Environmental Impacts of Alternative Future Energy Sources

							 Environmental Impacts of
Alternative & Future Energy
     Sources - Overview


2008 AWMA Southern Section Annual Meeting & Tech. Conf.
                05 AUG – 08 AUG 2008
                     R. Mark Bricka
               Mississippi State University
      Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering
                Current Energy Use
• Electricity Generation – Coal & Natural Gas Most Used
• Transportation – Essentially all Petrochemical
• Heat – Coal / Oil / NG / Electricity
   – Uses
      • Home/Industrial Space Heat
      • CPI / Industrial Usage
        All Energy Sources                     Renewable Energy Sources
       (94.2 Quadrillion Btu)                     (7.1 Quadrillion Btu)

    Nuclear Electric
         7%
                                        Coal
                                        23%
                                                                                         Solar 1%

                                                                                     Geothermal 5%           Energy
                                                                                         Biomass 38%




Petroleum
                                               Renewable
                                                Energy
                                                  8%
                                                                                         Wind <0.5%          Sources
  39%                                                                                    Hydroelectric 55%


                                    Natural Gas
                                       24%

            Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
                                           Sourc e: EIA’s Renewable Energy Annual 1998




                                               The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the Nation’s Energy Supply, 2007
                                               Source: EIA’s Renewable Energy Annual Report May 2008
   What is Alternative Energy
• Alternative energy a transpiration
  fuel, electrical power or thermal
  energy derived from a renewable
  (non-petrochemical) source.
     Types of Alternative Energy
•   Nuclear – Thermal/Electrical
•   Hydropower – Electrical/Mechanical
•   Tidal Power – Electrical/Mechanical
•   Geothermal – Thermal/Electrical
•   Fuel Cells– Electrical
•   Solar – Heat/Electrical
•   Wind Energy – Electrical
•   Biogas Energy – Thermal/Electrical
•   Biomass Energy – Thermal/Electrical
                    Solar
• Heat
  – Passive
  – Active
• Electricity
  – Photovoltaic Cells
              Wind Energy
• Turbines
  – Inefficient
  – Land Usage
                   Fuel Cells

• Convert chemical energy directly into
  electricity and heat, rather than oxidize fuel
• Fuel catalytically reacted – typically H2
 Biomass – the Low Hanging Fruit
•Energy Crops
•Agricultural and Forestry Waste
•Industrial and Consumer Waste
•Manures
       Biogas Energy




• Combustion Process
  – Landfills
  – Digesters
     • Cow /Pig / Poultry
     • Human
          Bio Energy/ Bio Fuels
• Fuels
  –   Methane
  –   Ethanol
  –   Methanol
  –   Bio Diesel
  –   Syn Gas
  –   Bio Oil
Thermal Conversion of Biomass to Energy

  Combustion       Heat                  Heat
                             Boilers

  Gasification   Producer   Turbines     Electricity
                   Gas
                              Engines

                                         Chemicals
                            Biological
                                           Fuels
                             Process
  Pyrolysis      Bio-Oil
          Syn Gas / Bio Oil
• Combustion
   • Excess air
   • H2O & CO2
• Gasification
   • Less than stoichiometric
     air
   • H2, CO, CO2 & H2O
• Pyrolysis
   • Absence of Air
Gasifier
MSU Gasification
Battelle Columbus Gasifier
         200 TPD




                      FERCO GASIFIER- BURLINGTON, VT
Pouring Bio-Oil
Bio - Oil
Pyrolysis Unit
Natchez Trace Greenhouses
 Environmental Impacts of
Alternative & Future Energy
     Sources - Overview


2008 AWMA Southern Section Annual Meeting & Tech. Conf.
                05 AUG – 08 AUG 2008
                     R. Mark Bricka
               Mississippi State University
      Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering