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CHEM 101A – TOPIC C
GAS LAWS AND THE KINETIC THEORY
WHAT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED THIS TOPIC:
1) Use classical gas laws to relate changes in pressure, volume, temperature, and number
of moles to one another.
2) Use vapor pressure information and the classical gas laws to describe the behavior of a
gas when it is collected over water.
3) Solve stoichiometry problems involving gases, using the ideal gas law.
4) Have sufficient understanding of basic kinetic theory to be able to:
a) Solve problems involving kinetic energy, temperature, molar mass, and particle
velocity for an ideal gas.
b) Use effusion rates to determine the molar mass of a gas.
c) Answer qualitative questions about the Boltzmann distribution of kinetic
energies and velocities, and their relationships to temperature and molar mass.
5) Describe the factors that differentiate real gas behavior from the ideal gas model, and
use the van der Waals equation to model real gas behavior.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Sections 5.1 through 5.7 and section 5.10. Omit “the quantitative kinetic molecular
model” on pages 157-161 (6th edition) or 156-160 (5th edition).
RELEVANT PROBLEMS:
(6th edition): Chapter 5, problems 21, 27, 29, 33, 41, 43, 45, 49, 61, 65, 73, 75, 77, 81, 83,
87, 103, 107, 111 and 135
(5th edition): Chapter 5, problems 21, 27, 29, 33, 39, 41, 43, 45, 55, 59, 63, 65, 67, 71, 73,
79, 95, 99, 103, and 131.
ADDITIONAL RELEVANT PROBLEMS: (answers available on the Chem 101A web site)
1) Consider a 0.480 gram sample of O2(g):
a) Calculate the volume of the oxygen at STP.
b) Calculate the volume of the oxygen at 25ºC and 750 torr.
c) What would be the volume of the oxygen if it is collected over water at 740 torr
and 20ºC?
d) If the oxygen is injected into a 2.0 L cylinder at 20ºC, what will be its pressure?
e) When injected into a 4.0 L cylinder, the oxygen exerted a pressure of 114 torr.
What was the temperature of the oxygen?
f) If the oxygen is heated to 100ºC, what will be…
i) the root-mean-square speed of the molecules?
ii) the average kinetic energy of the molecules in kJ/mol?
g) A porous container was filled with the oxygen. At the end of one hour, 250
mL of the oxygen had escaped. What volume of hydrogen gas (H2) would have
escaped from the same container during the same time under the same conditions?
h) The oxygen was mixed with 0.360 moles of H2(g) in a 1.0 L box at 0ºC. What
was the pressure of the gas mixture in the box?
i) A spark was passed through the gas mixture in part h above, and the oxygen
reacted with the hydrogen to form gaseous H2O. The final temperature of the gas
mixture was 150ºC. What was the pressure of the gas mixture in the box?
j) The box in part i was cooled to 24ºC. What was the pressure of the gas mixture
after cooling?
2) A sample of solid KClO3 was decomposed according to the following equation:
2 KClO3(s) Æ 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
350 mL of O2(g) was collected over water at 20ºC and a barometric pressure of 740 torr.
a) How many moles of O2(g) were produced?
b) What was the original mass of the sample of KClO3?
c) How many grams of KCl were formed?
3) 0.250 grams of a metal reacted with 2.00 M HCl to yield 355 mL of H2(g), collected
over water at 20ºC and 756 torr. The net ionic equation for the reaction was:
M(s) + 2 H+(aq) Æ M2+(aq) + H2(g)
a) Based on this information, how many grams of the metal would react with 1
mole of H+(aq)?
b) How many mL of the 2.00 M HCl were consumed during the reaction?
4) A chemist wishes to study the combustion of methane (CH4) at high pressures and low
temperatures.
a) Use the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of methane required to
produce a pressure of 50.00 atm in a 2.000 L container at 20.0ºC.
b) Repeat the calculation in part a, but use the van der Waals equation to obtain a
more accurate value.
c) What is the percent error in the ideal gas law estimate? (Assume that the van
der Waals value is correct.)
THE REQUIRED HOMEWORK
ASSIGNMENT STARTS ON THE NEXT
PAGE OF THIS HANDOUT
CHEM 101A PROBLEM SET 3 SPRING 2010
1) You have a 455 mL sample of oxygen at 18ºC and a pressure of 739 torr.
a) If you lower the temperature to –61ºC without changing the volume, what pressure will
the oxygen exert?
b) If you then increase the volume to 623 mL while keeping the temperature at –61ºC,
what pressure will the oxygen exert?
c) If you now increase the temperature to 83ºC while keeping the pressure constant, what
will the volume of the oxygen be?
d) What is the mass of the oxygen?
2) A compound contains 88.8% carbon and 11.2% hydrogen. At 150ºC and 565 torr, this
compound is a gas with a density of 2.32 g/L. Determine the molecular formula of this
compound.
3) Calculate the approximate mass of the air in room S-201 (one of our Chem 101A labs), given
the following information:
width of room = 8.9 m length of room = 7.5 m height of room = 4.6 m
temperature = 20ºC air pressure = 1 atm
typical molar composition of air in San Francisco: 77.0% N2, 20.7% O2, 1.4% H2O, 0.9% Ar
4) Acidic solutions of CrCl2 can remove oxygen from the atmosphere via the following reaction:
4 CrCl2(aq) + 4 HCl(aq) + O2(g) Æ 4 CrCl3(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
50.0 mL of a 0.123 M solution of CrCl2 is placed into a container that holds 500.0 mL of air at a
temperature of 18ºC. The partial pressure of the oxygen in the container is 156 torr. Once the
reaction is complete, what will be the partial pressure of oxygen in the container? (Assume that
the temperature is constant and HCl is present in excess.)
5) The apparatus below contains ammonia, neon, and hydrogen chloride gases at a temperature
of 27ºC. The valve in the center is opened and the ammonia reacts with the hydrogen chloride:
NH3(g) + HCl(g) Æ NH4Cl(s)
Neon does not react.
a) What mass of ammonium chloride will be formed?
b) What will be the total pressure in the apparatus after the reaction is complete,
assuming the temperature remains constant?
volume = 635 mL valve
volume = 429 mL
NH3 pressure = 0.875 atm HCl pressure =
Ne pressure = 0.893 atm 1.613 atm
6) Which is larger, the average speed of a nitrogen molecule at 20ºC or the speed of sound?
Sound travels at 768 miles per hour at 20ºC.
7) The graph below shows the relationship between velocity (x coordinate) and fraction of
molecules (y coordinate) for three gas samples: neon at 0ºC, carbon dioxide at 25ºC, and
hydrogen at 50ºC. Match each curve (A, B and C) with the correct gas sample, and explain your
reasoning.
A
Fraction
B
C
Velocity
8) The graph below shows the relationship between kinetic energy (x coordinate) and fraction of
molecules (y coordinate) for three gas samples: hydrogen at 50 K, oxygen at 100 K, and neon at
150 K. Match each curve (A, B and C) with the correct gas sample, and explain your reasoning.
A
Fraction
B
C
Kinetic energy
9) Explain each of the following observations, using the kinetic theory of gases.
a) The pressure that a gas exerts increases if you reduce the size of the container.
b) The pressure that a gas exerts decreases if you reduce the temperature.
c) Reactions that involve gases speed up if you raise the temperature.
10) For each of the following pairs of quantities, tell which one is larger and explain your
answer. If they are equal, say so and explain how you can tell. (“KE” means kinetic energy)
a) The rms velocity of nitrogen at 25ºC or the rms velocity of oxygen at 75ºC.
b) The most probable KE for argon at 25ºC or the most probable KE for neon at 25ºC.
c) The average velocity of hydrogen or the average velocity of helium at the same
temperature.
d) The fraction of CH4 molecules with velocities greater than 500 m/sec, or the fraction
of NH3 molecules with velocities greater than 500 m/sec at the same temperature.
e) The fraction of He atoms with kinetic energies between 100 and 200 J/mol, or the
fraction of Ne atoms with kinetic energies between 100 and 200 J/mol, if both gases are at
100ºC.
11) Calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with water to form gaseous acetylene (C2H2) according to the
following equation:
CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) Æ C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
A sample of calcium carbide is placed into a container of water and the acetylene is collected
over water as shown below. The acetylene occupies 261 mL at a pressure of 751 torr and a
temperature of 22.5ºC. The vapor pressure of water at 22.5ºC is 20.5 torr.
a) How many moles of acetylene were formed?
b) What was the mass of the calcium carbide sample?
C2H2
H2 O
CaC2
12) Nickel can combine with carbon monoxide to form a compound that has the chemical
formula Ni(CO)n, where n is a whole number. This compound is a gas at 75ºC. In an effusion
experiment at 75ºC, 12.1 mL of this compound escapes through the pinhole in 10.0 minutes.
Under the same conditions, 11.9 mL of carbon dioxide effuses in 5.0 minutes. Using this
information, determine the chemical formula of the unknown compound.
13) An engineer is designing a reactor that will be filled with oxygen under high pressure. The
volume of the reactor is 253 L, the maximum temperature inside the reactor will be 250ºC, and
the pressure inside the reactor must not exceed 150 atm. The engineer uses the ideal gas law to
calculate the maximum number of moles of oxygen that can be put into the reactor without
exceeding 150 atm.
a) What number of moles does the engineer calculate using the ideal gas law?
b) Now use the van der Waals equation to calculate a more accurate value for the
pressure inside the reactor at 250ºC, using the number of moles you obtained in part a. Will the
reactor be at risk of failure, based on your answer?
14) Calculate the Kinetic Energy of the following:
a) A roller coaster car that weighs 625.0 kg and is moving at 18.0 m/s.
b) A molecule of CO2 that is moving at 419 m/s.
c) A molecule of N2 that is moving at 511 m/s.
d) Express your answers to parts b and c in kJ/mole.
15) A mole of He atoms has a kinetic energy of 3.86 kJ/mole. Calculate the velocity of a He
atom.
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