Get documents about "Russian History Identify 1 Rurik c 860 C E – first legendary ruler Grand Prince of Russia organized the rus of various Slavic settlements capital Kiev
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Russian History
Identify:
1. Rurik (c. 860 C.E.) – first legendary ruler, Grand Prince of Russia, organized the
rus of various Slavic settlements, capital Kiev
2. Vladimir I (980-1015) – considered many different faiths and decides upon
Greek Orthodoxy aligning himself with the Byzantine Empire, extended the
kingdom south to the Black Sea, the Caucasus, and lower reaches of the Volga
3. Ivan I (1328-1341) – “Moneybags”, Mongols leading tax collector, rus had to pay
tribute to the Golden Horde or Mongol Yoke, grand prince of Moscow (1328-40),
and grand prince of Vladimir (1331-40), from this point forward Moscow
becomes all important – “prince of all princes”
4. Ivan III (1462-1505) – “The Great” – Grand Duke of Moscow, 1480 used the
military to overthrow the Mongol Yoke and stopped paying tribute to the
Mongols, married Sophia the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor – Constantine
XI, the idea that Moscow “third Rome” was born, autocratic rule “divine right” of
Czars, unofficially took the title of Czar meaning Caesar, built the Kremlin
5. Ivan IV (r. 1533-1584) – “The Terrible” Officially took the title of Csar for the
first time, married Anastasia (Romanov), limited the power of the hated boyar
nobility, war and expansionism, iron fisted tyrant after his death “Time of
Troubles”, killed his son in a fit of rage
6. Michael I (r. 1613-1645) – grand nephew of Anastasia (1st wife of Ivan IV)
considered to be the first Romanov ruler following the Time of Troubles,
peasantry reduced to serfdom, dynasty lasts almost 300 years – until 1917
7. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) Czar of Russia, 6’7’’, energy and willful,
territorial expansion, 36 years of rule only new one year of peace, build up
military, first navy, serfdom more oppressive, major goals Westernization and
modernizing Russia, moved closer to European mainstream, built St. Petersburg
8. Catherine II (r. 1762-1796) – “The Great”, German Princess married Peter III,
became Czarina when her husband mysteriously died, saw herself as the rightful
heir to Peter I, goals – building projects, patron of arts & enlightenment, domestic
reform (freeing of the serfs – failed), known for her many men.
10. Alexander I – (r. 1801 – 1825) Ruled Russia during the Napoleonic wars. Helped
to finally defeat Napoleon, represented Russia at the Congress of Vienna,
grandmother Catherine the Great helped to raise him.
11. Nicolas I (r. 1825-1855) – motto “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality,” wanted
to preserve autocracy and protect the interests of the nobility that had been
hindered by reform, ruled more like a dictator, controlled universities and liberal
thought, employed censorship, persecuted religious and national minorities, first
Russian railroad 1838, attempts to dominate the Ottoman Empire led to the
disastrous Crimean War
12. Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) – considered a liberal Czar, ascended to the throne
in the middle of the Crimean War, attempted reforms, “better from above than
below”, 1861 emancipation of the serfs, mir – collective land system, 1864
created zemstovs or local councils, many radicals felt reform had not gone far
enough – 3 attempted assassinations before he was finally assassinated by a bomb
in 1881.
13. Alexander III (r. 1881-1894) – reactionary policies due to the assassination of
his father Alexander II, limited the power of the zemstovs, increased control over
peasantry, “russification” – persecuted all religious minorities especially Jews,
industrial production, beginning of the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad,
attempted to make Bulgaria a satellite nation
14. Nicolas II (r. 1894-1917) – last Romanov Czar, joined the allies during WWI,
committed to autocracy, indecisive and stubborn, suppressed the failed revolution
of 1905, made empty promises of a constitution, dismissed the Duma, his wife
befriended Rasputin to help cure there son Alexi of hemophilia, abdicated in Feb.
of 1917 and murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918
15. Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)- Russian revolutionary leader who was
instrumental in toppling the Russian monarchy. He was the second leader of the
Russian provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin seized power following the
October Revolution – fatal mistake his decision to continue WWI
16. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)- a Communist revolutionary of Russia, the leader of
the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union and the main theorist of
Marxist-Leninism, implemented the NEP or New Economic Policy, promised
“Peace, Land, and Bread”, “Stop the War Now”, instrumental in the October
Revolution of 1917, in exile during the February Revolution of 1917, altered
Marxist theory – revolution not based on historical laws instead on human
leadership, revolution possible in a backward country like Russia
17. Prince George Lvov (1861-1925)- A Russian Statesman, first leader of the
Provisional Government after the abdication of Nicolas II, WWI made him
unpopular so he resigned 1917
18. Grigori Rasputin (1869-1916) – “Mad Monk”, Russian mystic with an influence
in the later days of Russia’s Romanov dynasty. Rasputin played an important role
in the lives of Tsar Nicolas II his wife Tsarina Alexandra, and their only son the
Alexi. Contributed to the downfall of the Romanov Dynasty. Murdered by Felix
Yusopov
19. General Kornilov (1870-1918) - a Russian army general best known for the
Kornilov Affair, an unsuccessful military coup he staged against Kerensky’s
Provisional Government during the 1917 Russian Revolution, leader of the White
Army during the Russian Civil War
20. Peter Stolypin (1862-1911)- severed as Nicholas II’s Chairman of the Council of
Ministers from 1906 to 1911. he became known for his heavy-handed attempts to
battle revolutionary groups and influencing Nicholas to remain autocratic,
assassinated in 1911
21. Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)- was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist.
He was an influential politician in the early Soviet Union, first as People’s
commissioner for Foreign Affairs, and then as the founder and commander of the
Red Army – instrumental in retaining power for Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Fought
for power with Stalin after the death of Lenin, which he was then expelled from
the communist party, and later assassinated with an ice pick in Mexico, order by
Stalin
22. Joseph Stalin (r. 1924-1953) - Communist Revolutionary, General Secretary
under Lenin, power struggle with Trotsky 1920, NEP replace (too capitalistic) by
a series of Five Year Plans (Industry)-success at a high cost, human lives –
Collectivization (agriculture) – failure – high cost human lives, helped the allies
win WWII or the Great Patriotic War, instrumental in making USSR a world
power, nuke build up Cold War, killed 18 Million people
23. Nikita Khruschev (r. 1953-1964) – General during WWII, “butcher of the
Ukraine”, broke with Stalin’s rigid policies of Communism, 1956 began the
process of “destalinization”, 1957 Sputnik – space race during the cold war, 1964
Bay of Pigs fiasco he was forced to resign as he was upstaged by a communist
coup.
24. Yuri Andropov (r. 1982-84), Konstantin Chernenko (1984-85) – neither made
any real significant changes
25. Milhail Gorbachev (r. 1985-1991) – unknowingly will bring about the downfall
of the Soviet Union, broad sweeping political and economic change, decentralized
the economy, permitted multiple political parties, cut military spending, less
censorship, withdrew troops from Afghanistan, agreed to nuclear arms control
with the United States, improved relations with China, encouraged democratic
reforms in the eastern bloc, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, resigned Dec. 25
1991 marking the end of the USSR or Soviet Union
26. Boris Yeltsin (r. 1991-1999) – first elected President in Russian history,
President of the Russian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1991 Communist
hard-liners staged a coup against Gorbachev, Yeltsin was the leader in opposition
to the coup – climbing onto a tank and giving a speech defending democracy,
narrowly re-elected in 1996, regime marked with issues in Chechnya, heart
problems, economic slump, surprise everyone when he resigned new year’s eve
1999 and named his successor Vladimir Putin
27. Vladimir Putin (r. 1999-2008) – United Russian Party, resigned from the KGB
during the putsch against Gorbachev in 1991, Yelstin appoints him President
confirmed by 52% vote of the public, “managed democracy”, closed independent
TV stations, took over the energy industry, dominates both houses of the
legislature, will leave office based on the 1993 Constitution (two term limit for
President)
28. Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837)- Russian romantic author whom many consider
the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pioneered
the use of vernacular speech in the poets and plays created a style of story telling,
mixing drama, romance and satire
29. Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881)-one of the greatest of Russian writers, whose
works have had a profound and lasting effect on the twentieth-century fiction.
Often featuring characters with disparate and extreme states of the mind.
30. Leo Tolstoy (1898-1910)- A Russian novelist,, social reformer, pacifist, Christian
Anarchist, vegetarian, moral thinker and influential member of the Tolstoy
family, wrote War and Peace, and Anna Karenina
31. Peter Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) - Russian Composer of the romantic era,
although not a member of the group of nationalistic composers usually is known
in English speaking countries as the five, his music has come to known and loved
for its distinctly Russian character
Identify the following concepts or events:
1. “windows to the west” - – St. Petersburg created by Peter I (Great) of Russia,
West because of the influence of Western Europe, city built on bones because of the
many who died creating the city
2. Time of Troubles – (1584-1613) Ivan IV dies without a legitimate heir to the
throne, therefore, Russia experiences a period of princes and boyars fighting for
power
3. The Kremlin – self-contained city with palaces, churches, armories, medieval
fortress, under the reign of Ivan the Great the Kremlin became more magnificent
and the seat of royal authority and power, decline during the reign of Peter the
Great as he moved the capital to St. Petersburg, Bolsheviks returned to Moscow
in 1918 (WWI – Germans threatened St. Petersburg), second life of grand power
that still exists today
4. Boyars – upper nobility in Russia from the 10th through the 17th century, obtained
influence through their support of princes and participation in the military, power
and prestige tied to land ownership, Ivan II and IV weakened their power, Peter I
abolished their rank and nobility
5. Great Northern War (1700-1721) – Sweden’s Charles XII and a coalition led by
Peter I of Russia, result Sweden lost their domination of her supremacy as the
leading power of the Baltic replaced by Russia
6. Table of Ranks - (1722) Peter I Russia, based on merit not nobility, included
military, civil service, and court – 14 categories – system based on talent and
performance not genealogy
7. Pugachev’s Rebellion – Emelian Ivanovich Pugachev, peasant leader who led the
rebellion of 1773-74 during the reign of Catherine the Great, he exploited the
widespread belief that Peter III (Catherine II husband) was not murdered, he
claimed to be Peter III, he announced the end of serfdom, supported by peasants,
serfs, Cossacks, and many disgruntled lower class citizens who’s rights had been
increasingly curtailed over the past two centuries, revolt crushed and Catherine
exhibited greater control over the outlying areas
8. Crimean War – (1853-1856) – Russia’s desire to expand its territory into the
south near the Black Sea claiming religious reasons – persecutions of Eastern
Orthodox by Muslims– declining Ottoman Empire (sick man of Europe), Russia
v. Britain, French, Ottoman Empire, Sardinia, Treaty of Paris – ended the
dominant role of Russia in South Eastern Europe – Russia realized it’s
backwardness – Florence Nigtingale
9. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) – military conflict in which Japan forced
Russia to abandoned its expansionist policies(dominance over Korea and
Manchuria), first Asian power to defeat a European power in modern times,
Japanese launched a surprise attack at Port Arthur, President Theodore Roosevelt
and the US acted as a negotiator at the peace conference (Nobel Peace Prize) –
Treaty of Portsmouth, one of the multiple causes of the Russian Revolution of
1905 – led to Nicholas II issuing the October Manifest
10. Bloody Sunday – Father George Gapon formed the Assembly of Russian
Workers, attempt to form trade unions, safer working conditions, 8-hour work
day, price of essential goods (bread) rose, thus real wages declined 20%, 100,000
workers gathered in St. Petersburg and went on strike, drew up a petition calling
for the changes in the working conditions, and universal suffrage to end the
Russo-Japanese War, 150,000 people signed the petition and many marched to the
Winter Palace to present it to Czar Nicholas II – the police and Cossacks attacked
the workers killing 100, wounding 300 and sparking the Revolution of 1905
11. Revolution of 1905 – October 1905 workers strike, paralyzed the railway,
Trotsky and others set up the St. Petersburg Soviet, Czar Nicholas II put down the
revolution by suspending the October Manifesto, dismissing three times the
Duma, it served as a dress rehearsal to the revolutions of 1917
12. October Manifesto – Sergi Witte, chief minister, advised Nicholas II to make
concessions during the Revolution of 1905 – granted freedom of conscience,
speech, meeting, and association, promised individuals would not be thrown in
prison without a trial, no law would become operative without approval of the
Duma
13. The Duma – consultative body, 1st Duma elected by indirect universal male
suffrage, towns elected representatives and those people then chose the members
of the Duma, Nicholas II also created a State Council or upper chamber in which
he nominated half its members, Peter Stolypin replaced Witte – dismissed second
Duma, Third Duma ran its full five year term – dominated by reformers –
Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, Octobrists, Constitutional
Democrats, Duma closed down after the Bolshevik Revolution in October 1917
14. Zemstovs – 1864 local councils are created by Alexander II to replace feudal
courts and gov’t, nobility generally in charge
15. Pogroms – means “riot”, came to be applied to a series of violent attacks against
Jews in Russia late in the 19th and 20th century especially after the assassination of
Alexander II, after the Bolshevik revolution they ceased but were continued in
other nations of Europe (Germany, Poland – Hitler)
16. Mir – Russian peasant community created after the abolition of serfdom 1861 –
Alexander II – functioned like a corporate body, with an assembly, obligations,
and rights, mir would allocate arable land to members, amount of land allotted
was insufficient, Stalin abolished the mir and replaced it with collective farming
1928-29
17. Kulaks – prosperous land peasant in Czarist Russia after the emancipation of the
serfs in 1861, 1929 “liquidation of the Kulaks” under Stalin – many refused to
give up their land for the new Collectivization policies, by 1934 many had been
deported, purged, or arrested
18. Cossacks – guerrilla adventurer, lived north of the Black Sea and Caucasus
Mountains, fled from Moscow in the 14th and 15th centuries, wheat growing, live-
stock raising communities who owned landed communities near the Dnieper,
Don, and Ural rivers, Slavic origins, many cities in Siberia founded by the
Cossacks, many Cossacks fought with the White army during the Russian Civil
War, many were sent to forced labor camps under the reign of Stalin
19. Revolutions of 1917 – February, and October of 1917, repressive Czarist gov’t,
industry growing rapidly, growing population, land shortages, food shortages,
primitive farming methods, liberal enlightenment thought, general strikes,
mutinies, Marxism, Bolsheviks instrumental, eventually Lenin rises to power,
ended the 300 year political rule of the Romanovs
20. Red Army – during the October Revolution of 1917 Lenin decided that the
Russian Army should be turned into an instrument of the Communist Party, 1918
Soviet gov’t ordered the reorganization of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants
led by Leon Trotsky – fought and were victorious over the White Army during the
Russian Civil War (1918-20)
21. Petrograd Soviet – council set up in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in March of 1917,
a representative body of city workers, the Soviet undermined the Provisional
Government by issuing Army Order #1
22. Army Order #1 – issued by the Petrograd Soviet, stripped officers of their
authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common
soldiers – army discipline broke down, mass desertion and chaos – deeply worried
about counter revolutionary activity by the military
23. Bolsheviks- meaning “majority” A member of the radical group within the
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, which, under Vladimir I. Lenin's
leadership, staged the Bolshevik Revolution. In March 1918, the Bolsheviks
formed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and began calling themselves
Communists. That party was the precursor of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union.
24. Mensheviks - From Russian word for “minority”. Formed in 1903 at Second
Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party as a minority opposition
to the position of Lenin and the Bolsheviks (majority). Became the right-wing of
the party and split with Bolsheviks in 1912. Opposed the 1917 October
Revolution.
25. New Economic Policy - Lenin - officially decided in the course of the 10th
Congress of the Russian Communist Party. March 21, 1921, In essence, the
decree required the peasantry to give the government a specified amount of any
surplus agricultural, raw product, and fodder, and allowed them to keep the
remaining surplus to use as capital or to trade for industrial goods. Further decrees
refined the policy and expanded it to include some industries.
26. Five Year Plan – Stalin - a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid
economic development in the area of heavy industry, introduced in 1928. general
guidelines of the Communist Party for economic development, Russia becomes
the leading industrial power next to the US – “worker state” – “dictatorship of the
proletariat”
27. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – December 3, 1917, ended Russia’s participation in
WWI, 9 weeks of discussion, German Army ordered to continue advance into
Russia, Lenin ordered Trotsky to accept German terms, harsh, Russia surrendered
Ukraine, Poland, Finland, the Baltic Provinces, and the Caucasus, treaty renounce
with the defeat of Germany in 1918 to end WWI – western frontiers of Russia
accepted by a series of additional treaties
28. “perestoika” – “restructuring” – Policy introduced by Gorbachev in 1985 as
General Secretary of the Communist Party, major campaign targeting corruption
and alcoholism within the gov’t , more importantly introducing liberal economic,
political, and cultural reforms – intention of establishing a market economy and
encouraging private ownership in industry and agriculture
29. “glasnost” – “openness” – Gorbachev’s policies, revealed to the world some of
Stalin’s atrocities, changes in foreign policy, met with Ronald Reagan in 1987 and
signed the INF (Immediate Nuclear Forces) abolition treaty – thus both super
powers reduce nuclear weapons, additionally he made it clear USSR would not
interfere in policies of other Eastern European Nations – thus Communists ousted
from power in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Eastern Germany,
withdrew forces from Afghanistan in 1989
30. Chechnya – federal subject of Russia, located in the Northern Caucasus, since the
collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 they have sought independence at it
continues to be an area of controversy for past and present leaders of Russia
31. “managed democracy” – Putin’s political polices that are a combination of
authoritarianism and managed democracy, strong presidency and weak
institutions, state control of the media, control over elections, visible short-term
effectiveness and long-term inefficiency, “unstable stability”
