Prayer and Prayer Books

Prayer and Prayer Books Early Jewish Prayer  Bible    No standard Temple or individual liturgy Personal Psalms  Second  Temple Toward liturgical forms  Rabbis  Beginning of standardization Geonim and Prayer Book  Codification   of prayer Occurs primarily in responsa “Fixing” of liturgical texts  Rabbi Natronai Gaon: 100 Blessings  R. Amram Gaon (Seder and Siddur)  R. Saadiah Gaon Versions (Nusah)  Ashkenazic  Frankfurt  Sephardic (“Eastern”)  Yemenite  Roman  Modern prayer books (ideological consistency)  Mizrahi Tensions liturgy and spontaneity  Fixed liturgy and nusah  Language and understanding  Prayer Book as anthology:    Fixed Collective Selective Prayer Services  Morning  Musaf (on Shabbat and Festivals)  Afternoon  Evening  Before and after eating, etc. Structure of Prayer  Morning blessings  Hymns  Call to prayer  “Shema”  “Amida”  Petitionary prayers  Torah reading  Closing prayers