetroDiesel Fuel Prices
Oilseed and Biodiesel Production
• Soybeans make up 60% of all the
oil produced in the U.S.
• The majority of biodiesel produced
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
uses soybean oil and waste grease.
Other oilseed crops such as mustard, U.S. Biodiesel Production
40
rapeseed, safflower, sunflower and 35
Million Gallons
canola produce 1.5 3 times more 30
25
oil/acre than soybeans. The result will
20
be lower feedstock costs and improved 15
production efficiencies. 10
5
The PNW crop production potentials 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
are among the highest in the nation.
OilSeed and BioDiesel Production
Yield Yield
(seed) Biodiesel (seed) Biodiesel
Plant lbs/acre gal/ acre Plant lbs/acre gal/ acre
Corn 7800 18 Safflower 1500 83
Oats 3600 23 Rice 6600 88
Cotton 1000 35 Sunflower 1200 100
Soybean 2100 52 Peanut 2800 113
Mustard 1400 61 Rapeseed 2000 127
Camelina 1500 62 Coconut 2020** 287
Crambe 1000 65 Oil palm 4465** 595
Values shown represent yields under rainfed production. **lbs of oil /acre
BioDiesel Production
• The major economic factor to consider for input costs
of biodiesel production is the feedstock, which is about
80% of the total operating cost.
To bring down costs
value added products
are needed:
animal feed
glycerin
biofumigants
other
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• It takes around 7.5 pounds of fat or oil to produce a
gallon of biodiesel.
Quincy
Moses Lake
Ellensburg
Royal City
Othello
Mattawa Irrigation accounts for 37% of
croplands & 75% of crop sales.
Prosser Tricities
Walla Walla
Hermiston
Boardman
Major Crops of the Columbia Basin (OR, WA)
Value per
Crop Acreage acre Cost of Production
Carrots 8,400 $3,668
$2,000 – 2,500 acre
Onions 39,400 $3,653
Potatoes 193,000 $3,452
Asparagus 12,400 $2,574
Sugar beets 18,300 $1,424
Mint 61,800 $1,130
Silage Corn 83,000 $806
Sweet Corn 105,100 $632
Field Corn 74,300 $494
Peas (green) 42,900 $473
Alfalfa/hay 270,000 $458
Grass seed 56,000 $458
Beans 38,700 $326
Winter Wheat 102,000 $201
$110 – 160 acre
Spring Wheat 79,400 $144
Total 1,184,700
Source OAS, WAS, 2003
N
BioFuel Variety Trials W E
S
Cruciferae family Cruciferae family
Oilseed Biomass
RAPESEED AND CANOLA Brassica napus or B. campestris MUSTARD AND CRAMBE (Sinapsis alba/Crambe abyssinicia)
Oilseed Crops: Biodiesel
Range Range
Erucic acid Glucosinolate Erucic acid Glucosinolate
Mustards
% in oil Sunflowers meal
μmole in g oilfree % in oil μmole in g oilfree meal
Spring rapeseed Winter Rapeseed
RAPESEED 2 to 55 >30 MUSTARD >2 >30
Safflower
<2 Canola >30 CRAMBE 40 to 50 >30
>2
Soybeans <30
CANOLA <2 <30 Range
Crambe
Yield Oil Content
Spring Type Winter Type Lbs/ac %
Biomass Crops: Ethanol
Planting date Mid Apr Mid May Late Aug Mid Sep MUSTARD 1500 1800 25 27
Bloom 30 to 45 dap† Mid to Late Apr CRAMBE 1500 2000 28 30
Switch grasses (8 varieties)
Harvest 110 120 dap 300 310 dap
Field Corn
Yield (lbs/a) 2000 2500 4000 4500 Both crops are planted in the spring and required 110 to 120
Oil content 4045 % 40 45 %
Wheat residues 45 % dap to mature.
Compositae Leguminosae
SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius) SOYBEAN (Glycine max)
Planted: Early Spring Planted: Late Spring (to avoid frost damage/kill)
Growing season: 150 160 dap Growing season: 140 to150 dap
Yield: 3500 4000 lb/a (85 100 bu/a) Yield: 3000 3500 lbs/a (50 to 60 bu/a)
Oil content: 42 48 % Oil content: 20 22 %
BioFuel Variety Trials:Oilseed Crops
Objective: To quantify the environmental and economic
benefits of incorporating sustainable oilseed
and biomass based biofuel crops in irrigated
rotations.
To determine: 1) agronomics (seeding rates, dates, fertility);
2) influence on high value crops;
3) for mustards maintain biofumigation and;
4) production sustainability and profitability.
BioFuel Variety Trials: Irrigated
Yields 510 million gallon Facility
Biodiesel
Crop Variety Yield (lbs/ac) Yield (gal/ac)
Crambe Belann 830 27.8
Meyer 1056 42.3
X
Spring Mustard Idagold 1305 52.3
Pacific Gold 2194 87.8
60120,000 acres
Soybeans S19184 3880 103.5
S24222 3896 103.9 50105,000 acres
S21002 3510 93.6
S2788 3304 88.1
Spring Rapeseed Garnet 1876 112.6 4080,000 acres
Sterling 1770 106.1
Safflower CA 2545† 145.8 2550,000 acres (S, WRS)
†Under yielded, expected 3500lbs/ac; 200+ gal/ac (Based on expected yields)
Major Crops of the Columbia Basin (OR, WA)
Value per
Crop Acreage acre Cost of Production
Carrots 8,400 $3,668
$2,000 – 2,500 acre
Onions 39,400 $3,653
Potatoes 193,000 $3,452
Asparagus 12,400 $2,574
Sugar beets 18,300 $1,424
Mint 61,800 $1,130
Silage Corn 83,000 $806
Sweet Corn 105,100 $632
Field Corn 74,300 $494
Peas (green) 42,900 $473
Alfalfa/hay 270,000 $458
Grass seed 56,000 $458
Beans 38,700 $326
Winter Wheat 102,000 $201
$110 – 160 acre
Spring Wheat 79,400 $144
Total 1,184,700
Source OAS, WAS, 2003
Summary: BioDiesel Production
● Biodiesel crops, WILL replace a crop in an established rotation
Potential entry points:
Winter Rapeseed substituting for WW following potatoes, alfalfa
carrots or onions, or following WW, spring wheat, sweet corn.
Spring oilseed: Safflower, Sunflower, Spg Rapeseed/Mustards
substituting for spg wheat, field corn, peas, beans or sweet corn
prior to potato.
After harvest for rapeseed/mustard water chatter for fall cover
crop and biofumigation benefits.
● Can oilseed feedstocks be mixed for biodiesel production?
Crushers/Processing similar?
Decisions will be based on the banks, contracts and markets.
BioDiesel Markets
• Will the seedoil produced find its way to a biodiesel market,
or will higher priced markets for vegetable oil prevail?
Current market is food and the oleochemical industry
• Emerging Biodiesel Markets:
City of Tacoma (200,000 gals)
Tacoma Power (45,000 gals)
University of Washington (37,000 gals)
Navy
Mount Rainier National Park
• Potential Biodiesel Markets:
School District bus fleets
Transit (Yakima)
Washington State Ferries (20 million gals/yr)
individual local grower coops
Bioenergy Crop Production: Challenges
• Supply systems – harvesting, collection,
handling and storage – are significant
technological challenges.
Biomass is a local bulky resource, so
transportation can be a barrier.
Solution: conversion to energy dense
solid, liquid or gaseous fuels.
• Land availability competition for land
could lead to reduced food security.
CRP lands
BioEnergy Crop Production: Challenges
• Seed Availability
• Stability of oilseed/biomass supplies
and markets,
• Economic viability
• Weeds, Insects, Diseases,
• Issue of Rapeseed Production and
establishment of Rapeseed Districts,
• Limited Infrastructure,
• Location of Facilities,
• Legislation and Energy Policy.
BioEnergy: WA Legislation
P ro v id in g ta x in c e n tiv e s fo r b io d ie s e l a n d a lc o h o l
2 S H B 1 2 4 0
fu e l p ro d u c tio n .
Washington
P ro v id in g ta x in c e n tiv e s fo r th e d is trib u tio n a n d
2 S H B 1 2 4 1
re ta il s a le o f b io d ie s e l a n d a lc o h o l fu e ls .
E s ta b lis h in g re q u ire m e n ts fo r th e u s e o f b io d ie s e l
E S H B 1 2 4 2
b y s ta te a g e n c ie s .
E s ta b lis h in g a b io d ie s e l p ilo t p ro je c t fo r s c h o o l
E S H B 1 2 4 3
tra n s p o rta tio n .
E x e m p tin g o n e h u n d re d p e rc e n t b io d ie s e l fu e l
H B 2 9 3 7
fro m th e a d d itio n a l s p e c ia l fu e l ta x .
S B 6 4 8 7 P ro v id in g b io d ie s e l a n d e th a n o l fu e l m a n d a te s .
Governor Gregoire: Press Release Dec. 13 th , 2005
• Mandate for biodiesel blends in WA State.
• Infrastructure Incentives. 17.5 M
• Research Funding, Marketing
Conclusions
● Important drivers are in place for the
bioenergy industry.
Relatively low feedstock prices,
Environmental concerns with petrodiesel
Reducing dependence on foreign oil
WA State Legislature discussions are starting.
● Bioenergy industry benefits:
Increased feedstock prices for oilseeds,
animal fats and yellow grease
Increased number of jobs
Increased tax base from plant operations
and income taxes
Investments in plants and equipment.
Implications
● Ethanol and biodiesel, are connected together in the
overall energy picture.
● Ethanol production is definitely increasing in the
foreseeable future, probably close to five billion gallons
by 2008. Most of the ethanol will be processed in dry mills
so the supply of distillers grain will greatly increase.
● An increased supply of distillers grains probably will be
detrimental to the soybean meal market.
● Potentially, that suggests shifting production from
soybeans to corn or grain sorghum. Less soybean
production means less soy oil produced, which increases
its price.
● All of this speculation points to biodiesel production
coming from lower priced feedstocks, which will most
likely be animal fats and plant oils other than soy oil.
Photo B. Hopkins U of Idaho
Questions?
Resources:
University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
www.uidaho.edu/bae/biodiesel/
Dr. Jack Brown (growing oilseed crops, dryland)
Washington State University, Prosser, WA
www.prosser.wsu.edu
Dr. An Hang (growing oilseed crops, irrigated)
Dr. Steve Fransen (growing switchgrasses)
Oregon State University, Pendleton, OR
www.cbarc.aes.oregonstate.edu/
Dr. Don Wysocki (growing oilseed crops, dryland)
USDAARS
www.ars.usda.gov (Bioenergy group)
www.usda.prosser.wsu.edu/ (Dr. Hal Collins)
Value Added Marketing is Critical
Contracts
Grower Seed Storage
Contracting
Expeller/Crusher
Mutiplication
Oil Meal
Vitamins
Seed Amino acids
Development Proteins
Value added
Bypass proteins Supplement
Pharmaceuticals, Mill
Formulated Feeds
Biopesticides
Oil Customer
Feed
Pharmaceuticals
Food grade Biodiesel Cosmetics Customers
Plastics Toothpaste
Value added Glycerin Paints
Value added
Lubricants
Omega 3’s
Other
BioFuel Variety Trials: Switchgrass
Switchgrass is a native, longlived perennial,
warmseason species. It starts as a
bunchgrass but actually has short rhizomes
and will develop a sod over time. It has a
panicle seedhead with spikelets forming at the
ends of long branches. Varieties are cross
pollinated and largely selfincompatible.
Switchgrass varieties are designated as either
‘upland’ or ‘lowland’ types. Lowland types are
normally taller and courser than upland types.
Lowland types are more bunchy and tend to
grow more rapidly than upland types.
Three varieties are used in this research.
Kanlow is a lowland type while CaveinRock
and Shawnee are both upland types.
Steve Fransen, WSU, Prosser
BioFuel Variety Trials: Switchgrass
Objectives: Determine the adaptability of switchgrass based upon
yield monitoring, fiber quality, cultivar selection, nutrient
use efficiencies, weed control and irrigation
requirements.
Compare energy balances of ethanol produced from
switchgrass silage and hay to that of corn silage or grain
over seasonal accumulation.
Determine the reductions in feedstock quality and
ethanol yield from switchgrass/hay storage.
Develop an economic analysis of returns to switchgrass
growers necessary to sustain feedstock supply to
ethanol production facilities
Steve Fransen, WSU, Prosser
BioFuel Variety Trials: Switchgrass
Seeding Rate: 6 to 12 lbs/ac in late May or early June.
plant no deeper than ¼ inch,
Fertilizer 50 lb N /ac. Don’t over fertilize as it is a native
plant and doesn’t respond as well as most introduced
plants to fertilizer.
Irrigate 1525 in. depending on soil type. Watch irrigation,
roots will go to depths of 10 ft. for water and nutrients.
Allow the first year for establishment and don’t try
planting a cereal crop over the top, graze or hay until
after killing frosts in the fall.
Harvest for biomass but don’t cut lower than 4 to 6 in.
or this will retard regrowth and reduce stand life.
Steve Fransen, WSU
BioFuel Variety Trials: Switchgrass
6 months, Fall 2004 12 months, May, 2005
13 months, June 2005 First Harvest: June 24, 2005
BioFuel Variety Trials: Switchgrass
Table 1. Yield data from biomass variety trials at Paterson, WA and estimates of
land area needed to support a twenty million gallon ethanol facility.
Area needed to % of
†
Biomass Ethanol support 20 Planted
Yield Yield million gallon Crop
Crop Variety 1 1
(lb ac ) (gal ac ) facility (ac) Acreage
Corn (grain) 9,200 368 54,350 72.5
Corn (stover) 10,400 380 48,100 64.1
Corn (grain + stover) 19,600 748 26,800 35.7
Wheat (straw) 12,236 422 94,800 £ 52.4
Switchgrass Shawnee 4,880 ‡ 195
Kanlow 5,050 ‡ 201
Cave’n rock 5,340 ‡ 213
Est. Two Cuttings 10,180 407 49,120 15.4 €
† 1
Ethanol recovery from wheat straw is 69 gallons ton , from corn and switchgrass biomass is
1
80 gallons ton biomass. ‡ Single harvest June 24, 2005. £ Assumes 50% removal of residues.
€
Land area based on percentage of current forage and grass seed acreage.
BioFuel Variety Trials: Oilseed
Challenges as Acreage Increases
• Seed Availability
• Lack of Registered Herbicides
• Lack of Registered Insecticides
• Improve Harvest Efficiency
• Lack of Trained Agronomist and Consultant
Bioethanol Production
Total Energy Requirement of Farm Inputs, 9State
Weighted Average, Btu per Bushel of Corn, 2001
Input hauling
Purchased water
Chem icals Chemical Inputs are 60%
Custom work Seed Of energy requirements
Natural Gas
Electricity
LPG
Nitrogen
Gasoline
Diesel
Lim e Potash
Phosphate
from Hosein Shapouri
Net Energy Value of Ethanol
From R. Sopuck, Frontier Center for Public Policy
Manitoba, Canada.
World Oilseed Prices
Fall Planted Cover Crops and Green Manures
● The use of fall planted cover crops may serve as
an alternative to fumigation as well as mitigating
degradation to soil and environmental quality.
● Several studies have shown that certain cover
crops (Sorghum sudanense, Brassica spp.) are
effective in reducing the expression of pathogenic
fungi, plant parasitic nematodes, and weeds
through the production and transformation of
secondary plant compounds.
● Incorporation of cover crops increase microbial
populations and freeliving nematodes.
● Grower interest in using mustard for biodiesel
production.
BioDiesel Production
• The Univ. of Idaho has been developing a low cost
biodiesel fuel from mustard oil, which is low cost,
inedible oil.
• Mustard meal may become a high value pesticide
for the organic market. (Value added)
• Mustard biodiesel total production costs, including
all operation expenses, around $1.00 per gallon,
price would range from $2.00 to $2.50 at the pump.
• Cost of the feedstock will determine the final cost
at the pump.
Crop Rotations of the Columbia Basin
Soil Types: Sands to silt loams, SOM ranges 0.4 to 1%
Rotations: 2 6 yrs Potatoes rotated with:
field Corn wheat
sweet corn carrots
alfalfa onions
peas, beans, mint, sugar beets
Diseases and Pests
Fungal/bacterial pathogens: 12 major
Insects: CPB, aphids, leafhoppers, wireworms, mites, others
Virus: TRV, PVY, PVX, PLRV, others
Nematodes: root knot, stunt, lesion, stubby, others
53 million pounds pesticides are applied annually
Biodiesel Production
● 17 U.S. plants registered as biodiesel suppliers
● Dedicated production of 6080 million gallons
per year
● Up to 200 million gallons capacity available in
oleochemical industry
● Biodiesel important in Europe
– 40% of cars have diesel engines
– Germany big user, estimated 750 million
gallons in 2005
● German biodiesel is mostly from rapeseed oil
Bioenergy Crop Production:
• Bioenergy provides 1114% of the world’s energy
supply, but there are significant differences
between industrialized and developing countries.
• Bioenergy use in the U.S. is 4% compared to 20%
in Finland.
• In principle, bioenergy could cover all the world’s
energy requirements, but its real technical and
economic potential is low.
• Annual theoretical bioenergy potential = 2900 EJ;
Practical technical and economic potential = 270EJ
Current use = 55 EJ
Implications
● One of the reasons biodiesel use has
increased is that diesel fleets are willing to
pay a premium price for biodiesel blends
because they perceive biodiesel is cleaner,
healthier and better for the environment
than diesel fuels.
● If government mandates help enforce this
perception and pass regulations that
encourage biodiesel use, the demand for
biodiesel could dramatically increase.
Conclusions
● Agricultural producers can support the biodiesel
industry by using biodiesel in their equipment.
● About 3 billion gals of diesel are used annually
for crop production, nearly 6% of total US diesel.
● So increased biodiesel production could affect
the demand for plant oils and animal fats, thus
contributing to higher prices.
Bioenergy Crop Production:
“Bioenergy is energy of biological and renewable
origin, normally derived from purposegrown
energy crops or byproducts of agriculture,
forestry or fisheries” (Larsen et al., 2003)
Examples: Fuel wood
Organic waste
Biogas
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Bioenergy is the only renewable resource that is
available in gaseous, liquid and solid forms.
Bioenergy Crop Production:
• The end products of bioenergy crop
production systems can be used for:
transportation (Ethanol, biodiesel)
electrical supply (biomass)
heating (biomass)
BioFuel Variety Trials: Switchgrass
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