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UNESCO
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTlFiC
AND CULTURAL ORGANlZATlON
'BLUE OF SAMAKKAND'
INTERNATIONAL SkMPOSIUM
ON REVITALEATION OF TRADITIONAL CERAMIC
TECHNIQUES IN CENTRAL ASIA
Uzbekistan
6-9 June 2000
FINAL REPORT
llhYESC0 Tashhent Office
lyationd Commission of the Republic
of Uzbekistan for UNESCO
The proceedings was published with financial assistance of
UNESCO.
The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UNESCO. The
designations employed and the presentation of material throughout
the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso-
ever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its
frontiers or boundaries.
Editorial Board:
Mr. Barry Lane (Head of UNESCO Tashkent Office),
Mrs. Noriko Aika wa (Director, ln tangible Heritage Unit, Culture Sec-
tor, UNESCO Secretariat),
Ms. Khurshida Mambeto va (Consultant, In tangible Heritage Unit,
Culture Sector, UNESCO Secretariat),
Mr. Botir Usmanov (Director of tcle Department for Monuments Pro-
tection of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Uzbekistan),
Mr. Akbar Khakimov (Director, Tashkent Institute for Fine Arts),
Mr. Alisher fkramo v (Secretary- General, National Commission of
Uzbekistan for UNESCO),
Mr. Tulkun Shamsharov (Printing House of the Tashkent University
of World Economy and Diplomacy),
Ms. Elena Chemulova (Culture Department of the National Commis-
sion of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO),
Mr. Farruh Inogomo v (Culture Department of the National Commis-
sion of Uzbekistan for UNESCO),
Mr. Murod Shamsharov (Printing House of the Tashkent University
of World Economy and Diplomacy).
@ UNESCO, 2000.
@ National Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO,
Tashkent, 2000.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. Opening session
III. Agenda Item I: Merit of revitalization of Central Asian
traditional architectural ceramic techniques.
IV. Agenda Item 11.1: Survey on research undertaken in Central Asia
and elsewhere on the historical development of Central Asian tradi-
tional ceramics (plenary).
V. Agenda Item 11.2: Identification of the traditional methods, techniques
and source materials used in the production of Central Asian archi-
tectural ceramics (plenary).
VI. Agenda Item 11.3: Chemical analysis of traditional architectural ce-
ramics composition (plenary).
VII. Agenda Item 11.4: Country reports on preservation of traditional ce-
ramics and skills in different countries including their national policies
(plenary).
VIII. Agenda Item 111.5:Future Perspectives: Thematic discussions
(two working groups).
IX. Agenda Item 111.6:Reports from thematic sessions, including
group recommendations (plenary).
X. Agenda item 111.7:Regional and international co-operation:
presentation of draft action plan (plenary).
XI. Agenda Item 111.8:Approval of the Draft Action Plan for
Safeguarding and Revitalization of Traditional Ceramics of
Central Asia and Final Report (plenary).
ANNEXES
1. Agenda
2. Annotated Agenda
3. The UNESCO Questionnaire on Present Situation of Tradi-
tional Ceramics
4. List of Participants
5. List of Presentations
6. Program of the Symposium
7. Action Plan for Safeguarding and Revitalization of Tradi-
tional Ceramics of Central Asia.
3
FINAL SYMPOSIUM REPORT
The International Symposium on the revitalization of
traditional ceramic techniques in Central Asia
‘Blue of Samarkand’
Samarkand, Uzbekistan 6-9hne 2000
I. Introduction
1. The International Symposium ‘Blue of Samarkand’ was held in Samar-
kand (Uzbekistan) from 6-9 June 2000. The Symposium was organized by
UNESCO in close co-operation with the National Commission of the Repub-
lic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO.
The main objectives of the Symposium were (i) to analyze the value and ad-
vantages of revitalizing traditional architectural ceramic techniques in Cen-
tral Asia; (ii) to survey and summarize research undertaken in the field of
traditional ceramics of this region; (iii) to identify the methods, techniques
and chemical composition of architectural ceramic tiles; (iv) to assess the
present situation of traditional architectural ceramics and pottery (ceramic
objects for utilization and artistic/ethnic purposes) in different countries.
A primary goal of the Symposium was to elaborate efficient strategies to re-
search, revitalize and ensure the sustainable development of traditional ce-
ramic techniques in Central Asia.
Twenty-six participants from fourteen countries and twenty-three observers
(experts, government officials and masters) attended the Symposium. On
arrival participants received background information and working docu-
ments (Agenda, Annotated Agenda, Questionnaire, Programme, Draft List of
Participants). Participant papers were distributed during the Symposium. A
Draft Action Plan was proposed for the discussion of working group ses-
sions.
2. The meeting was funded by the UNESCO/Japanese Fund-in-Trust.
II. Opening ceremony
3.The Symposium was opened by Mr Nosirov, Mayor of Samarkand, who
welcomed UNESCO representatives, participants and observers. He ex-
pressed his pleasure that the Symposium was being held in Samarkand, a
historical city famous for its unique architectural ceramics. Mr Nosirov
stressed his appreciation to all participants, and UNESCO particularly, for
the strong interest shown in traditional architectural ceramics of Central
Asia, and the great support for the revitalization of ceramic techniques. Mr
4
Nosirov wished success to the Symposium and emphasized his strong belief
in future cooperation.
4.Mrs Aikawa, Director of Intangible Heritage Unit, then addressed the Sym-
posium as the representative of the Director-General of UNESCO, Mr Koi-
chiro Matsuura. Thanking the Uzbekistan authorities for assistance in the
preparation of the Symposium and hosting of this meeting, she also ex-
pressed UNESCO’s gratitude to the Japanese authorities for their contribu-
tion in organizing the Symposium.
Having highlighted the main purposes of the Symposium, Mrs Aikawa ex-
plained that UNESCO considers ‘traditional know-how’ as one of the vital
components of intangible cultural heritage. Moreover, she informed partici-
pants of the decision of the Executive Board of UNESCO to select the Pro-
gramme of Intangible Heritage as one of the seven priority programmes of
the Organization. She referred to the recent Director-General’s speech in
which he underlined the significance of safeguarding intangible heritage as
one of the means of maintaining cultural diversity, noting that the preserva-
tion of both tangible and intangible heritage contribute to the continuity of
cultural diversity - one of the fundamental missions of UNESCO. She then
stated that the Organization had therefore decided to commence launching
the Programme of ‘Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible
Heritage of Humanity’. This Programme has been initiated to establish the
world intangible heritage list after the manner of ‘World Heritage List’, prior
to the creation of an international legal instrument of which a preliminary
feasibility study is currently under the preparation.
In conclusion, Mrs Aikawa underlined the importance of the Action Plan to
be drafted during the Symposium, in which practical strategies for the revi-
talization of traditional architectural ceramics of Central Asia would be
clearly outlined. She stated that the Action Plan to be adopted by partici-
pants of the Symposium should be an efficient instrument to promote Cen-
tral Asian architectural ceramics.
5.Mr Barry Lane, Head of UNESCO Tashkent Office, welcomed participants
of the Symposium on behalf of the Director-General of UNESCO, Mr Koi-
chiro Matsuura. He highlighted the fact that Central Asia has a rich heritage
of ancient crafts reflecting many of the influences and cultures that plied the
Silk Roads different part of the world. He noted that traditional handicrafts
are an integral aspect of the heritage of Central Asian historical cities, and
that it is therefore important to promote crafts as a part of sustainable devel-
opment of these cities.
Moreover, Mr Barry Lane pointed out the necessity to elaborate a strategy to
ensure an adequate income and social function for artisans within modern
society and in relation to technology. Mr Barry Lane drew the attention of
participants to the results of Phase 1 of the ‘Blue of Samarkand’ project,
which was initiated in July 1998. In conclusion, he noted that this project
can serve as a ‘pilot’ for future revitalization and preservation of other Cen-
tral Asian traditional technologies.
5
6. Mr Ikramov, Secretary-General of the National Commission of the Repub-
lic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO, in his welcome address to participants of the
Symposium, reported that Uzbekistan’s national cultural policy focused on
the preservation of its unique heritage mainly with an orientation towards
establishing appropriate legal instruments and mechanisms. With regard to
research and documentation, Mr lkramov gave a detailed description of a
national training and research system aimed to revitalize traditional ceramic
techniques in Uzbekistan. He also informed the participants of recent publi-
cations of the International institute of Central Asian Studies situated in
Samarkand. In conclusion, Mr lkramov expressed his sincere gratitude to
UNESCO for its efforts in the preservation of the marvelous heritage of Cen-
tral Asia and he wished every success to the Symposium.
7. Election of Chairperson, Vice-Chairpersons and Reporters.
Mrs Aikawa conducted the election of Chairperson, Vice-Chairpersons and
Reporters:
Chairperson: Mr Botir Usmanov, Uzbekistan
Vice-Chairpersons: Mr Toh Sugimura, Japan
Ms Fisun Okyar, Turkey
Reporters: Mr James Allan, United Kingdom
Mr Yves Porter, France
Mr Usmanov then officially took the Chair.
III. Agenda Item I: Merit of revitalization of Central Asian
traditional architectural ceramic techniques.
8.Mr Usmanov, Head of the Office for Monuments for the Safeguarding of the
Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan presented his paper
for this item of the Agenda.
Mr Usmanov traced the history of Central Asian ceramics from the earliest
known sources and records to the present day. He focused particularly on
early medieval architecture closely connected to monumental fine art wall
decoration. He pointed out that achievements in the usage of different kinds
of bricks allowed the perfection of constructions and ornamental brick laying
of Central Asian architectural monuments. He then discussed renaissance of
monumental art and the wide-ranging practice of architectural glazed ce-
ramic tiles during the Timurids period in some detail.
Emphasizing the role of local laboratories, Mr Usmanov provided information
on methods for the restoration of architectural ceramics in Uzbekistan. Great
efforts were undertaken to protect this invaluable national heritage, and res-
toration and conservation works focused on the quality of the restoration
items. In this regard, the original materials of each architectural monument
of Uzbekistan were carefully studied. As a result, a catalogue of architectural
ceramic tiles was created. Moreover, specific methods were elaborated for
production of restoration materials and final quality examination. Masters
and restorers of Uzbekistan have extensive experience in preservation ar-
6
chitectural monuments. However, Mr Usmanov stated some of the difficulties
that national laboratories face today: the necessity for raw materials, the
lack of equipment for diagnosis and the need for further research into re-
stored architectural monuments, natural dyes, etc.
Mr Usmanov concentrated on the factors harmful to Central Asian monu-
ments such as underground waters, high seismology of the region, moisture
under the glaze tiles, uneven building foundation settlements, the continental
climate with extreme differences of day and night temperatures, etc. He drew
attention to the importance of architectural ceramic tiles as a strong cover
and protector of inner bricks. He underlined the need in all Central Asian
countries to address the revitalization of traditional techniques for production
of architectural tiles. Despite the fact that the recipe and chemical composi-
tion of traditional ceramic tiles were well-known, restoration laboratories of
Uzbekistan were unable to produce items of a quality equal to original.
In conclusion, Mr Usmanov proposed to organize regular training courses on
the revitalization of traditional ceramic techniques to promote the exchange
of experience between masters and researchers.
9. The Symposium was then opened to the floor for the questions and com-
ments.
Mr d’Errico (Italy) commented on the priority of restoring the building struc-
ture before the ceramic skin of the monument itself. He noted that it is
counter productive to change ceramic tiles without solving problems such as
the negative influences of underground waters, moisture, fluctuation of tem-
perature, etc.
In response, Mr Barry Lane (Head of UNESCO Tashkent Office) called on
the audience to concentrate on the topic of architectural ceramic tiles only,
as the issues mentioned by the previous speaker were matters for a sepa-
rate conference. He stated that the UNESCO Symposium entitled ‘Ground
water and soil salinity related damage to the monuments and sites of Central
Asia’ would be held in Samarkand in June 2000 just after the present one.
Mr Amankulov (Kyrgyzstan) underlined the necessity of complex restoration
works that include preventing internal and external negative factors effecting
monuments. He noted the impossibility of local authorities and governments
of Central Asian countries undertaking preventative measures due to the
lack of financial support, and urged international co-operation in this field.
In addition, Mr Rakhimov (Uzbekistan) stressed the urgent need to register
the knowledge of master craftsmen and to create a directory of masters and
their knowledge. He mentioned several examples of traditional ceramic
schools in decline due to the death of head masters, the keepers of tradi-
tional technological secrets. He proposed the making of a documentary film
on ceramic masters and their methods and techniques with a view to trans-
mitting this knowledge to future generations.
7
Ms Gyul (Uzbekistan) focused on a shortage of co-operation between mas-
ters and researchers. She pointed out the lack of coherence between two
closely connected bodies: fine art researchers and ceramic masters in the
preservation of particular ceramic schools in danger of decline.
Mr Zabolotnikov (Tajikistan) stated the need for international assistance in
the creation of specific training courses for restorers. He proposed the estab-
lishment of a regional cultural heritage center aimed to provide educational
courses and individual recommendations for restoration of monuments.
Mr Soganov (Kyrgyzstan) noticed the importance of providing masters with
support to train students and ensure a sustainable teaching process for each
traditional ceramic school of the region. He also proposed the establishment
of working relationships between governmental structures and private ce-
ramic workshops.
With regard to the contribution of women to the safeguarding of traditional
techniques, the following issues arose during the discussion:
l participation of women in daily processes of ceramics production;
l percentage of gender correlation in ceramic workshops;
0 role of women in the preservation of monuments and the transmission of
traditional knowledge;
l need for appropriate training for women.
IV. Agenda Item II. 1: Survey on research undertaken in
Central Asia and elsewhere on the historical development
of Central Asian traditional ceramics (plenary)
During this session the following presentations were made by:
l Ms Gyul, Uzbekistan
l Mr Sugimura, Japan
l Ms Maksudova, Uzbekistan
l Mr Odinaev, Tajikistan
lO.Ms Gyul made a review of studies undertaken in Central Asia on the his-
torical development of traditional ceramics. She provided a historiography of
the discipline, establishing a relationship between archaeological and eth-
nological research works.
Ms Gyul provided information on the first phase of studies of Central Asian
ceramics that commenced at the end of XIX century. During the XX century,
collecting of field materials continued and the first private and state collec-
tions were established. The development of archaeological ethnographic re-
search was an important factor in stimulating the process of traditional crafts
investigation, particularly in the field of ceramics.
8
She emphasized that investigations on the architectural ceramics had two
main purposes: first, to provide practical research aimed to revitalize tech-
niques of glazed ceramic production to be used for restoration of monu-
ments, and secondly, to further scientific research of ceramics as a fine art.
Ms Gyul highlighted that the study of the architectural ornaments focused
on the historical development of faced ceramics, technologies of production,
indexes of quality, references for modern artists, etc. Above all, she stressed
the importance of a significant collection of Central Asian glazed ceramics
preserved in the Fine Art Institute of Uzbekistan that includes three main ar-
eas: pottery examples of Afrosiab, ceramics of Timurids period and ceramics
of XVII-XIX centuries.
In addition, Ms Gyul identified the following centers of traditional ceramics:
-Fergana region (Rishtan, Gurum Saray, Kanibadam);
-Khorezm region (Madir village, Karabag village near Khiva, Kunya Ur-
gench);
-Bukhara and Samarkand regions (Samarkand, Urgut, Gijduvan, Shak-
hrisabz, Denay, Bukhara);
-Tashkent city.
In closing the presentation, Ms Gyul underlined that research in the field of
glazed architectural ceramics has been promoted recently. She remarked
that glaze ceramics are in high demand not only for restoration works but
also for the decoration of modern buildings. In this regard, she called on in-
ternational organizations and funding assistance to establish laboratories
dealing with the revitalization of ceramic glaze technology.
11 .Mr Sugimura gave a presentation on Islamic and Chinese ceramics of
Central Asia in the XV century in which he investigated the framework of an
archaeological project in Otrar city (Kazakhstan) in 1995.
Mr Sugimura highlighted the intercultural influences of the countries between
East and Central Asia as transmitted by a network of trade routes since the
ancient times such as Silk Roads. He then commented on the possibility of
ceramics development as well as technical and stylistic exchanges between
these two regions.
The speaker introduced the project general survey of Islamic and Chinese
ceramics of Central Asia that was implemented by Japanese specialists of
ceramic history in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan in
1995-1996. The project aimed (i) to investigate the locally produced Islamic
ceramics and kilns of Timurids period, together with imported Chinese por-
celains that were excavated or collected in the above-mentioned countries;
(ii) to analyze the type of Chinese porcelains that are preserved by local mu-
seums and archaeological institutions; (iii) and to ciassify them according to
their style and technique in co-operation with local scholars. Mr Sugimura
provided information on methods applied during this field trip.
9
Mr Sugimura addressed to the following issues concerning his research of
Central and East Asian ceramics:
l excavations focusing on Islamic cites in Central Asia are comparatively
less frequent than those of the ancient sites;
0 reports and other publications on Central Asian ceramics and results of
excavations are not easily available in other countries;
l difficulties in tracing the provenance of the Chinese pieces and fragments
collected;
. scholars’ indifference with respect to Chinese porcelains and in the in-
terrelation between Central Asian countries and East Asia.
With regard to above-mentioned issues, Mr Sugimura proposed the organi-
zation of a joint research project on the interrelations between Central and
East Asian ceramics in form, design, technology and level of study.
12. Ms Maksudova gave a presentation on laboratory work in the Restoration
Institute in Tashkent. Analyzing methods for restoration of architectural tiles
of the monuments in Uzbekistan, she made a survey of research undertaken
on ceramic glaze, under glaze basis, temperature of firing and chemical and
spectral analysis of glazes, etc.
She noted that restorers in Uzbekistan used modern technologies and ap-
proved methods for testing of the present situation of monuments and res-
toration works. Ms Maksudova emphasized the study of new clay deposits
that were examined for durability, frost resistance, watertight, water absorb-
ing, etc.
She reported that due to investigations on chemical analyses of glazes and
quality of colors, the Samarkand restoration workshop was able to produce
architectural ceramic tiles, the quality of which was comparatively equal to
traditional ones.
In concluding, Ms Maksudova focused on negative factors that influence
Central Asian architectural monuments such as continental climate, under
ground waters, salinity of grounds, environment, etc. She stated that today
restoration workshops of Uzbekistan enable to give complex and specific
recommendations for each monument after a careful study of all above
mentioned issues.
13.Mr Odinaev’s presentation aimed to clarify the special features of Central
Asian glazed ceramics of XII-XV centuries. He divided ceramic crafts of this
period into two groups according to the following attributes: (i) the continua-
tion of traditional ceramic production technology; (ii) the appearance and
development of innovative techniques on the basis of the previous period’s
achievements.
The speaker pointed out the importance of medieval manuscripts for ce-
ramic technology, the study of which could help to compare results of ar-
10
chaeological excavations and to revive some of the production methods and
recipes.
Mr Odinaev made a review of research on Central Asian ceramics. He fo-
cused on investigations that highlighted the chronological development of
Central Asian ceramics and gave a chemical analysis along with compara-
tive studies of ceramics in different countries. He added that there is little re-
search available on the technological processes of Central Asian ceramics.
Finally, Mr Odinaev referred to the archaeological excavations of ceramics in
Kalai-Bolo, Tajikistan. He noted that the ceramics of Tajikistan are almost
unstudied.
V. Agenda Item 11.2: Identification of traditional methods,
techniques and source materials used in the production of
Central Asian architectural ceramics (plenary)
The following presentations were made by
l Mr Allan, United Kingdom
l Mr d’Errico, Italy
l Mrs Kondratenko, Uzbekistan
l Mrs Moghaddam, Iran
l Mr Porter, France
l Mr Rakhimov, Uzbekistan
l Mr Artigas, Spain
l Mr Amankulov, Kyrgyz Republic
14.Mr Allan’s presentation dealt with Al-Biruni’s comments on the manu-
facturing of glaze in the X century, particularly the use of borax. His paper
aimed to provide textual and chemical information and physical analysis of
objects relating to the works of al-Biruni. In the future, Mr Allan in co-
operation with the Department of Archaeology in the University of Notting-
ham (UK) is planning to test the various ingredients mentioned by al-Biruni
in his ‘Kitab al-jamahir 17ma ‘rifat al-ja wahir’ .
Giving a brief outline of al-Biruni’s life, Mr Allan observed that due to al-
Biruni’s encyclopedic knowledge, this section of his manuscript on glazes
may well refer to practices over a wide-range of places in the geographical
area covered by modern Iran, Afghanistan and countries of Central Asia.
According to al-Biruni, the main compounds that form the basis material of
any glaze are quartz stones gathered from ravines, dry river beds or flints.
However, flints and quartz differing in chemical analysis may give a different
coloration when the coloring oxides are added.
Mr Allan then referred to described by al-Biruni the next ingredients, fluxes
(red lead, tin oxide, lead oxide, natron, borax and tinkar). He noted that the
reference to borax is extremely important since it was not used in western
11
ceramics until the late of XlXth century. Crude borax was exported west-
wards under the name tincal (or tinkar), both to the Islamic world and to
Europe. In Europe its primary uses were for soldering gold, whereas in Asia
it was used for soldering iron.
Mr Allan focused his presentation on al-Biruni’s comments of different color-
ants used in glazes. Quoting al-Biruni, Mr Allan restricted himself to the
question of the different red colors.
In conclusion, Mr Allan pointed out that al-Biruni’s section on glaze in his
mineralogy has brought to light the unexpected use of flint, borax and gold
in tiles and ceramics of early Islamic times.
15.Mrs Kondratenko made a presentation on the work undertaken in the Of-
fice for Scientific Restoration of Cultural Monuments ‘Me’mor-96’ in Samar-
kand, particularly on the ingredients for different kinds of glaze.
For many years the third generation of Uzbek restorers have been working
on the revitalization and perfection of restoration technology. This office was
producing the following items as facing material for architectural monuments
in Uzbekistan:
0 terracotta tiles;
l glazed tiles;
0 majolica tiles;
l kashin burish tiles;
0 ceramic bricks.
Mrs Kondratenko focused on raw materials that the laboratory used for res-
toration works such as ceramic loss of the native origin, fire resistant clay of
the Angren city, quartz sand, metal oxides, ishkor, etc.
The speaker emphasized the close cooperation between the workshop’s staff
and scholars in the study and selection of glazes. She mentioned the difficul-
ties of selectioning white and blue colors to restore the ancient technology of
ishkor glaze producing. After numerous tests and research the traditional
technology of ishkor glaze was revived. Mrs Kondratenko briefly described
the technology of ishkor glaze preparation.
Mrs Kondratenko highlighted the achievements of the Samarkand ceramic
workshop regarding the water-absorption and improving the frost firmness of
architectural tiles in order to protect the monuments from negative factors
such as climate, aggressive surroundings, birds nesting on the domes, etc.
16.Mr d’Errico presentation focused on his restoration work in Sultaniyya in
North West of Iran in 1974 - 78. He emphasized the importance of different
kinds of bricks in the construction and design of architectural monuments.
He highlighted the issues of high porous brick surfaces and the necessity of
glaze which protects them from water insertion.
Mr d’Errico mentioned that despite the wide spread inexpensive production
of industrial glazed ceramics with usage of chemical ingredients, it is neces-
12
sary to revive ancient techniques of making glazed tiles in Timurids style of
more genuine qualities. He pointed out that a technique of producing bricks
and wbiscuitsn for ceramic tiles in Uzbekistan is relatively similar to those re-
gions and countries where this tradition continues. In addition, Mr d’Errico
gave a brief description of methods for re-producing of blue glazed tiles that
he used for restoration works.
Mr d’Errico focused then on different causes that lead to the destruction of
monuments. He urged that the first action to be undertaken before any res-
toration work on decoration begins should be the establishment of the nature
and gravity of building deformations and other relevant causes that may also
affect to decorative elements.
Above all, the lack of accuracy on structural investigation and non-adequate
study of building components and materials, as well as inappropriate use of
traditional techniques could result the irreversible defects of its structure and
architectonic design along with fail in rescuing the authenticity of forms and
patterns.
The speaker focused also on the phenomena of capillary which is a common
problem for all monuments of Central Asia. Remedial measures to rectify
static equilibrium of fabrics must be one of the first steps in the restoration
process, before any work commences in restoration of decoration.
Mr d’Errico concluded that a correct concept of restoration will preserve their
authenticity and prevent dangerous further destabilizing process of preser-
vation of the structure and building materials as well as the original patterns
and forms.
17.Mr Artigas made a presentation entitled ‘The spirit of ceramics’. He in-
sisted on the quality of wood firing and spiritual aspects of the craft. Mr Arti-
gas expressed his view that changes from a traditional wood kiln to the
electrical or gas kilns lead to the lose of the rich spiritual atmosphere of the
ceramics firing process. Moreover, he stated that electric or gas kilns may
increase the oxide content in ceramics and reduce the carbon dioxide.
Mr Artigas underlined the importance of traditional ceramics firing tech-
niques. Speaker pointed out that with a small number of ingredients it is
possible to receive a wide range of colors. He emphasized also that the tra-
ditional richness of flame and smoke is impossible to obtain using in indus-
trial methods. Despite the great advantages of microscopic and other kinds
of chemical analysis and scientific research, it is important to keep using the
same traditional techniques, especially wood firing.
Moreover, restoration works must be done in accordance with the approved
rules of the art. Mr Artigas reiterated the importance of restoration works in
Uzbekistan with participation of local masters that may know the wood fir-
ing, even if the secrets of the glaze have been lost.
13
Mr Artigas suggested that an immediate follow-up to the Blue of Samarkand
Symposium’s Action Plan would aim to a co-operation for the common goal
and will enrich the local people by traditional knowledge. Mr Artigas ex-
pressed his sincere belief that all these will be done not only for preservation
of stones and ceramics but also for spirit, history and culture.
18.Mrs Moghaddam gave a paper on identification of traditional methods
and techniques used in the production of ceramics in Iran and illustrated it
with a film of her creative work.
She focused on the kaolin clay which is well-known for its high quality spe-
cially the purest part selected from the mine. She provided information about
her experience in the town of Tabriz situated in north-west part of Iran, which
is a traditional source center for kaolin. Furthermore, Mrs Maghaddam briefly
described the process of kaolin clay preparation.
Mrs Moghaddam noted that modern technology provides possibilities to in-
crease production at a lower price without neglecting traditional techniques.
Further to this, Mrs Moghaddam drew the attention of participants to the
process of enamel preparation, firing, coloring, carving and decoration
through her filming in her workshop.
19.Mr Porter presented a paper on the techniques of underglaze painted tiles
according to the Persian sources. He offered a new interpretation of the word
‘batanih’ as siliceous slip.
Mr Porter focused on several documents written in Persian that provide in-
formation on making ceramic underglaze painted tiles. He mentioned the
treatise written by Abu al-G&em in 1300 AD and Ottoman documents pub-
lished in 1990 by Ciblru Necipoglu, stating that a comparison of these
sources with analysis of objects and practices allows the retracing the history
of the tile manufacturing operations’ revitalization with identification of ma-
terials used.
Mr Porter noted that the description of the technique for manufacturing poly-
chrome ceramics given by Abu al-Qasem was somewhat puzzling with re-
gard to technological precision. However, it was a source of considerable
historical interest. Mr Porter gave an explanation to some terms named in
the Abu al-G&em’s manuscript.
Mr Porter then gave a historical review of the development of polychrome
underglaze painted tiles in Central Asia in the XIV century, focusing on
changes and improvements of techniques.
In addition, Mr Porter made an investigation of polychrome glazes in Otto-
man Anatolia that were closely related to the development of this technique
in Timurid Central Asia. He emphasized the ingredients described in Otto-
man documents.
14
In conclusion, Mr Porter reiterated that the study of written sources consti-
tuted an essential contribution and a necessary step in the accumulation of
knowledge of ceramic materials and production processes. He emphasized
that the analysis of these sources needs to be completed with architectural
and archaeological evidences, together with a coherent programme of
chemical analysis of the materials.
20.Mr Rakhimov provided an information on the results of his research in
Fergana Valley in 1998, which constituted Phase I of the ‘Blue of Samar-
kand’ project.
Investigation and elaboration of methods for the creation of natural glazes as
well as the production and practical usage of local ceramics were made for
the following purposes: (i) the restoration of historical-architectural monu-
ments of Uzbekistan; and, (ii) the natural dyeing of ceramics used for mod-
ern monuments. He focused on the chemical and physical analyses of differ-
ent kinds of clays and plants used for preparation of ceramics and natural
dyes.
During this project, clay from three different deposits (Parkent, Samarkand
and Fergana regions) was used for the production of clay and ishkor glazing
by traditional methods. Mr Rakhimov gave a detailed description of the fol-
lowing phases of his research in the framework of the ‘Blue of Samarkand’
project:
l production of the clay for pattern and majolica tiles;
l treatment and preparation of clay;
l formation of mass and drying;
l preparation of natural ishkor glazing;
l preparation of angoba (background dye);
. usage of natural dyes for decoration of ceramic tiles;
l firing of ready products.
Mr Rakhimov compiled a map of ishkor plant growing places in the Fergana
Valley, Samarkand and Tashkent regions.
To illustrate his presentation, Mr Rakhimov showed a video film.
21. Mr Amankulov provided information on brick sizes of different periods of
history. He emphasized the damage made to monuments of Uzgent through
the use of cement and materials of poor quality.
He underlined that traditional technology of baking and make-weight
(admixtures) played an important role in temporal determination of the an-
cient ceramics. In restoration of monuments in Kyrgyzstan one of the im-
portant questions was the coherence of restored and original ancient ce-
ramics. Restorers of Kyrgyzstan therefore were trying to revive the rules and
principles for creation of constructive ceramic bricks, glazed tiles, carved
terracotta.
15
Mr Amankulov emphasized the importance of traditional brick laying on a
plastic solution of clay with ganch addition, which in contract to the modern
methods with usage of cement. He focused on attempts by restorers to
strengthen ancient laying techniques using chemical reagents and cement,
the deterioration of a process which was causing the bricks themselves and
therefore effecting the actual monuments.
The speaker then drew the attention of participants to the issue of maintain-
ing the traditional cultural and ecological environment in the preservation of
monuments.
In conclusion, Mr Amankulov underlined once more the importance of revi-
talization of traditional ceramic techniques.
VI. Agenda Item 11.3: Chemical analysis of traditional
architectural ceramics composition (plenary)
The presentations were made by
l Mr Pourshiravi, Iran
l Ms Okyar, Turkey
l Mrs Irkahodjaeva, Uzbekistan
l Mr Kidate-Mr Teramae, Japan
22.The main topic of Mr Pourshiravi’s presentation was the pathology of
Qajar period’s azure tiles in the Sayed Mosque in Isfahan. He focused on the
methods for reversing the weathering of the tiles through heating.
Following a detailed description of the current situation of Sayed Mosque in
Esfahan, Mr Pourshiravi drew the attention of the audience to a peculiar
damage in the azure glaze of polychrome tiles which was spreading to other
parts of the tiles and causing more deterioration and paleness.
On his opinion, the vulnerability of the glaze was directly related to use of
raw materials and production methods. Among the most problematic
causes, he considered aging, temperature and pH(2). In this regard, Mr
Pourshiravi proposed the following chemical mechanism for treating dete-
rioration and dissolution of crystalline and vitreous materials in the glaze:
l Congruent dissolution by simple dissolution;
l Congruent dissolution through chemical reaction with the solvent;
l Incongruent dissolution with crystalline productions formation;
l Incongruent dissolution with non-crystalline layers formation;
l Ion exchange.
In order to restore the crystalline network of the glaze, the original architec-
tural tiles were tested by the means of Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA).
The test showed that with an appropriate re-firing temperature it was possi-
ble to restore ceramic tiles. Through a thermal treatment with a particular
16
time table a tile sample from the southern veranda of Sayed Mosque was re-
fired and the following results obtained :
l Restoration of the faded azure glaze;
l Consolidation of the worn and weak glaze without inserting additional
substances;
l Generating crystalline correlation between faded glaze layer and intact
one;
l Prevention of ion exchange which led to surface hydration and glaze de-
terioration and finally postponing glaze deterioration at the intact parts;
23. Ms Okyar made a presentation on chemical composition of XVI century
lznik ceramics based on electronic microscopic analysis. This study involved
semi-quantitative oxide compositions of the glaze and bodies of a group of
lznik ceramic shreds of different styles. All examined shreds were selected
from the materials excavated in ‘lznik Tile Kilns Excavation in 199 1’. Two of
the studied shreds were the so-called ‘Golden Horn’ and ‘Damascus’ wares
and the other two were bole red and polychrome slip ware. Studies were
mainly carried out in optic and scanning electron microscope. Samples were
selected to provide sections through the characteristic colorants used for the
decoration. The glaze, slip and body characteristics and the microstructures
of the shreds were examined. In the body of the studied shreds it was de-
tected that lead frit was used and the glazes were of the lead alkali type. The
glazes contained approximately 5% tin oxide of which the majority was in
solution.
The aim of this study was to compare the shreds of the different styles from
the microstructure and composition point of view and enlighten the produc-
tion technology of these ceramics. Ms Okyar gave a description of applied
methods and chemical analyses of four lznik pottery shred of different styles.
Ms Okyar summarized that generally the microstructure and chemical com-
position of examined shreds indicated that the production techniques and
sources of materials used for tile manufacture was nearly the same for all
types of lznik ceramics. She then showed a film on the contemporary lznik
workshop.
24.Mrs lrkahodjaeva made a presentation on chemical analysis of traditional
ceramics composition made in the laboratory of the Institute of Inorganic
Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan situ-
ated in Tashkent.
Mrs lrkahodjaeva used a quantitative chemical analysis to discover the
chemical content of Central Asian traditional ceramics. The complex of
chemical-technological investigations, as well as other data, enables the
clarification of the of manufacturing level of building materials in the past
and the identification of the main sources for separate recipes of glazes and
their basis.
17
The research subject was the ceramic body and glazes of numerous monu-
ments in Uzbekistan, as well as modern patterns produced in Samarkand
workshop. A comparative estimation of quality by ancient and modern ar-
chitectural building materials on the basis of experimental data of water ab-
sorption, frost resistance, the ratio of thermal expansion of the ceramic pat-
terns and their glazes was given. The majority of materials were studied by
the method of spectral analysis that allowed the investigations of an ap-
proximate content of components.
Mrs lrkahodjaeva provided tables on comparative analysis of traditional tiles
of the X-XVII centuries and modern examples concerning the chemical com-
position of ceramic tiles. These tables revealed that the chemical contents of
ceramic grounds of architectural monuments were mostly similar.
Analyzing the chemical analysis of dark blue glazes, Mrs lrkahodjaeva con-
cluded that pottery (objects of ceramics) and architectural glazes of Afrosiab
(Xl c.) differ very much from examples of XII-XIV century glazes. At the
same time, the architectural glazes of the medieval period were almost the
same for all monuments. Analysis of glaze from Nadir-Divan-Begi showed
that masters of XV!! century have been trying to revitalize a five-component
traditional glaze recipe for architectural tiles. One of the main ingredients of
the glaze was cobalt oxide, which was sometimes mixed with copper.
Results of the analysis showed a deficiency of restorations workshops that
did not include a tin oxide into the recipe of dark blue glazes. This compo-
nent was found in almost all of monuments of Xl-XVII C.C. Including tin oxide
in the glaze may make darken exciting blue.
Mrs lrkahodjaeva emphasized the chemical composition of color glazes.
Analysis were done on the basis of a study of glazes from different monu-
ments of Uzbekistan. The speaker concluded by reporting that the results of
chemical analysis reveal that nowadays it is possible to revitalize recipes of
ancients glazes and to improve the quality of restoration works in Uzbeki-
stan.
25.Mr Kidate and Mr Teramae made a comparative analyses of chemical
composition of Uzbek and Japanese traditional ceramic schools.
First of all, speakers introduced the ‘Kutani Ware’ providing information on
its chemical composition. Mr Kidate and Mr Teramae described their activi-
ties making white porcelain and the accompanying decorative motifs by
Japanese traditional over graze enamels, whereby they bake ceramics at a
high temperature of 1,300” C. Speakers emphasized the decorative tech-
niques transmitted from China to Japan in the XV!! century.
Comparing Islamic and Japanese pottery, Mr Kidate and Mr Teramae made
a brief chemical and technological analyses. They found that ‘Raku Yaki
Ware’ ceramics used in Japan as tea bowls and other items at traditional tea
ceremonies were similar to Uzbekistan’s traditional ceramics. Drawing par-
allels between Uzbek and Japanese pottery, speakers focused on the
18
‘Hakuun’ pottery which has been made in the Nagoya district in Japan since
1933.
Summing up, Mr Kidate and Mr Teramae pointed out that Central Asian and
Japanese pottery shared similarity. At the same time, ‘Hakuun’ pottery of
Japan is similar in the manufacture process to European pottery. Speakers
therefore made a hypothesis that artisans of ‘Hakuun’ pottery may be helpful
in manufacturing of Uzbekistan pottery. With regard to the practical produc-
tion of the pottery, it is important to use inexpensive raw materials that
should be procured near the place of production. For this reason, Mr Kidate
and Mr Teramae were deeply interested in knowing more about kilns and
techniques used for production of traditional ceramics in Uzbekistan.
26.Following these presentations, the floor was opened for discussion that
covered the following topics:
Mr Maksudova (Uzbekistan) reported on the different results of chemical
analyses done in institutes of Uzbekistan. Participants exchanged informa-
tion on possibilities of using a wide range of analysis that may include min-
eralogical and micro-structural approaches while examining the chemical
constitution of architectural tiles.
Mr Usmanov (Uzbekistan) focused on the impact of the soil environment on
archaeological specimens. The discussion continued on the subject of the
necessity of using correct methods for restoration works, drainage of under-
ground waters, etc.
Mr Porter (France) drew attention to the use of siliceous slip to provide co-
hesion between body and glaze. Participants pointed out the need to protect
the bricks and body of monuments from damage due to changing climates,
environment, moisture, etc.
Mr d’Errico (Italy) then noted the problem of keeping tiles protected from
weather. In particular, he mentioned the effect of mechanical grounding on
fitting tile edges together and on the issue of tiles freezing. In this regard,
participants proceeded to discuss reasons for the destruction of monu-
ments. Emphasis was placed on the chemical composition of bricks and
glaze, water insertion, methods of precise bricks laying, etc.
Mr Amankumlov (Kyrgyzstan) then raised questions related to the ishkor
glaze composition. In response, Mr Allan (United Kingdom) proposed the use
of borax for the production of ceramic glaze in case of a lack of ishkor plant
ressources.
19
VII. Agenda Item 11.4: Country reports on preservation of
traditional ceramics and skills in different countries
including their national policies (plenary)
The presentations were made by
l Mr Jalilov, Kazakhstan
l Mr Soganov, Kyrgyz Republic
l Ms Young-Won Kim, Republic of Korea
l Mr Zabolotnikov, Tajikistan
l Mr Kuziev, Uzbekistan
27. Mr Jalilov focused on the restoration of Kazakhstan monuments, par-
ticularly on the Hodja Akhmad Yasevi mausoleum in Turkestan city. Mr
Jalilov underlined that the current issue of revitalization and sustainable de-
velopment of traditional ceramic techniques is very relevant to Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan possesses more then 25,000 recorded examples of tangible
historical, archaeological, architectural heritage, 70% of which contains ele-
ments of decor, construction or some details of raw or burned bricks and
colored glazed tiles.
The Hodja Akhmad Yassevi monument in Turkestan city is an example of a
distinctive architectural monument which embodies a range of traditional
architectural tiles. This architectural complex was in restoration from the end
of XIX until the middle of XX centuries.
For a period of several years (1972- 1984), the chemical analysis and quali-
ties of architectural monuments were carefully examined by contemporary
physical and chemical methods. The relevant technological standards were
elaborated on the basis of these results. In addition, ancient clay deposits
were thoroughly studied with a view to producing traditional ceramic tiles.
The content and technology for manufacturing eight traditional glazes were
revitalized and applied for restoration of monumental facing. An appropriate
temperature for firing was fixed and special parameters for drying, firing and
exposure were established. As a result, termo and acid resistant glaze was
produced. In addition, technology concerning majolica glaze tiles, methods
for gold applying on the glaze tiles together with painting and plant orna-
mentation were elaborated. The quality of the results were considered to be
equal to traditional tiles.
Today, restoration of the Hodja Ahmad Yassevi monument is undertaken by
the Turkish State Company for Restoration of Architectural Monuments
‘Vakif Inshaat’. This involves restoration for the strengthening of fundament
and constructions.
In conclusion, Mr Jalilov called on UNESCO to support regional and interna-
tional meetings of masters and researchers, exhibitions of ceramics and
training in the field of marketing and promotion of ceramic productions. He
20
presented to UNESCO a book of a famous Kazakh scholar, entitled ‘ The se-
cre ts of tb e h ea vens glaze ‘.
28.Mr Soganov focused his presentation on the work of the Creative Center
‘Golden Valley’, situated in Osh city in Kyrgyzstan. This Center is the only
organization in South Kyrgyzstan dealing with permanent production of ce-
ramics.
He pointed out that due to a lack of local raw materials, masters of ‘Golden
Valley’ have to import dyes, enamel and glaze from other countries. Re-
cently, researchers of Kyrgyz-Slavic University (Kyrgyz Republic) began in-
vestigations for the elaboration of methods for the manufacturing of main
ceramic ingredients with the view to reducing the gap of raw materials.
Above all, the organization aims to provide training in traditional techniques
for local masters, to support local and national exhibitions, sales and com-
petitions.
In conclusion, Mr Soganov advocated international co-operation and the as-
sistance of UNESCO in efforts to preserve traditional Kyrgyz ceramics and to
encourage the transmission of ceramic know-how to younger generation.
29.Ms Young Won Kim presented a paper on architectural ceramics in tradi-
tional Korea providing an interesting comparative study.
The presentation of Ms Young Won Kim focused on three fields:
(i) early traditions of glazed architectural ceramics in Korea (VI-VII centu-
ries) ;
(ii) development of architectural ceramics during the Unified Silla period
(668-935 AD);
(iii) architectural ceramics of the Koryo Dynasty (918-139 1 AD).
She focused on roof tiles and bricks that comprise a major constituent of
Korean architectural ceramics. Primarily stoneware and glazed roof tiles
were first utilized only in royal architecture or important Buddhist temples
during the Paekche dynasty. After Silla (668-935 AD) unified the country,
earthen roof tiles continued to enjoy dominance in the architectural ceramic
landscape. Glaze ware however was mostly reserved for the burial urns of
the elite families. This was a time of rapid development in the architectural
ceramics. The Koryo dynasty (918-1391 AD) renewed the ceramic traditions
and produced many ceramics related to daily use by royal aristocratic fami-
lies. But architecturally related goods were rare and the only examples have
been in Kangjin kiln sites, where celadon roof tiles have been discovered.
Ms Young Won Kim reported that relics taken from various excavation sites
show the same glaze applied to a wide variety of shapes and designs. Highly
organized geometric designs, fluid arabesque floral patterns, and intricately
carved monstrous visages were highly predominant motifs skillfully deco-
rating bricks, roof tiles, burial urns, bowls and dishes.
21
Ms Young Won Kim summarized that considering three above-mentioned
periods, until the Koryo dynasty, architectural ceramic tradition in Korea
have endured over 700 hundred years.
30.Mr Zabolotnikov reviewed research undertaken on Tajikistan traditional
ceramics. This research focused mainly on traditional methods and chemical
analysis of Tajik ceramics.
He then listed the following Tajikistan institutions concerned with the tradi-
tional ceramics:
l Institute of History named after the Ahmad Donish;
l Behzod Institute of History of Region and Fine Arts;
l Ministry of Culture of Tajikistan;
l Arts Fund of the Union of Artists of Tajikistan;
l Ministry of Local Industry.
Furthermore, Mr Zabolotnikov described some measures undertaken to sup-
port masters ceramists in Tajikistan. Among them was the establishment of
the title of ‘Tajikistan Peoples Master’ that is given to selected masters, an
elaboration of a special legal system granting regular payments, social se-
curity and welfare, teaching on the individual methods, etc.
He focused on particular difficulties that Tajikistan ceramic masters are fac-
ing today. Due to decreasing of local markets it is difficult to promote tradi-
tional ceramics and moreover it is almost impossible to export ceramic pro-
duction. It is therefore necessary to support the old masters so as to ensure
that traditional techniques and knowledge are transmitted to young genera-
tion.
In conclusion, Mr Zabolotnikov highlighted the unique ceramic art of women
that exists in the mountain regions of Tajikistan. He requested UNESCO as-
sistance in order to undertake a feasibility study on ceramics created by
women of Tajikistan which are near disappearance in order to revitalize and
preserve them.
31.Mr Kuziev provided information on state support and encouragement of
craftsmen in Uzbekistan. He underlined that revitalization and safeguarding
of traditional culture is a priority of national cultural policy. The government
of Uzbekistan adopted some practical activities for the preservation of this
heritage.
He underlined the special attention of the government of Uzbekistan to the
revitalization of traditional crafts. He focused on a special decree of the
President of Uzbekistan on ‘State support of future development of folk art
crafts and applied art’. He then gave a detailed description of economic sup-
port to craftsmen that is provided by official structures.
Mr Kuziev added that the honorable title ‘Uzbekistan Peoples Master’ was
established for encouragement of masters to develop crafts and teach tal-
22
ented youth. He noted that special attention is paid to the revitalization of
traditional architectural ceramics in Uzbekistan, and focused on the impor-
tance of restoration works recently undertaken.
Mr Kuziev proposed the establishment of the Regional Intangible Heritage
Center for Central Asian countries on the basis of the Fine Arts Research In-
stitute of the Academy of Fine Arts of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
32.The Symposium then opened to the floor for discussion.
Debates included a statement of Mr Allan (United Kingdom) on the need to
protect monuments of architectural historical interest from damage incurred
in restoration. He asked that Shahi Zinde in particular should be preserved
but not reconstructed.
Mr Rakhimov (Uzbekistan) drew attention to Shakhrisabz ceramic school
which is near disappearing. He proposed an action plan to revitalize this
particular school that includes search for clay deposits in Shakhrisabz re-
gion, mineral sources, construction of kilns, study of techniques and tradi-
tional design, etc.
VIII. Agenda Item 111.5: Future Perspectives. Thematic
discussions (working groups)
33.Following the plenary session of the Symposium, participants (with some
observers) divided for half of the day into two working groups with the fol-
lowing topics:
Group I: How to rationalize and improve traditional methods and processes
of gathering raw materials as well as fabrication of ceramics and applying
them to monuments.
Participants: Mr Allan, United Kingdom- Chairperson and Reporter
Mr Amankulov, Kyrgyzstan
Mr Kidate, Japan
Mr Teramae, Japan
Ms Okyar, Turkey
Mrs Irkahodjaeva, Uzbekistan
Mr Mavlanov, Uzbekistan
Mr Mardanov, Uzbekistan
Mr Otajonov, Uzbekistan
Ms Maksudova, Uzbekistan
Mr Akobirov, Uzbekistan
Mr Pourshiravi, Uzbekistan
Mr Ross, New Zealand
Mr Artigas, Spain
Mr d’Errico, Italy
23
Group II: Research, documentation and resources for master craftsmen and
training of future masters.
Participants: Mr Porter, France - Chairperson and Reporter
Mr Soganov, Kyrgyzstan
Mr Rakhimov, Uzbekistan
Mrs Maghaddam, Iran
Mr Sugimura, Japan
Mr Nazarullaev, Uzbekistan
Mr Odinaev, Tajikistan
Ms Young-Won Kim, Republic of Korea
Mr Kuziev, Uzbekistan
Ms Kondratenko, Uzbekistan
Mr Babaev, Uzbekistan
Mr Jaiilov, Kazakhstan
Mr Usmanov, Uzbekistan
Mr Zabolotnikov, Tajikistan
It had been decided to consider the issue of the development of marketing
and promotion with a view to sustainable development of traditional ceram-
ics at national and regional level. Due to the absence of experts in this field it
was agreed that this would be the subject of a separate meeting. For this
reason, participants divided into two working groups instead of three as it
previously planned.
IX. Agenda Item 111.6: Reports from thematic sessions,
including group recommendations (plenary)
34.Two working groups met separately throughout the afternoon session of
the second day, and returned to the plenary session with their recommenda-
tions on the third day of the Symposium. The reports took the following
forms:
Group I: Participants of this working group aimed to discuss ways of obtain-
ing raw materials and improving methods and processes for the production
of ceramics. After a long discussion the following topics for consideration
emerged:
l Improvement of methods, which included research as a key factor for
developing techniques and processes and collective gathering of raw
materials;
l Coherence of traditional and modem methods, which included a discus-
sion on the need to compromise between traditional and modern meth-
ods of ceramic production. It was agreed that traditional ingredients
should be combined with usage of modern techniques that may improve
efficiency of production processes;
l Health and environment, which concerned the necessity of a strategy for
the production of raw materials that will not damage craftsmen’s health
nor the environment.
24
l Production of ingredients, which included a discussion of the national
and international production of components that will lead to loss of re-
gional character;
l Creation of ceramic centers, which included the major need for the es-
tablishment of regional, national or international centers or associations
of master craftsmen through which research on methods and techniques,
exchange of information, support to local masters, etc. would be under-
taken;
l Reasons of tiles decay, which included a lengthy discussion of how and
why architectural tiles are decreasing; bedding material was acted as a
cause; the need for a higher temperature and therefore harder body and,
that porosity is a major problem requiring further research;
l Living Human Treasures, which included obstacles to the continuity and
development of their work due to a lack of training, health problems, a
lack of financial resources and a crisis of industrial infrastructure for tra-
ditional ceramic production. It was suggested that this recommendation
to governments should be discussed in the plenary session.
On the basis of these discussions the following recommendations were put
forward by Group I:
It was recommended to the governments of Central Asian and other coun-
tries concerned that they:
1. Support a continuing reassessment of traditional techniques in the light
of contemporary concepts of quality control and marketing, environ-
mental and health needs;
2. Distinguish works of architecture of a high historic and artistic value that
should be preserved as they are, from tourist heritage already created, in
particular ensuring the preservation rather than the renovation of Shahi
Zinde;
3. Promote the education of craftsmen on the hazards of some ceramic in-
gredients and techniques to health and the environment (e.g lead and
silicosis poisoning);
4. Encourage the establishment of an association of ceramists at a national
level.
To UNESCO:
1. Establish a list of international experts to assist in revitalizing traditional
ceramic techniques;
2. Accept the invitation of Khiva city to organize a seminar on the market-
ing and sustainable development of traditional ceramics in Central Asia,
and to identify international markets and to develop strategies of mar-
keting Central Asian ceramics internationally.
25
Group II: This working group focused on the research, documentation and
recourses for master craftsmen and training of future masters.
During the working session, the following points were observed:
Danger of traditional ceramic schools disappeafing for the lack of local
market and State support, as well as past policies for mass-production.
This situation caused a lack of interest in the production of traditional
ceramics as well as a gap in the training of traditional techniques. It was
observed that the lack of will and interest in reviving traditional schools
of ceramics was a cause for the decrease in ceramics production re-
cently.
Position of the master craftsmen with regard to the importance of
transmitting traditional know-how to the young generation; relations be-
tween the practice of traditional ceramics and the production of archi-
tectural decoration; necessity to keep a balance between traditional pro-
duction and new creations; need for co-operation between masters and
scholars in the revitalization of traditional schools, ensuring the transmis-
sion of knowledge to future generations; necessity to establish a method
for the documentation of masters and their knowledge (for example in
the form of a documentary film); necessity of maintaining diversity of
styles emanating from specific schools; necessity that national policies
promote and support masters;
Position of women as traditional ceramic masters and the threat of dis-
appearance of their traditions;
Strong need for a craftsmen organization with the view to protecting ex-
isting traditional ceramics and establishing close co-operation between
masters. The objectives of this association would be: advertising and
promotion, training, investigation and documentation, legal protection;
Sources for research and preservation of know-how: archives (Fine Arts
Institute in Tashkent, for instance), films, architectural monuments and
research including chemical analysis;
Networking of scientific institutions concerned with traditional ceramics,
including the possibility of publications on Central Asian ceramics and
elaboration of a data-base and directory of masters;
Issue of the conservation of monuments in their integrity, without major
modification of the surviving structures.
Taking into account the above-mentioned topics, the Group II made the fol-
lowing proposals to UNESCO:
1. Support the creation of the international Ceramist Association;
26
2. Ensure the survival of women’s traditional ceramics;
3. Organize an international master-class of ceramists on methods of train-
ing Usto-Shogird (Master-student) to be held in Bukhara, taking into ac-
count the necessity of preservation and revitalization of traditional tech-
niques.
Reports and recommendations of two working groups were presented by the
Chairperson of each group in the plenary session. These reports were then
discussed and approved by the plenary session.
X. Agenda Item 111.7: Regional and international
co-operation: presentation of draft action plan (plenary).
35.Mr Usmanov, Chairperson and Mr Allan, Reporter of the Symposium pre-
sented the Draft Action Plan that was drafted by the Secretariat of UNESCO
on the basis of answers from participating countries to the UNESCO Ques-
tionnaire on Present Situation of Traditional Ceramics. The Action Plan was
discussed in the session of two working groups. Participants were invited to
make further suggestions to governments of States and UNESCO regarding
this Draft Action Plan.
XI. Agenda Item 111.8: Approval of the Draft Action Plan for
Safeguarding and Revitalization of Traditional Ceramics of
Central Asia and Final Report (plenary).
36.The Assembly, after integrating the group recommendations into the
Draft Action Plan, discussed extensively, revised and finally approved the
Action Plan as modified.
37.The Final Report was read by Reporter, Mr Allan and was approved then
unanimously by participants.
38.Mrs Aikawa, Mr Usmanov and Mr Allan delivered closing remarks,
thanking all of the participants for their fruitful and constructive contributions
to the Symposium.
27
AGENDA
1. Merit of revitalization of Central Asian traditional architectural ce-
ramic techniques.
II. Research and Preservation
1. Survey on research undertaken in Central Asia and elsewhere on the
historical development of Central Asian traditional ceramics (plenary).
2. Identification of the traditional methods, techniques and source materials
used in the production of Central Asian architectural ceramics (plenary).
3. Chemical analysis of traditional architectural ceramics composition
(plenary).
4. Country reports on preservation of traditional ceramics and skills in dif-
ferent countries including their national policies (plenary).
III. Future Perspectives
5. Thematic discussions ( three working groups).
Elaboration of practical strategies for the revitalization of traditional ar-
chitectural ceramic know-how of Central Asian countries:
a) How to rationalize and improve traditional methods and processes
of gathering raw materials as well as fabrication of ceramics and
applying them to monuments;
b) Research, documentation and resources for master craftsmen and
training of future masters;
c) Development of the marketing and promotion with a view to sus-
tainable development of traditional ceramics at national and re-
gional level.
6. Reports from thematic sessions, including group recommendations
(plenary).
7. Regional and international co-operation: presentation of draft action plan
(plenary).
8. Presentation and adoption of draft action plan (plenary).
28
ANNOTATED AGENDA
I. Background
A unique traditional ceramic technique was used for revetments of glazed
brick architectural monuments in Central Asia. The Samarkand region in
Uzbekistan was one of the centers for manufacture of the traditional ceramic
glazes. The ancient ceramics of Central Asia have stood the test of centuries
of exposure to severe climatic and environmental conditions prevailing in the
region. The quality of ceramic tiles being produced today in the restoration
workshops, however, is far below that of original examples.
Intensive scientific research on the chemical composition of medieval glazes
has enabled their main components to be identified. Scientists and techni-
cians using modern materials in the restoration workshops and laboratories
of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva are unable to match the peer-
less brilliance and luster achieved by the old masters of Central Asia, who
worked with local materials extracted from their native mountains and
steppes.
In recent times, the knowledge of ancient technology used in the production
of blue and turquoise Timurid glazes has been kept alive only by traditional
potters of Central Asia. They handed down, from father to son, secrets of the
preparation and firing of alkaline glaze from the ash of ishkor (SalsoIa soda),
a plant found in desert saline regions and local clays, as well as metallic ox-
ides extracted from mines in this region.
The development of architectural ceramic is connected with an aspiration to
decorate and better protect the buildings from the destructive influence of
natural climatic factors.
Architectural ceramics of Central Asia consist of several types:
1. Terracotta decorative ceramic - natural color of the light orange and
brown.
2. Carved glazed ceramic- terracotta ceramic.
3. Polychrome glazed ceramic - an ordinary ceramic tile covered with
transparent or non-transparent (opaque) glaze.
The project ‘Blue of Samarkand’ was initiated in July 1998. Over a period of
five months research on the elaboration of clay mass and natural glaze was
carried out. Different traditional methods of clay and ishkor glaze preparing
were used in the framework of this project. The main purpose of this pro-
gramme was the creation of glazed ceramic facing for the restoration works
of Timurids architectural monuments dating from the XV-XVI centuries. In
the future, this kind of ceramic revetment could be used not only for the
restoration works of Central Asian monuments, but also for modern monu-
mental buildings.
29
A detailed description of all stages of this programme is given in a report by
ceramic master Mr A. Rakhimov, which includes video and photographic
materials as well as a review of the project’s following stages:
0 Preparation of paste for majolica tiles;
l Processing and preparation of clay;
l Formation of paste and drying;
l Making of natural ishkorglaze;
l Preparation of background dye- slip;
l Testing of dyes used in the decoration of ceramic tiles;
l Baking of tiles.
Above ail, physical and chemical analyses were made on natural raw mate-
rials and tests were carried out to assess the influence of dying oxides on the
physical/chemical properties of transparent glazes.
For this purpose, clay from three deposits was used:
Parkent deposit;
Samarkand clay from Cholpanata deposit;
Fergana clay (from the bank of Amu-Darya river) near Gurum -Sarai
village.
The national conference and ceramic exhibition was held in Tashkent
(Uzbekistan), on 1O-l 1 December 1998, as a follow-up to this research for
the purpose of discussing methods of restoration and the revival of modern
ceramic schools in Uzbekistan.
The present International Symposium is the second phase of the project
‘Blue of Samarkand’, and is organized in close cooperation between the
Uzbekistan National Commission for UNESCO and UNESCO. The purpose of
this meeting is to revitalize traditional knowledge of the architectural ceramic
tiles manufacturing restoration, which is presently threatened with disap-
pearance. Through an alliance of scientific research and experiment with the
ancestral skills of traditional masters from the region. The revitalization and
preservation of this unique technology will benefit restoration workshops and
architectural conserves, as well as master-ceramists working for the preser-
vation of Timurid’s architecture of Central Asia.
II. Objectives of the Symposium
The objectives of the Symposium are:
1. Survey and summarize on research studies undertaken on the histori-
cal development of traditional Central Asian architectural ceramics;
2. Assess the present situation of architectural ceramic production with
regard to different techniques and chemical analysis of sources;
3. Exchange experience and information on the preservation of archi-
tectural ceramic in different countries of the region;
30
4. Identify the most appropriate strategies for the sustainable application
of ceramic techniques in Central Asia;
5. Propose measures to ensure the preservation and transmission of tra-
ditional ceramic know-how through formulation of governmental policies
and regional and international cooperation.
III. Organization of the Symposium
In accordance with the Symposium Agenda papers will be presented by local
and international experts in Central Asian traditional architectural ceramics
(Agenda item I-II). The Symposium will continue with country reports, pre-
pared by participants (Agenda item 11.4) followed by the three working
groups sessions for intensive discussions as per Agenda item 111.5. Plenary
session will address Agenda item 111.6-8.
A one-day field trip will be taken to the workshops of Fergana Valley with a
view to exchanging the information and experience with local ceramic mas-
ters.
A. Reasons for of revitalization of Central Asian traditional ceramic tech-
niques.
Restoration works prove that the only authentic architectural tiles which en-
dure the test of time are those assisted by modern technology.
The production of architectural tiles, which does not draw upon current ce-
ramic technology, is fundamentally based on the natural synthesis of its
various components. This process is extremely costly and requires a synthe-
sis of human labor, creativity and the use of natural components. For this
reason the comparative study on economic efficiency for the creation and
conservation of traditional architectural tiles will be addressed within the
framework of the Symposium.
B. Survey of historical development of Central Asian traditional ceramics
Ancient and rich Central Asian architectural ceramic traditions have been
well studied by art historians. Pottery of ancient Afrosiab demonstrates the
high level of production technologies in this period. The techniques of
enameled bricks reappear in a new guise under Islam, initially during the XI
and XII centuries under the Gurids and Karakhanids, then spreading to
Seldjuk Anatolia and reaching an apotheosis in development of architectural
ceramics during the period of Timurids in the XIV and XV centuries.
A brief historical overview of the development of Central Asian traditional
ceramics (both architectural and pottery traditions) as well as a summary of
research carried out in this field, will be presented during this plenary ses-
sion.
31
C. Identification of traditional methods and techniques
A unique legacy of traditional ceramics of Central Asia provides potters with
inspiration and technical knowledge for development of the art of architec-
tural ceramic tiles. However, revitalization of traditional ceramic techniques
requires detailed scientific research. Medieval manuscripts may provide im-
portant information on ceramic techniques, descriptions of methods and
sources of materials used for production of architectural tiles and/or pottery.
Applying this knowledge may be useful in improving traditional ceramic
technologies and thus restoring monuments of Central Asia.
D. Chemical analysis of traditional architectural ceramics
Intensive study of the chemical composition of medieval glazes has enabled
identification of their main components: silicon, alkaline, lead, tin, and min-
eral compounds (oxides of copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, chrome and
antimony). Selected calorimetric measurements carried out in 1940 revealed
a great variety in glaze colors not only on one individual monument, but also
from region to region. Laboratory tests proved that one of the main raw ma-
terials used was ash prepared from the jshkor plant (frit-ware can also be
prepared with broken glass or with natural natron). However, attempts to re-
vive the ancient glazing compounds using pure materials have given a re-
stricted palette of colors, the technology permitting only one or two color
tints of the glaze, whereas from ten to twenty tints can be counted on a sin-
gle monument.
The presentations prepared for this Symposium will focus on recent research
to identify the chemical components of Central Asian architectural tiles. Ex-
perts will share their experience on restoration works of architectural monu-
ments using traditional techniques and components.
E. Country reports on preservation of traditional ceramics: exchange of
experience
The country reports will concentrate on tendencies of governmental policies
towards preservation of traditional ceramics at local and national levels as
well as on economical and cultural aspects. The difficulties faced today in
different countries will be examined in order to better understand both the
contemporary issues and to coincide with future developments of traditional
ceramics in participating countries. The achievements in this field described
by participants will serve as examples for the elaboration of future strategies
of preservation, promotion and sustainable development of the unique Cen-
tral Asia ceramic traditions.
F. Thematic discussions (three working groups)
Elaboration of practical strategies for the revitaiiza tion of traditional archi-
tectural ceramic know-how of CentraI Asian countries:
32
Group I. How to ratjonalize and improve traditional methods and processes
of gathering raw materials as weI/ as fabrication of ceramics and applying
them to monuments.
Although a great deal of research on traditional ceramics has already been
carried out there remains a need for exhaustive investigations in the tradi-
tional use of natural dyes, plant extracts and mineral substances to produce
architectural tiles which are close to the original. Elaboration of an efficient
system of collective production of resource materials may reduce costs hu-
man labor and natural components. In the framework of the Working group
I, masters ceramists and specialists in the architectural ceramic will share
their experiences in management of collective production of resource mate-
rials. It would be appreciated that participants will propose some particular
actions or projects in order to ensure the production of authentic architec-
tural tiles.
Group I/. Research, documentation and resources for master craftsmen and
training of fu ture masters.
To ensure the handing down of traditional knowledge of the ceramic produc-
tion and restoration it will be necessary to elaborate strategies and methods
of transmission. Regular meetings between masters and researchers, as well
as ceramic exhibitions, might be appropriate forms for exchanging experi-
ence and information. Participants’ ideas on the form and themes of future
meetings and training and project proposals for future co-operation, are wel-
come. The project, proposed by participants during the discussions of this
working group may be included into the Draft Action Plan.
Group /Il. EJabora tion of strategies for the marketing, distribution and pro -
duction of resource materia/s with a view to sustainabfe development and
promotion of traditional ceramics at na tiona/ and regionaf le ve/.
To achieve sustainable development of traditional ceramics in the Central
Asian region, development strategies will need to be formulated which are
suited to the socio-cultural context of the society. It is therefore vital to ob-
serve and analyze local socio-economic systems as well as traditional meth-
ods of production, since the latter are handed down orally. Furthermore, the
creation of an efficient system of promotion for traditional ceramics both in
this region and all over the world will contribute to the economic develop-
ment of the pottery communities of Central Asia. Also, it is indispensable to
provide local potters with appropriate training in economic marketing and
distribution of their products.
Ci. Reports from thematic sessions, including group recommendations
Working groups are invited to meet again in the plenary session to discuss
and exchange ideas and recommendations deriving from the individual
working sessions.
33
It is expected that each working group will prepare a brief report highlighting
the main topics discussed, together with some concrete measures to be in-
cluded in the draft action plan.
H. Regional and international cooperation: future strategies
During the Symposium, participants are expected to identify problems and
challenges for the coming years, and to formulate short and medium-term
strategies for regional/international cooperation aimed at ensuring sustain-
able development of revitalized traditional ceramic techniques. It is hoped
that these strategies will also include concrete measures for improving the
present situation of traditional Central Asian ceramics.
34
QUESTIONNAIRE
Introduction
This Questionnaire has been elaborated in the light of an International Sym-
posium on the revitalization and sustainable application of traditional tech-
niques of Central Asian ceramics entitled “Blue of Samarkand” (6-9 June,
2000), which is organized by UNESCO, in close collaboration with the Na-
tional Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO.
The aims of the Questionnaire are (i) the assessment of the present situation
of traditional ceramics, covering such issues as documentation and re-
search, preservation and transmission, national policy and legal protection,
regional and international cooperation, in different countries of the world; (ii)
the establishment of a data base of institutions concerned with traditional
ceramics; (iii) the preparation of a draft action plan for discussion in working
groups during the Symposium; (iv) the elaboration of new strategies for re-
gional and international co-operation in order to ensure the revitalization and
sustainable development of the unique ceramic traditions of Central Asia.
Any additional information (including other topics or aspects concerning
traditional ceramics, which are not highlighted in this Questionnaire) about
the present situation of traditional ceramics as well as your suggestions on
its revitalization and/or sustainable development will be highly appreciated.
Present situation as a whole
1. Please describe the existing infrastructure of organizations or other
bodies concerned with traditional ceramics in your country. Indicate their
name and address and the name of the person in charge.
2. Does this infrastructure meet your country’s needs?
Yes 0 No 0
If no, please, indicate the required measures.
3. Are these institutions coordinated through a central body?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, please give the name and address of such body.
4. What are the main aims of institutions concerned with traditional ce-
ramics in your country:
-scientific research;
-documentation;
-preservation;
-transmission;
-management and marketing;
-promotion;
-others?
Whichever the case, please describe briefly.
35
5. Is production of traditional ceramics mainly oriented towards
-the local market;
-export?
Whichever the case, please explain why.
6. Is there any body, which is in a position to check the quality of ce-
ramics production in your country?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, please identify the name and address of such body; if no, indicate rea-
son(s).
National policy
1. How are matters of traditional ceramics handled in your country?
-as part of a national cultural policy?
-as part of a separate policy?
Whichever the case, please indicate the priorities and methods of this policy.
2. Does this policy reflect the ongoing economic or cultural transforma-
tions, if any, in your country or region?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, please describe in which way and give examples.
3. What measures in your opinion are needed to reinforce the present policy
or elaborate a new one in your country?
4. Does the national policy of your country support the internal, regional or
international business activities of master ceramists?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, please describe briefly.
5. What kind of moral and economic support is provided in your country to
individuals or institutions concerned with traditional ceramics?
Documentation & Research
1. Is your country encouraging research in traditional ceramics?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, describe briefly.
2. Does this research meet your country’s needs?
Yes 0 No 0
If no, please, indicate the required measures.
3. Please give brief information about research on traditional ceramics
carried out in your country recently on:
- traditional techniques,
-chemical ceramic compositions,
-revitalization,
-marketing and sustainable development, etc.
36
Preservation G Transmission
1. What system of training for professional collectors, archivists, docu-
mentalists and other specialists in traditional ceramics exists in your coun-
try?
Is it adequate for your country’s needs?
Yes 0 No 0
If no, indicate the measures to be taken to improve it.
2. Is there a system for ensuring the transmission of master skills and
knowledge of traditional ceramics in your country?
Is it adequate for your country’s needs?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, describe briefly.
If no, indicate the measures to be taken to improve it.
3. Is there any National Council of traditional ceramics, professional or-
ganization or similar coordinating body ensuring the sustainable develop-
ment of ceramics in your country?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, provide additional information (name, address, functions, main activi-
ties, etc.).
Legal Protection
1. Does the national legislation of your country ensure the preservation
of traditional knowledge and techniques?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, indicate in what way.
2. Is there any legal mechanism in your country that protects traditional
ceramics from the dangers of monopolization of big companies, if any,
and/or globalization?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, describe briefly.
3. Does the national legislation of your country protect the copyright of
ceramic masters?
Yes 0 No 0
If yes, describe briefly.
4. What measures, in your opinion, are needed to enhance the legal
protection of traditional ceramics schools of your country?
Regional & International co-operation
1. Can you provide any information on national, regional or international
projects and/or actions carried out in the field of traditional ceramics by
your country?
Yes 0 No 0
37
If yes, describe briefly.
2. Describe a major event concerning traditional ceramics held in your
country recently
-at national,
-regional
-or international level.
3. What measures are taken to facilitate organization of meetings and
exchanges between researchers and masters at the
-national level,
-regional level,
-international level?
4. What measures in your opinion are needed to improve the present
situation of traditional ceramics in your country
-at the regional level,
-in co-operation with UNESCO,
-in co-operation with specialized NGOs.
38
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
France
Mr PORTER Yves, Department of Art History, Resident Vauvenargues, 3 ave-
nue Jean Peytral, 13100 Aix en Provence. Tel: 33 4 42 96 43 10, e-
mail:Yvport@aol.com
Italy
Mr D’ERRICO Enrico, Via S.Gregorio, 32, P.O.BOX 206, 51039 Quarrata
(Pistoia) Italy, Tel/fax: 39 057 373 7629, e-mail: derricoQomantel.net.om
Iran
Mr POURCHIRAVI Ashgar, Vice-President of Pardis Faculty, Esfahan Pardis
College, Art University, Hakim Nezami Street, Esfahan, Iran, PO Box 1744, Tel:
00 98 31 249 840, fax: 00 98 31 249 841, e-mail: pour@www.dci.co.ir
Mrs MOGHADAM Farideh Tathiri, 251 Al Shahrah-Ekbatan, Tehran, Iran, Tel:
98 21 89 03 328, fax: 98 21 89 08 281
Japan
Mr SUGIMURA Toh, Professor of Islamic Art, Faculty of Intercultural Commu-
nication, Ryukoku University, Yokotani l-5, Seta Ohecho, Ohtsu-shi, Shiga
Ken, Japan 520-21, Tel: (0775) 43 51 11, fax: (7775) 43 76 74
Mr TERAMAE Hideo, Yamashiro-onsen 16 71, Kaga shi , Ishikawa-ken, 922-
031 1, Japan, Tel: 0761 76 0227, fax: 0761 77 52 65, e-mail: bi-
touennap2272.nsk.ne.jp
Mr KITADE Fujio, Sakaedani-machi NU-30, Kaga shi, lshikawa-ken, 922-
031 1, Japan.Tel: 07 61 76 07 01, fax: 07 61 77 52 65, e-mail: bi-
touenn@p2272.nsk.ne.jp
Kazakstan
Mr JALILOV Uygur, 63 Turkebaeva Street, Art 103, 460009, Almaty,
Kazakhstan, e-mail:g.kapekova@memo.unesco.org
Republic of Korea
Ms KIM Young Won, (Ph.D. Art History), Curator, Director, Exhibition and
Planning Division, The Corps of the National Museum, Construction Project,
Yongsan-dong 6 ga 168-6 Yongsan-ku, 140-026 Seoul, Republic of Korea, Tel:
82 2 796 27 16, fax: 82 2 796 38 50, mobile: 82 011 408 2205, e-mail:
youngwk@mct.go.kr
39
Kyrgyz Republic
Mr MIRZAEV Shahobitdin, Director, Golden Vallytj, Kyrgyzstan street 80, Osh,
Kyrgyz Republic, tel: 996 3222 78 763,996 3222 20 117
Mr AMANKULOV Shaarbek, ceramist, Bektenov street 54, 720031 Bishkek,
Kyrgyz Republic, tel: 996 312 45 90 50, fax: 996 312 28 27 02, e-mail: of-
fice@tsfund.cango.net.kg
Spain
Mr GARDY Juan Llorens, Fundasio Privadaflellers Josef Llorens Artigas, El
Race Gallifa 08146, Barselona, Spain, tel/fax: 34 93 866 24 34
Republic of Tajikistan
Mr ODINAEV ,Teacher, Dushanbe Art College, Nadira str., 34, apt 5,
Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Tel: 3772 37 45 87, 3772 24 56 65
Mr ZABOLOTNIKOV, Master ceramist, Republican Artisctic Fund, Shamsi str.,
8, apt 33, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, tel: 3772 36 68 29, 3772 36 09 61
Turkey
Ms OKYAR Fisun, Mamara Research Centre, PO Box 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli,
Turkey, tel: 90 262 641 23 00, fax: 90 262 641 23 09, e-mail: fokyar@turk.net
and fusano@yunus.mam.gov.tr
United Kingdom
Mr ALLAN James Wilson, Professor, Curator, Department of Eastern Art,
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford-OX1 2PH. Tel: (01865) 27 80 67, fax: (01865)
27 80 78, e-mail: james.allan@ashmolean-museum.oxford.ac.uk and
janet.partidge@ashmolean.ox.ac.uk
Uzbekistan
Mrs IRKAHOUJAEVA Aziza, Professor, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Acad-
emy of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 77-a Abdullaeva av., Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, tel.: 998 71 162 56 60
Ms GYUL Elmira, Research Institute of Fine Arts, Academy of Fine Arts of
the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2, Mustaquillik square, Tashkent, 700029, tel:
998-71 139 44 51,998-71 125 84 00
Mr KUZIEV Tursuali, Chairman, Academy of Arts of Uzbekistan, Sh. Rashidov .
avenue 40, Tashkent. 700029 , Uzbekistan, tel: 998-71 56 50 47, fax: 56 50
47, e-mail: acadartu@online.ru
40
Mr USMANOV Botir, Head of Principal Monuments Board, Ministry of Cultural
Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi street 40, Tashkent, tel: 998-71
14438 94, fax: 998-71 144 22 14
Mr RAKHIMOV Akbar, Master ceramist, Honorable Artist of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, 25, Moukhtarov street, 700042, Tashkent, tel: 998-71 43 32 35
OBSERVERS
Mr MATTEW Kahane, UNDP Resident Representative, UN Resident Coordi-
nator, Tel: 992-372 21 06 79, fax 51 0021, Dushanbe, 73 40 24, Aini Street,
39, Republic of Tajikistan
Mr RAKHIMOV Abdusafi, Senior architecture, Principal Department on
Monument Board, Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
40, Navoi street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel: 998-71 144 58 20, fax: 998-71
144 22 14
Mr KHOJAEV Sadillo, Head of Bukhara. Office for Scientific-Production of
the Cultural Monuments, 46, Mirdustim str., Bukhara, Uzbekistan,
tel: (998-36522) 41 342
Mr ASTANOV Zair, master ceramist, 46, Mirdustim str., Bukhara, Uzbeki-
stan,
tel: (998-36522) 41 342
Mr MAGRUPOV Rafic, Director, AOOT, 2, Abdullaev str., Samarkand,
Uzbekistan, tel: (998-3662) 32 00 26, 32 12 48
Mrs KONDRATENKO Vera, Head of ceramic workshop, 2, Abdullaev str.,
Samarkand, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-3662) 32 00 26, 32 12 48
Mr HAIDAROV Jovli, Director, AOOT, 32, T. Bahodir str., Shakhrisabz,
Uzbekistan, tel: (998-37552) 283 16
Mr KUCHKOROV Kurbon, master-ceramist, 32, T. Bahodir str., Shak-
hrisabz, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-37552) 283 16
Mr ASAMOV Rashot, Director, Head, Laboratory of Institute
c~Ta’mirshounos,lik,,, 1 proezd Karakum 6, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-
712) 538731
Mrs MAKSUDOVA Maksuma, Laboratory of Institute nTa’mirshounoslikb1, 1
proezd Karakum 6, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-712) 53 87 31
Mr ATAJANOV Farhod, Director, Aoot (( Hayota, Sentralnaya str., Khiva,
Khorezm region, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-36237) 6 19 10
41
Mr TAIROV Rustam, Head of ceramic workshop, Sentralnaya str., Khiva,
Khorezm region, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-36237) 6 19 10
Mrs NABIRAEVA Maysara, Head of Department on Monuments Safeguard-
ing, Registan square, Tillya Kori medrece, Samarkand, Uzbekistan,
tel: (998-3662) 35 72 44
Mr AKOBIROV Saidjon, Senior engineer of AOOT aMe’mors, 32 Abdullaeva
str., Samarkand, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-3662) 32 00 26
Mr SULTANOV Aminjon, Head of Laboratory, AOOT ccMe’morn, 32 Abdul-
laeva str., Samarkand, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-3662) 32 00 26, 31 06 95
Mr MAVLANOV Nugman, master ceramis.t AOOT ((Me’mor,, 32 Abdullaeva
str., Samarkand, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-3662) 32 00 26
Mr MARDONOV Bahrom, master ceramist AOOT ((Me’mors, 32 Abdullaeva
str., Samarkand, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-3662) 32 00 26
Mr MELIHOV Kurbon, master ceramis.t AOOT ((Me’mora, 32 Abdullaeva str.,
Samarkand, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-3662) 32 00 26
Mr BABAEV Tuigun, Head of Department on Monuments Safugarding, Buk-
hara, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-35522) 24 14 62
Mr KADIROV Ravshan, Head of Departement on Monuments Safugarding,
89 Buyuk lpak Yuli, Shakhrisabz, Kashkadarya region, Uzbekistan,
tel: (998-37552)2 16 32
Mr RAKHIMOV Ilkhom, Head of Departement on Monuments Safeguarding,
Sentralnaya str., Khiva, Khorezm region, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-36237) 6 19
10
Mr RAKHIMOV Alisher, Master ceramist, 25 Moukhtarov street, 700042,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-712) 43 32 35
UNESCO
Mr BARRY LANE Michael, Head of UNESCO Tashkent Office, 6, Shodlik
street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Tel: 998-712 68 44 56, 67 25 14; 998-71 120
71 16, fax: 998-712 67 22 37, e-mail: b.lane@unesco.org.uz
Mrs AIKAWA Noriko, Director, Intangible Heritage Unite, Culture Sector,
UNESCO, 1, rue Miollis, 75715 Paris, France. Tel: 33 1 45 68 42 52, fax: 33
1 45 68 57 52, e-mail: n.aikawa@unesco.org
Ms MAMBETOVA Khurshida, Consultant, Intangible Heritage Unit, Culture
Sector, UNESCO 1, rue Miollis, 75715 Paris, France. Tel: 33 1 45 68 42 52,
fax: 33 1 45 68 57 52, e-mail: k.mambetova@unesco.org
42
NATIONAL COMMISSION OF UZBEKISTAN FOR UNESCO
Mr IKRAMOV Alisher, Secretary-General, National Commission of Uzbeki-
stan for UNESCO, 54, Buyuk lpak Yuli street, 700137, Tashkent, Uzbeki-
stan, tel: 998-712 67 05 42, 67 05 61; fax: 998-712 67 05 38, e.mail:
unesco@natcom.org.uz
Ms CHEMULOVA Elena, Senior expert, National Commission of Uzbekistan
for UNESCO, 54, Buyuk lpak Yuli street, 700137, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel:
998-7 12 67 05 42, 67 05 61; fax: 998-712 67 05 38, e.mail:
unesco@natcom.org.uz
Mr BOLTABOEV Donyel, Senior expert, National Commission of Uzbeki-
stan for UNESCO, 54, Buyuk lpak Yuli street, 700137, Tashkent, Uzbeki-
stan, tel: 998-712 67 05 42, 67 05 61; fax: 998-712 67 05 38, e.mail:
unesco@natcom.org.uz
Mr INOGAMOV Farukh, National Commission of Uzbekistan for UNESCO,
54, Buyuk lpak Yuli street, 700137, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel: 998-712 67
05 42, 67 05 61; fax: 998-712 67 05 38, e.mail: unesco@natcom.org.uz
43
LIST OF PRESENTATIONS
I. Merit of revitalization of Central Asian traditional architectural ce-
ramic techniques.
1. Mr. Usmanov (Uzbekistan), Merit of revitalization of traditional architec-
tural ceramics in Central Asia.
II. Research and Preservation
II.1 Survey on research undertaken in Central Asia and elsewhere on the
historical development of Central Asian traditional ceramics (plenary).
1. Ms Gyul (Uzbekistan), Survey on research undertaken in Central Asia on
the historical development of Central Asian traditional ceramics;
2. Mrs Maksudova (Uzbekistan), Methods for restoration of architectural tiles
of the historical monuments;
3. Mr Sugimura (Japan), Islamic and Chinese ceramics of Central Asia in the
1 5’h century;
4. Mr Odinaev (Tajikistan), Survey on research of Tajik traditional ceramics.
11.2 Identification of the traditional methods, techniques and source mate-
rials used in the production of Central Asian architectural ceramics
(plenary).
1. Mr Allan (UK), Al-Biruni’s comments on manufacturing of glaze;
2. Mr Rakhimov (Uzbekistan), Introduction to the ‘Blue of Samarkand’ proj-
ect (phase I);
3. Mrs Moghaddam (Iran), Identification of traditional methods and tech-
niques used in the production of ceramics in Iran;
4. Mr Porter (France), The techniques of underglaze painted files according
to Persian sources;
5. Ms Kondratenko (Uzbekistan), Survey on traditional methods used for
restoration of architectural ceramics of Uzbekistan’s monuments;
6. Mr d’Errico (Italy), Identification of traditional ceramics techniques for
restoration of architectural monuments;
7. Mr Artigas (Spain), Spirit of ceramics;
8. Mr Amankulov (Kyrgyz Republic), Traditional methods for restoration of
architectural monuments of Kyrgyzstan.
11.3 Chemical analysis of traditional architectural ceramics composition
(plenary) -
1. Mrs lrkahodjaeva (Uzbekistan), Chemical analysis of traditional architec-
tural ceramics composition;
2. Ms Okyar (Turkey), Chemical composition of 16’h century lznik ceramics;
3. Mr Teramae and Mr Kitade (Japan), Chemical analysis of Uzbekistan and
Japanese traditional ceramic compositions;
44
4. Mr Pourshiravi (Iran), Pathology of Gajar period azure grazed tiles to
Sayed Mosque in Isfahan.
II.4 Country reports on preservation of traditional ceramics and skills in
different countries including their national policies (plenary).
1. Mr Jalilov (Kazakhstan), Restoration of architectural monuments and re-
vitalization of traditional ceramics in Kazakhstan;
2. Ms Young-Won Kim (Republic of Korea), Architectural ceramics in tradi-
tional Korea;
3. Mr Soganov (Kyrgyz Republic), On the work of the Creative Center
‘Golden Valley’ in Kyrgyzstan;
4. Mr Kuziev (Uzbekistan), National cultural policy on the safeguarding and
revitalization of traditional culture of Uzbekistan;
5. Mr Zabolotnikov (Tajikistan), Present situation of traditional ceramics in
Tajikistan.
45
PROGRAMME
5June 2000
12.00- 12.30 Check out from the hotel ‘Tashkent’ (Tashkent)
12.30- 13.30 Arrival to the airport of Tashkent.
15.15 Departure from Tashkent to Samarkand by air (flight HY-
1309)
16.30 Arrival in the airport of Samarkand. Departure for the hotel
‘Afrosiab’ by bus.
18.00-20.00 Dinner (‘Afrosiab’ hotel)
6June 2000
9.00- 10.00 Opening ceremony (‘Afrosiab’ hotel, Conference hall)
Speeches by Mr Nosirov, Mayor of Samarkand,
Mrs Aikawa, Director of Intangible Heritage Unit, UNESCO,
Mr Barry Lane, Head of UNESCO Tashkent Office,
Mr Ikramov, Secretary-General, Uzbekistan National Commis-
sion for UNESCO
10.00-l 0.30 Session I. (‘Afrosiab’ hotel, Conference hall)
Election of Chairperson
Merit of revitalization of Central Asian traditional architectural
ceramic techniques, by Mr Usmanov (Uzbekistan)
10.30- 10.45 Discussion
10.45- 11.00 Coffee-break
1 1.00-l 1.45 Session II Research and Preservation
(‘Afrosiab’ hotel, Conference hall)
Survey on research undertaken in Central Asia and elsewhere
on the historical development of Central Asian traditional ce-
ramics (plenary).
Presentations by Ms Gyul (Uzbekistan), Prof. Sugimura
(Japan), Ms Maksudova (Uzbekistan), Mr Odinaev (Tajikistan)
11.45- 12.15 Discussions
12.15- 13.00 Identification of the traditional methods, techniques and source
materials used in the production of Central Asian architectural
ceramics (plenary).
Presentations by Mr Allan (UK), Mr d’Errico (Italy), Ms Kon-
dratenko (Uzbekistan), Mrs Moghaddam (Iran)
46
13.00-14.00 Lunch (‘Afrosiab’ hotel)
14.00-14.30 Session II. (Continuation)
(‘Afrosiab’ hotel, Conference hall)
Identification of the traditional methods, techniques and source
materials used in the production of Central Asian architectural
ceramics (plenary).
Presentations by Mr Porter (France), Mr Rakhimov
(Uzbekistan), Mr Artigas (Spain), Mr Amankulov (Kyrgyz Re-
public)
14.30- 15.00 Discussions
15.00-l 5.15 Coffee-break
15.15- 16.15 Chemical analysis of traditional architectural ceramics compo-
sition (plenary).
Presentations by Mrs lrkakhodjaeva (Uzbekistan), Mr Pour-
shiravi (Iran), Mr Kidate-Mr Teramae (Japan), Ms Okyar
(Turkey)
16.15-16.45 Discussions
16.45-l 7.30 Departure for the opening of exhibition on architectural ce-
ramic tiles at the Tillya Kari, Registan square organised by the
Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (by
bus).
17.30- 18.30 Visit of exhibition and monuments of Registan square.
18.30- 19.00 Departure for ‘Afrosiab’ hotel
19.00 Reception of behalf of the UNESCO (‘Afrosiab’ hotel)
7June 2000
6.00 Departure for the field trip to ceramic workshops of Bukhara
region by bus
9.30 Arrival in Gijduvan city.
9.30-10.00 Rest at the traditional tea-house.(Ulughbek medrese)
1O.OO- 12.00 Sightseeing in Gijduvan, visiting of ceramic workshops.
12.00- 13.00 Lunch (restaurant ‘Shodlik’).
13.00 Departure for Uba village
47
13.30 Arrival in Uba village.
13.30- 14.30 Visiting of ceramic workshops in the Uba village
14.30 Departure for Bukhara.
15.00-15.30 Arrival in Bukhara. Rest at ‘Labi Hauz’ traditional tea-house
15.30- 17.30 Sightseeing in Bukhara
17.30- 18.30 Dinner (hotel ‘New Bukhara’)
18.30 Departure for Samarkand
22.00 Arrival in Samarkand
8June 2000
9.0 0- 10.45 Session III. (‘Afrosiab’ hotel, Conference hall)
Country reports on preservation of traditional ceramics and
skills in different countries including their national policies
(plenary).
Presentations by Mr Jalilov (Kazakhstan), Mr Soganov
(Kyrgyzstan), Ms Young-Won Kim (Republic of Korea)
10.45- 11 .OO Discussion
1O.OO- 1 1.15 Coffee-break
11.15-l 2.00 Country reports on preservation of traditional ceramics and
skills in different countries including their national policies
(plenary).
Presentations by Mr Zabolotnikov (Tajikistan), Mr Kuziev
(Uzbekistan)
12.00-l 2.30 Discussions
12.30- 13.00 Organization of thematic discussions: election of Chairpersons,
Repporteurs and members of Drafting Committee.
13.00-14.00 Lunch
14.00- 15.30 Session IV. Future Perspectives
Thematic discussions ( three working groups).
Elaboration of practical strategies for the revitalization of tradi-
tional architectural ceramic know-how of Central Asian coun-
tries:
48
a) How to rationalize and improve traditional methods and
processes of gathering raw materials as well as fabrication of
ceramics and applying them to monuments.
b) Research, documentation and resources for master crafts-
men and training of future masters.
15.30- 15.45 Coffee-break
15.45- 17.00 Session IV. Future Perspectives (Continuation).
Thematic discussions ( three working groups).
Elaboration of practical strategies for the revitalisation of tra-
ditional architectural ceramic know-how of Central Asian
countries.
17.00- 18.30 Visiting of the exhibition on traditional ceramics of Uzbekistan,
organised by the Academy of Fine Arts of the Republic of
Uzbekistan.
9June 2000
9.00-9.45 Reports from thematic sessions, including group recommen-
dations (plenary).
9.45- 10.30 Discussion
10.30- 10.45 Coffee-break
10.45- 13.00 Regional and international co-operation: presentation of draft
action plan (plenary).
13.00- 14.00 Lunch
14.00-l 6.00 Presentation and adoption of draft action plan (plenary).
16.00 Departure for Tashkent by bus
Action Plan
for the Safeguarding and Revitalization
of Traditional Architectural Ceramics of Central Asia
On the occasion of the International Symposium on revitalization of tradi-
tional architectural ceramic techniques, entitled ‘Blue of Samarkand’ held in
Samarkand, Uzbekistan, from 6 to9 June, 2000;
Thanking United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization
(UNESCO) for great efforts undertaken to safeguard and revitalize traditional
architectural techniques in the countries of Central Asia;
Appreciating the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan for support to
the ‘Blue of Samarkand’ project and great interest in development of tradi-
tional ceramic know-how with a view to preserve the authenticity of Central
Asian architectural monuments;
Cognizant of the impossibility of separating architectural heritage and tradi-
tional ceramic techniques as an integral part of tangible and intangible heri-
tage;
Underiining the specific nature and importance of traditional architectural
ceramics and pottery of Central Asia as an integral part of the heritage of
humanity;
Noting the spiritual, social, economic, ecological and political importance of
revitalization of traditional ceramic techniques and preservation of existing
ceramic schools;
Concerned with the fact that both traditional architectural ceramics and
pottery are threatened daily by socio-economic marginalization and global
commercialized culture and, therefore, must be at the centre of national and
international cultural policy;
Stressing the need in all countries of Central Asia for recognition of the role
of traditional ceramic techniques and knowledge;
Considering that traditional ceramic techniques and knowledge were kept
alive orally from generation to generation and the danger that practitioners
face from multiple factors;
Bearing in mind that traditional ceramic techniques are survived due to a few
number of masters and that it is important to ensure transmission of these
knowledge to young generation;
50
We, the participants of the International Symposium on revitalization of
traditional architectural ceramic techniques, entitled ‘Blue of Samarkand’,
recommend to the Governments of States that they:
1. identify and support programs that encourage public recognition and
validation of traditional ceramics, continuing to support existing institu-
tions and programs as well as establishing new ones where appropriate;
2. Provide an appropriate training for masters and researchers that will in-
clude, but not limited, development of scientific, administration, busi-
ness, management skills;
3. Ensure the transmission of traditional ceramic techniques to the young
generation, providing individual training courses and, if necessary, in-
cluding educational master-classes into the framework of school and
university regular courses;
4. Include safeguarding, documentation (archives, films, etc.), research,
development and revitalization of traditional ceramics into the national
cultural policies and establish suitable programs and legal instruments to
guarantee its sustainable development;
5. Support local, national and international meetings and symposiums that
bring together masters and researchers, representatives of non-
governmental organizations, policy makers and others to address issues
facing practitioners of traditional ceramics.
6. Create a data bank of ceramic workshops and national ceramic centers
in a view of establishing national, regional and international networking
and cooperation;
7. Encourage the establishment of an association of ceramists at a national
level;
8. Institute and strengthen schemes for the appropriate welfare and eco-
nomic support of masters and researches, especially of old masters;
9. Support a continuing re-assessment of traditional techniques in the light
of contemporary concepts of quality and marketing, environmental and
health needs;
10. Promote the education of craftsmen on the hazards of some ceramic in-
gredients and techniques to health and environment;
11. Distinguish works of architecture of high historic and authentic value that
should be preserved as they are, from tourist heritage already created, in
particular ensuring the preservation but not renovation;
51
We recommend that UNESCO:
1. Promote this Action plan among Central Asian and other countries con-
cerned by bringing this meeting to the attention of Governments of these
countries;
2. Support the creation of Regional Ceramists Association;
3. Establish a list of international experts to assist in revitalizing of tradi-
tional ceramic techniques;
4. Accept an invitation of Khiva city to organize a seminar on the marketing
and sustainable development of traditional ceramics in Central Asia, and
to identify international markets and develop strategies of marketing in
Central Asian ceramics internationally;
5. Support organization of regular training courses on revitalization of tradi-
tional ceramic techniques, marketing and promotion, administration,
etc.;
6. Taking into account the necessity for preservation and revitalization of
traditional ceramic techniques, organize a Symposium on methods of
training Usto-Shogird (Master-student) to be held in Bukhara.
7. Provide support for the preservation and documentation of significant
knowledge, archives and films on traditional know-how;
8. Promote a scholarly publication on Central Asian architectural traditional
ceramics and pottery in view to publicize the unique heritage of this re-
gion;
9. Facilitate the feasibility study on the work of women traditional ceramics;
10. Gives a favorable consideration to the offer made by the Chairman of the
Fine Arts Academy of the Republic of Uzbekistan to create the Central
Asian regional center of intangible heritage at the Tashkent Fine Arts Re-
search Institute, which responsibility will include, but not limited, the re-
search, preservation and coordination of regional projects in the field of
traditional ceramics, as well as networking with other ceramic centers of
the world.
52
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