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MUMPS MEASLES RUBELLA and human parvovirus

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2004 MUMPS, MEASLES RUBELLA and human parvovirus 1 MEASLES (RUBEOLA) MUMPS RUBELLA • • • • • • MAN WORLD WIDE SINGLE SEROTYPE OF EACH VIRUS LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE (MMR) CHILDHOOD DISEASES (PRE-VACCINE) NOTIFIABLE DISEASE 2 • PARAMYXOVIRUS FAMILY –MUMPS –MEASLES • TOGAVIRUS FAMILY –RUBELLA 3 MEASLES AND MUMPS 4 PARAMYXOVIRUSES pleomorphic HN/H/G glycoprotein SPIKES F glycoprotein SPIKES helical nucleocapsid (RNA plus NP protein) lipid bilayer membrane polymerase complex M protein 5 PARAMYXOVIRUS FAMILY properties of attachment protein GENUS GLYCOPROTEINS TYPICAL MEMBERS HPIV1, HPIV3 Paramyxovirus genus HN, F Rubulavirus Genus HN, F HPIV2, HPIV4 mumps virus Morbillivirus genus H, F measles virus Pneumovirus genus G, F respiratory syncytial virus 6 MEASLES 2001 >40,000,000 infections world wide >1,000,000 deaths world wide 7 VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS Measles – United States, 1950-2002 900 Cases (thousands) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Vaccine Licensed 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 8 http://www.cdc.gov/nip/ed/slides/slides.htm Measles Resurgence – United States, 1989-1991 • Cases • Hospitalizations 55,622 >11,000 • Deaths 123 http://www.cdc.gov/nip/ed/slides/slides.htm 9 Measles 1996-2002 • Endemic transmission interrupted • Record low annual total in 2002 (44 total cases) • Most cases imported or linked to importation http://www.cdc.gov/nip/ed/slides/slides.htm 10 The State, Columbia, S.C. Saturday October 16, 1999 11 INFECTION • AEROSOL • VERY CONTAGIOUS 12 viremia Adapted from Mims, Playfair, Roitt, Wakelin and Williams (1993) Medical Microbiology 13 MEASLES - Koplik’s spots 14 Murray et al. Medical Microbiology DISSEMINATED SPREAD • LONGER TIME FOR SYMPTOMS • IMMUNE RESPONSE • (IF SYMPTOMS DUE TO IMMUNE RESPONSE, USUALLY INFECTIOUS PRIOR TO SYMPTOMS) 15 Adapted from Mims, Playfair, Roitt, Wakelin and Williams (1993) Medical Microbiology MEASLES - RASH CDC - B.Rice 16 Murray et al. Medical Microbiology DISEASE • STILL INFECTIOUS AFTER SYMPTOMS START • FEVER • RESPIRATORY TRACT SYMPTOMS • rhinorrhea, cough • KOPLIK’S SPOTS • MACULOPAPULAR RASH • T-cells ->endothelial cells • CONJUNCTIVITIS • epithelial cells 17 RECOVERY • FAIRLY RAPID – T-cell response important – agammaglobulinemia – recover – T-cell deficient, may be no rash, may be severe disease (life threatening) • DISEASE MORE SEVERE IN ADULTS 18 COMPLICATIONS • GIANT CELL PNEUMONIA Histopathology of measles pneumonia. CDC/Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. Giant cell with intracytoplasmic inclusions 19 COMPLICATIONS • GIANT CELL PNEUMONIA • SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS • MORE SEVERE IF MALNOURISHED AND/OR POOR ACCESS TO MEDICAL CARE 20 Mims et al., Medical Microbiology 1993 21 PROBLEMS • vitamin A deficient -> low mucosal defense • low protein, calories -> impaired immunity • lack of antibiotics for secondary infections • lack of vaccination (need cold chain) • poor hygiene ESTIMATE THAT MEASLES KILLS 1,000,000/YR WORLDWIDE 22 COMPLICATIONS • GIANT CELL PNEUMONIA • SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS • MORE SEVERE IF MALNOURISHED AND/OR POOR ACCESS TO MEDICAL CARE • MEASLES ENCEPHALITIS 23 MEASLES ENCEPHALITIS • 1/1000 cases • sequelae – deafness – seizures – mental disorders 24 SSPE • sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis – inflammatory disease – defective virus • early infection with measles is a risk factor • rare (7/1,000,000 cases of measles) • decrease since vaccination program 25 IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND MEASLES • TEMPORARY DEPRESSION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE – Tuberculin +ve individuals may temporarily become -ve • MAY GET REACTIVATION OF HERPES, TUBERCULOSIS • Don’t see with vaccine strain 26 DIAGNOSIS • Serodiagnosis – Significant increase in IgG (need two samples) – Positive for IgM • Isolation • All suspect cases should be confirmed by laboratory 27 EPIDEMIOLOGY • ALMOST ALL INFECTED INDIVIDUALS SHOW DISEASE • ONE SEROTYPE • NATURAL INFECTION GIVES LIFE LONG PROTECTION • MOST CONTAGIOUS BEFORE RASH IS EVIDENT 28 PREVENTION • LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE – Does not spread to contacts – Can cause problems in immunosuppressed • IMMUNE SERUM GLOBULIN 29 TREATMENT • SUPPORTIVE CARE 30 PARAMYXOVIRUSES MUMPS 31 MUMPS CDC - B.Rice 32 33 Mims et al., Medical Microbiology 1993 Mims et al., Medical Microbiology 1993 34 RECOVERY • CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY 35 DIAGNOSIS • 30% INFECTIONS SUB-CLINICAL • SEROLOGY OR ISOLATION 36 EPIDEMIOLOGY • • • • MAN ONLY HOST ONE SEROTYPE SUB-CLINICAL INFECTIONS CONTAGIOUS BEFORE AND AFTER SYMPTOMS 37 PREVENTION • LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE • DOES NOT SPREAD TO CONTACTS • Contradindicated in – immune-suppressed – pregnant women 38 RUBELLA VIRUS glycoprotein icosahedral nucleocapsid RNA (single-stranded positive-sense) lipid bilayer membrane 39 RUBELLA VIRUS • TOGAVIRUS FAMILY – Alphavirus genus – Rubivirus genus • AEROSOL • CHILDREN, ADULTS – mild • FETUS – can be severe 40 RUBELLA Murray et al. Medical Microbiology 41 42 SYMPTOMS children and adults • SORE THROAT, RUNNY NOSE, COUGH • FEVER • RASH, MINOR, IRREGULAR – lasts 12hour to 5days – not always seen • ARTHRALGIA, ARTHRITIS – especially in adults, especially women • LYMPHOADENOPATHY 43 COMPLICATIONS • ENCEPHALITIS (RARE) 44 RECOVERY • T-CELL 45 PROTECTION • IgG, IgA • IgM may persist 46 EFFECTS ON FETUS • HEARING LOSS • CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS • NEUROLOGICAL – PYSCHOMOTOR AND/OR MENTAL RETARDATION • OPHTHALMIC – CATARACT, GLAUCOMA, RETINOPATHY 47 EFFECTS ON FETUS • • • • • • thrombocytopenia hepatomegaly splenomegaly intrauterine growth retardation bone lesions pneumonitis 48 EFFECTS ON FETUS • First trimester – 65-85% of neonates have sequelae 49 Epidemic Rubella – United States 1964-1965 • 12.5 million rubella cases • 2,000 encephalitis cases • 11,250 abortions (surgical/spontaneous) • 2,100 neonatal deaths • 20,000 CRS (congenital rubella syndrome) cases – Deaf - 11,600 – Blind - 3,580 – Mentally retarded - 1,800 CDC pink book 50 EFFECTS ON FETUS • 1969 to present – maximum of 67 cases congential rubella/yr • usually fewer than 10 51 CONGENITAL INFECTIONS • SHED VIRUS FOR A YEAR OR MORE AFTER BIRTH – nasopharynx, urine, feces 52 CONGENITAL INFECTIONS • EYE PROBLEMS • GLANDULAR COMPLICATIONS – diabetes – thyroid problems – deficiency growth hormone 53 CONGENITAL / VERY EARLY INFECTIONS • PROGRESSIVE RUBELLA PANENCEPHALITIS 54 DIAGNOSIS • Serology – Significant rise in IgG – Positive for IgM • Isolation 55 DIAGNOSIS • ~50% infections sub-clinical • rash not always seen • many other agents cause similar symptoms 56 RUBELLA-LIKE SYMPTOMS • HUMAN PARVOVIRUS • SOME ALPHAVIRUSES • SOME ENTEROVIRUSES • SOME ADENOVIRUSES • EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS • SCARLET FEVER • TOXIC DRUG REACTIONS 57 PREVENTION • LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE – DOES NOT SPREAD TO FAMILY MEMBERS – CHILDREN – SUSCEPTIBLE NON-PREGANT FEMALES 58 EPIDEMIOLOGY • • • • MAN SOLE HOST WORLD WIDE ONE SEROTYPE NATURAL INFECTION PROTECTS FOR LIFE 59 PARVOVIRUS (erythrema infectiosum) Murray et al. Medical Microbiology 60 PARVOVIRUS B19 • very small, non-enveloped, icosahedral, single-stranded DNA virus • erythrema infectiosum, fifth disease – mild rash, acute arthritis • replicates in red blood cell precursors – can cause problems in those with chronic anemia, immune suppression • May cause spontaneous abortion of fetus 61
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