Spatial Knowledge Representation for Human-Robot Interaction
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Connecting Language to the World:
Ontology Baseline
Scott Farrar
Project I1[OntoSpace]
Brief overview of I1[Ontospace]
I1 is a subproject within the SFB/TR
Spatial Cognition: Reasoning, Action,
Interaction
other members: John Bateman, Kerstin
Fischer, Reinhard Moratz, Thora Tenbrink
I1 primary deliverable
Ontologies for spatiallyaware systems
and NL components.
A registry of interontology mappings that
allows for communication between
spatiallyaware systems and NL
components.
Modeling space in the SBF/TR
To illuminate the relationship between the
spatiallyaware systems and the natural
language components (world/language).
To facilitate the information exchange
between individual spatiallyaware
systems (software integration).
To investigate certain issues concerning
spatial reasoning in robots.
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Goals of presentation
To present a review of the major
ontologies available for reuse within the
SFB and beyond
Discuss some basic parameters
important to ontology building in general.
Discuss the parameters important for the
SFB— spatial aspects of ontology
building.
Major issues within the ontology
community
Philosophical approach
Metalevel distinctions
Ontological primitives
Set theory vs. mereology
Representation
Philosophical approach
What are the categories and relations
supposed to be modelling?
the worldrealism (Husserl, Ingarden, Smith)
conceptsconceptualism (commonsense
realism) (Hayes, Guarino et al.)
Metalevel distinctions
formal vs. material level in ontology
member, familyMember
perspective
endurantism (3D), perdurantism (4D)
granularity
microscopic, mesoscopic, macroscopic
Ontological primitives
Intraontological
universals, particulars
subsumption, instantiation
Transontological
[more later… ]
Set theory vs. mereology
domainindependent tools/theories
set theory (ST)
Primitives are those from ST: union,
intersection, subset, urelements.
mereology
Primitives are those from classical
mereology: part, interiorPart
Representation
logical language
expressiveness
computational tractability
firstorder logic (SUOKIF, CycL)
description logic (OWL)
The leading candidates
OpenCyc
SUMO
DOLCE
BFO
OpenCyc
Cycorp
http://www.opencyc.org
6,000 categories and relations
60,000 assertions about those c’s and r’s.
sort of free
bundled with the OpenCyc KB system
OpenCyc
Based on set theory— everything is either
an instance or subset of Thing.
Thing partitioned into:
SetOrCollection: the collection of sets;
instances have members, not parts.
and
Individual: the collection of individuals;
instances have parts, not members.
OpenCyc— Top level
OpenCyc
Entities in OpenCyc are considered to be
“concepts”, not necessarily dependent on
the human mind— commonsense view of
the world.
OpenCyc is actually mixture of realism
and conceptualism.
Compare FoodGroup to SpatialThing
Localized
OpenCyc
Intricate arrangement of all categories,
relations, and assertions in the system of
microtheories.
Everything in OpenCyc is a member of
some microtheory.
KB partition based on shared
assumptions, fields of study, and/or
sources of knowledge.
See taxonomy of microtheories…
OpenCyc
and more than 200 others…
OpenCyc summary
Philosophical approach— mixed (realism,
conceptualism)
Metalevel distinctions (formal, material,
highly granular)
Ontological primitives (microtheories)
Set theory vs. mereology— strongly set
theoretic
Representation— CycL (firstorder logic)
SUMO
Suggest Upper Merged Ontology
http://ontology.teknowledge.com
1019 categories and relations, 4181
axioms, and 822 implication rules.
Developed by IEEE working group,
administered by Teknowledge
sort of free
Partial SUMO taxonomy
Entity
isa isa
Physical Abstract
Object Process
Relation
Attribute
Proposition
Region Agent
Quantity
Collection SetOrClass
SelfConnected
Object
SUMO
Informally modular
structural ontology
base ontology
set theory
mereotopology
numeric, temporal
objects, process
SUMO
Encoded in SUOKIF
(<=>
(instance ?PHYS Physical)
(exists (?LOC ?TIME)
(and
(located ?PHYS ?LOC)
(time ?PHYS ?TIME))))
“All physical entities are located in time and space”
SUMO summary
Philosophical approach— mixed, less
focus on realism
Metalevel distinctions— formal, material
Ontological primitives
Set theory vs. mereology— set theory
Representation— SUOKIF (firstorder
logic)
DOLCE
Discriptive Ontology for Linguistic and
Cognitive Engineering
http://www.loacnr.it/index.html
Based on a particular research line within
ontology (Guarino, Masolo, Gangemi,
Colomb, et al.)
Aimed at supporting the Semantic Web
(Wonderweb project)
DOLCE
DOLCE
Axioms in DOLCE are represented in KIF
and OWL.
Initial axiomatization of DOLCE appears
to be aimed the very upper formal level,
in contrast to SUMO.
An example…
DOLCE
(D1) RG: Rigid Universal
(defrelation RG (?w0 ?f) :=
(and (UNIVERSAL ?f)
(WORLD ?w0)
(forall (?w ?x)
(=> (and (WLDR ?w0 ?w) (WORLD ?w)
(PARTICULAR ?x))
(=> (?f ?w ?x)
(forall (?u)
(=> (and (WLDR ?w ?u) (WORLD ?u))
(?f ?u ?x))))))))
DOLCE
Introduces qualities and quality regions.
DOLCE summary
Philosophical approach— conceptualism,
though more realism than
OpenCyc/SUMO.
Metalevel distinctions— mostly formal
Ontological primitives
Set theory vs. mereology— strongly
mereological
Representation— KIF (firstorder logic);
OWL (but only the taxonomy+)
BFO
Basic Formal Ontology
http://www.ifomis.unileipzig.de/
Developed by IFOMIS in Leipzig
Smith, Grenon, et al.
Actually a framework of ontologies
SNAP and SPAN
BFO
“Perspectivalism maintains that there
may be alternative, equally legitimate
perspectives on reality. But
perspectivalism is constrained by realism:
…”
SNAP vs. SPAN
BFO— SNAP
Time is not present.
SNAP entities have other SNAP entities
as parts.
Parthood behaves simply and reliably.
the totality of space, my_hand, color_red,
point_233
BFO
BFO— SPAN
SPAN entities are necessarily temporal.
SPAN entities have other SNAN entities
as parts.
Your childhood is part of your life; you are
not a part of your life.
Time itself, spacetime, the year 1971,
the shaving of my beard
BFO
BFO— relations
(SNAP, SPAN), e.g., participant, as in
‘the jumper is a participant in the jumping
event’
(SNAP, SNAP), e.g., part, as in ‘the leg is
part of the table’
(SPAN, SNAP), e.g., creation, as in
‘burning creates ashes’
(SPAN, SPAN), e.g., as in ‘the poor
driving caused an accident’
BFO summary
Philosophical approach— realist
Metalevel distinctions— formal
Ontological primitives— transontological
relations
Set theory vs. mereology— strongly
mereological
Representation— no implementation yet,
but will likely be some variant of first
order logic
SFBspecific issues
Spatial categories and relations
Reference systems
Reasoning support
others?
Quick overview of space
Space has been approached either from
the standpoint of:
traditional geometry— a set of points
or
region calculus— a collection of primitive
regions
Areas of spatial concern
qualitative reasoning
surfaces, edges, boundaries
topology— theory of boundaries, contact,
and separation (also mereotopolgy)
commonsense reasoning with objects
spatial relations— beyond above,
beside…
path and reference systems
The leading candidates
OpenCyc
SUMO
DOLCE (will not be presented)
BFO (will not be presented)
RCC (will not be presented)
OpenCyc— Space
The structure of OpenCyc’s spatially
related categories are difficult to
visualize.
lattice structure
cut across microtheories
Nevertheless, spatial entities and
relations can be discussed separately.
SpatialThing
spatiallyRelated
OpenCyc
Subsumed by SpatialThing
BiologicalLivingObject GeometricThing
Border Localized
CavityInteriorGeneric InformationBearingThing
CavityOrContainer PartiallyTangible
CloudlikeObject PathSpatial
Configuration Place
CustomarySystemOfLinks SomethingToWear
EmptyRegionGeneric SpaceRegionEmpirical
EventLocalized SpatialPathSystem
Food Trajectory
GeographicalThing
OpenCyc— SpaceRegion
SpaceRegion is subsumed by
SpatialThing…
OpenCyc— Space
OpenCyc— Relations
spatiallyRelated
aligned
connectedTo
hasBeenIn
parallelObjects
notFarFrom
connectedTo
spatiallyDisjoint
physicalPartsdisjoint
onSamePlanetSurfaceAs
OpenCyc— Granularity
touches touches (cont.)
aboveTouching hangsFrom
groundOf hangsAround
inFloating inHeld
onPhysical inImmersedGeneric
adjacentTo inImmersedFully
bordersOn inImmersedPartly
spaceRegionPortals inSnugly
alignedAlongSurface touchesAtEnd
connectedAlongSurface touchesDirectly
sheetSurfaceTouches wearer
connectedAtContact wearsClothing
connectedAlongSurface wornOn
connectedAtContact
connectedAtEnd
inEmbedded
pipesDirectlyConnected
OpenCyc— Path systems
OpenCyc has a rich
inventory of
categories related
to paths and path
systems, based on
graph theory.
OpenCyc— PathSystem
PathSpatial can be anything…
EdgeOnObject
PathCustomary
CordlikeObject
FlowPath
PathArtifact
Portal
Doorway
PipeEndToCavityJunction
WindowPortal
SolidSurfacePathThroughAir
PathForWheeledVehicles
Railroad
Roadway
OpenCyc— Observations
OpenCyc
is neatly, sometimes not so neatly, partitioned
into microtheories.
covers many subdomains related to space.
is axiomatically impoverished, though future
releases are supposed to include the axioms.
OpenCyc— Observations
Whereas OpenCyc has a rich inventory of
spatial categories and relations, it seems more
like an extension of a lexical resource such as
WordNet than an ontology.
OpenCyc is useful as a measure for breadth,
though the quality of breadth is questionable in
many cases.
Particularly useful may be OpenCyc’s rich
vocabulary for paths and path systems.
SUMO— Space
SUMO— Parts and wholes
SUMO— Parts and wholes
(<=>
(instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
(forall (?PART1 ?PART2)
(=> (equal ?OBJ (MereologicalSumFn
?PART1 ?PART2))
(connected ?PART1 ?PART2))))
“A SCO is the sum of its parts which are all
connected.”
SUMO— Space
SUMO— Regions
(=>
(instance ?REGION Region)
(exists (?PHYS)
(located ?PHYS ?REGION)))
“If something is a region, then there is
something located in that region.”
SUMO— Relations
SUMO spatial relations are partially based on
the Allen axioms:
SUMO— Attributes
SUMO— Parts
SUMO— Observations
SUMO
contains considerable breadth, but also depth
concerning certain aspects of space.
particularly rich concerning relations.
axioms are included (Allen axioms for space).
leans less towards the lexical semantics of
English than OpenCyc.
Summary
The aims of the SFB/TR have been
introduced, with particular emphasis on
the creation of ontologies for spatially
aware systems.
The basics of four ontologies have been
overviewed: OpenCyc, SUMO, DOLCE,
and BFO.
Spatial aspects of OpenCyc and SUMO
have been presented.
Conclusions
No single ontology satisfies the needs of the
SFB/TR in terms of an ontology for space.
OpenCyc and SUMO lack the theoretical
consistency needed for scaling up to detailed
software integration.
Both Open and SUMO rely on categories and
relations more appropriate for the lexical
semantics of English, not a general spatial
ontology.
Conclusions
Neither DOLCE nor BFO are developed
enough to evaluate in terms of space.
Even so, certain aspects of the reviewed
ontologies should be considered as
starting points for constructing a general
ontology for space.
Conclusions
OpenCyc— microtheories, path systems,
breadth
SUMO— commonsense mereology,
example axioms, spatial relations
DOLCE— qualities/q. regions, basic
mereology
BFO— perspectivalism, transontological
relations, basic mereology, theories of
space/time
Next steps
Consider the needs of the particular projects
within the SBF/TR; nail down a methodology for
incorporating experimental results.
Determine weather or not DLs are adequate.
Survey available ontologies for application
towards a linguistically motivated ontology (add
GUM, GOLD).
Survey methods to relate ontologies; define the
relationship between linguistically motivated
ontology and ontology for space.
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