Civil society, Democracy Development

							POLI3P43 “breaking down the distance between right
and wrong”: Exam Preparation Review
There will be a final exam that will examine knowledge of
the entire course. Date and venue of the final exam TBA

It will be 3 hours in duration. There will be a choice of 4
questions, please answer 3 of them

Materials addressed in both lectures, seminars and the
course text will be examined in both the midterm and final
exams.

Term Papers will be returned at the final exam
http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~cburton
p. 3 Common political traits
authoritarian rule (military regime or single-
party government)
severe instability and internal conflict
(ethnic/religious cleavages)
endemic corruption

problem of lack of state capacity
p. 3 One of the themes and puzzles that pervade
this field is he relationship between the more
formal aspects of political processes and
institutions that may have been to some degree
imposed or modelled on Western prototypes, and
their “informal” aspects. For instance to understand
how political parties really work we need to
consider not only formal organizational
characteristics --- rules, authorized decision-making
bodies, membership, and so on --- but informal
hierarchies of power, such as those between
patrons and clients, that operate between them.
p. 11 modernization theory/ dependency theory/ globalization theory

p. 13 rational choice theory
Rational choice theory assumes human behaviour as guided by
instrumental reason. Accordingly, individuals always choose what they
believe to be the best means to achieve their given ends. Thus, they are
normally regarded as maximizing utility, the "currency" for everything
they cherish (for example: money, a long life, moral standards). As the
modern formulation of much older descriptions of rational behaviour,
Rational choice theory belongs to the foundational theory of
economics. Over the last decades it has also become increasingly
prevalent in other social sciences.

discourse theory
What is the appropriate role of the state vis-
à-vis society and vis-à-vis the economy?
Civil society, democracy &
       Development
The Civil society discourse in the
              1990s
Why the popularity in the 1990s

---the end of the cold war

---Disenchantment with 3rd world governments.

---active and open recognition of civil society by the UN in the 90s

---Rise of information technology

--- Globalization

---Privatization and the retreat of the state

---the rise and use of foreign development agencies
 What really is civil society?
Political and social space

Group activity

Analytical concept
           Defining the concept
“Civil society refers to the arena of uncoerced collective
action around shared interest, purposes and values. In
theory, its institutional forms are distinct from those of the
state, family and market though in practice, the boundaries
between state, civil society, family and market are often
complex, blurred and negotiated. Civil society commonly
embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional
forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and
power. Civil societies are often populated by organisations
such as registered charities, development non-
governmental organisations, community groups, women's
organisations, faith-based organisations, professional
associations, trade unions, self-help groups, social
movements, business associations, coalitions and advocacy
groups.”
     Source: London School of Economics Center for Civil society
    Common denominator
Civil society is often used with
reference to:

State

The market

The primary units/ Family
Mode of engaging the state & the market
Collaboration

Confrontation

Co-operation

Partnership

Resistance
    Illustrating the interface
.
Understanding state, market and
   civil society relationship
         State
                                 NGOs,
                                 PVOs
                                 Peoples org.
                                 CBOs
                                 Civic clubs
                                 Trade unions
                                 Community foundations
                                 Gender, cultural & religious groups
                                 Professional associations
                                 Policy institutes
                                 The media
                 Primary Units
Market                           Consumer groups
                                 Business organizations
                                 Non-profit org.
                                 Etc.
    Relevance of civil society
Connecting & empowering

Participation and enabling environment for civic engagement

Partnership & collaboration

Education/knowledge building and information sharing

Promotion of pluralism and a mechanism for holding the market
and the state officials accountable

Provides Alternative to centralised systems of governance

Motivates individuals to act as citizens as opposed to depending
on state power
   Criticisms of civil society
Questions of mandate and
responsibility

Parochialism

Accountability

Legitimacy issues
Three Main Periods of Foreign Impact on “Developing
   Nations”


1. Colonialism (largely from mid-19th to mid-20th C.)

2. Cold War (1945 to 1989)

3. Globalization (WB, IMF, WTO and spread of information
   technology)
          Colonialism
Mixed legacy varying depending on
factors in colonized nation and
policies of the colonizing power
Berlin Conference 1884-5
Legacy of economic infrastructure
and political institutions
Ended in 50s and 60s
Legacy of “psychological
dependency”
                 Cold War
Proxy wars: USA - rightwing military dictatorships;
USSR - Marxist regimes; „domino theory”: Vietnam,
Cambodia, Afghanistan, Guatemala, Chile,
Nicaragua, El Salvador, Namibia, Angola
p. 45 By mid-1970s the Soviet Union was getting
closer to strategic parity with the USA and was able
to project its power with greater confidence
Most countries were courted by both sides, with
rival offers of financial and economic aid (Pakistan
with USA/China; India with Soviet Union
p. 46 The superpowers were motivated by a variety
of different interests: military security, trade, and
ideology
p. 44 Theory of 3 Worlds
1. USA and allies (NATO)
2. USSR and allies (Warsaw Pact)
3. Non-allied nations

Also: superpowers, middle powers, “developing
world”
Post Cold War Globalization
p, 47 failure of NIEO, 3rd World dissatisfaction with
Western media, USA withholding funding from
UNESCO
p. 45 A number of corrupt régimes which had been
supported by one side or the other were replaced by
democratic governments
p. 48 WB (development loans), IMF (loans to
maintain global financial system such as when
nations have balance of payments problem), WTO
(terms of trade)
p. 16 and 17 politics of order: Huntington critique of optimism that
economic growth would lead to social pluralism, higher literacy rates
and liberal democracy. Says need instead strong ruling party (or
military regime) as best means to stability, legitimacy and coherence

p. 18 Dependency theory demands revolution by urban poor and
peasantry and import substitution p. 19 but NIEs put lie to that idea

p. 19 Globalization: TNCs can relocate to best economies of scale,
labour costs
Info technology: financial transactions, production info, “globalized
values”
p. 20 can‟t do “Keynesian” economic policies to enhance welfare and
protect employment. So state plays less of a role.
1980s Milton Friedman
p. 30 A government‟s role in the economy should be
reduced to an absolute minimum, and all restrictions
on international trade should be removed. In all areas
of economic life the market should be left to work its
“magic” unsupervised, and, as far as possible,
unregulated.

Reduce unions, get down tax (so reduce public
services)

Justice vs. efficiency
p. 39 Why, in an era of a global economy and neo-
liberal policies, are some countries poorer than
they were a decade or even more longer ago?


p. 40 world trading system entrenches inequality
between the richest parts of the world and the
poorest.
p. 75 Ethnic identities are constructed when
some people self-consciously distinguish
themselves from others on the basis of perceived
common descent (perhaps mythical) and shared
culture (including values, norms, goals, beliefs
and language).
Citizenship: p. 78 “The only cultural uniformity
that is demanded is commitment to the existence
of the state and its political institutional norms
and values.”
p. 93 a desire to change domestic, and in
some cases international arrangements, so as
to make a certain religion as the central
societal and political influence
Gregoire Kayibanda
Juvenal Habyarimana.
In the late 1980s, after fifteen years of relative prosperity,
boosted by large amounts of foreign aid, Habyarimana's
regime encountered growing difficulty. A sharp drop in
world coffee prices cut farmers' income by half. Drought
blighted food production. The government's budget in
1989 had to be slashed by 40 per cent. Gross domestic
product in 1989 fell by 5.7 per cent. The shortage of land
was becoming ever more acute. From 2 million
inhabitants in 1940, the population by 1990 had reached 7
million. Whereas in the 1950s a typical peasant hill
community consisted of about 110 people per square
kilometre, by the 1970s the number occupying the same
area had risen to about 280 and by the early 1990s it had
reached an average of 420, with one northern commune
registering 820. Adding to land pressures, the elite were
quick to buy up land sold because of poverty.
Paul Kagame
At a meeting in Kampala in 1987, leading exiles launched the
Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF). Its purpose, they said, was not
only to promote the return of Tutsis, by force if necessary, but
to support the wider cause of political reform in Rwanda. It
sought neither to reimpose Tutsi rule in Rwanda nor to
reinstate the Tutsi monarchy but to over-throw a bankrupt
regime and establish a democratic government. Its political
leaders included Hutu but were predominantly Tutsi; its
para-military wing consisted almost entirely of Tutsi, many of
them well trained, with combat experience. The movement
gained impetus as a result of a growing backlash among
Ugandans about the prominent role played by Rwandan exiles.
Jean-Christophe Mitterand
Hassan Ngeze
In a memorable article published in December 1990, shortly after
the RPF invasion, Hassan Ngeze laid out a doctrine of Hutu
purity, listing what he called 'The Hutu Ten Commandments'.
The first decreed that any Hutu who married a Tutsi woman,
befriended a Tutsi woman or employed a Tutsi 'as a secretary or a
concubine' was to be considered a traitor since all Tutsi women
worked only for the interest of their own ethnic group. For similar
reasons, any Hutu involved in business dealings with Tutsi was
also deemed a traitor. Hutu were told to be 'firm and vigilant
against their common Tutsi enemy'. Only Hutu should be
entrusted to hold strategic positions in government, in the
administration and the economy. Only Hutu should be employed
in the armed forces. Ngeze's 'Ten Commandments' were widely
circulated to popular acclaim. Habyarimana championed their
publication. Community leaders read them out at public
meetings. The most frequently quoted commandment was the
eighth: 'Hutus must stop having mercy on the Tutsis.'
Leon Mugesara
Theoneste
Bagosora
Melchior Ndadaye
Romeo Dallaire
  Universal Aspirations of all
            States
people as citizens     independence and
security of persons    self-determination
education              democratic
health care            selection of leaders
honest governance      protection of
                       minorities
fair distribution of
wealth                 fair justice system
                       non-political
                       military
Multi-Media

• Gambian Justice

•Child Soldiers in Uganda

•Fujimori

•1-800-India

•AIDS grandmothers

•BBC audio on Special Rapporteurs
 Since the late 1980s Uganda has rebounded from the
abyss of civil war and economic catastrophe to become
relatively peaceful, stable and prosperous.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1069166.
stm
•Full name: Republic of Uganda
•Population: 27.6 million (UN, 2005)
•Capital: Kampala
•Area: 241,038 sq km (93,072 sq miles)
•Major languages: English (official), Swahili, Ganda, various
Bantu languages
•Major religions: Christianity, Islam
•Life expectancy: 46 years (men), 47 years (women) (UN)
•Main exports: Coffee, fish and fish products, tea; tobacco,
cotton, corn, beans, sesame
•GNI per capita: US $280 (World Bank, 2006)
Christians of all denominations made up 85.1% of Uganda's
population. The Catholic Church has the largest number of
adherents (41.9%), followed by the Anglican Church of Uganda—a
part of the worldwide Anglican communion—(35.9%). Minor
Christian groups include Pentecostals (4.6%) and Seventh-Day
Adventists (1.5%), while 1.0% were grouped under the category
'Other Christians'.

The second most popular religion of Uganda is Islam, with Muslims
representing 12.1% of the population.While Muslims today appear
to be experiencing some degree of discrimination, they were in the
seventies the most favoured group under the rule of President Idi
Amin, himself a Muslim, under whose government the number of
Muslims had significantly grown.

Only 1% of Uganda's population follow Traditional Religions.
1500 - Bito dynasties of Buganda, Bunyoro and Ankole founded
by Nilotic-speaking immigrants from present-day southeastern
Sudan.

1700 - Buganda begins to expand at the expense of Bunyoro.

1800 - Buganda controls territory bordering Lake Victoria from
the Victoria Nile to the Kagera river.
1840s - Muslim traders from the Indian Ocean coast exchange
firearms, cloth and beads for the ivory and slaves of Buganda.

1862 - British explorer John Hanning Speke becomes the first
European to visit Buganda.

1875 - Bugandan King Mutesa I allows Christian missionaries
to enter his realm.
1877 - Members of the British Missionary Society arrive in
Buganda.

1879 - Members of the French Roman Catholic White Fathers arrive.

1890 - Britain and Germany sign treaty giving Britain rights to what
was to become Uganda.

1892 - British East India Company agent Frederick Lugard extends
the company's control to southern Uganda and helps the Protestant
missionaries defeat their Catholic counterparts, who had been
competing with them, in Buganda.
1894 - Uganda becomes a British protectorate.

1900 - Britain signs agreement with Buganda giving it
autonomy and turning it into a constitutional monarchy
controlled mainly by Protestant chiefs.

1902 - The Eastern province of Uganda transferred to the
Kenya.
1904 - Commercial cultivation of cotton begins.

1921 - Uganda given a legislative council, but its first African
member not admitted till 1945.

1958 - Uganda given internal self-government.
1962 - Uganda becomes independent with Milton
Obote as prime minister
1967 - New constitution vests considerable power in the
president and divides Buganda into four districts.

1971 - Milton Obote toppled in coup led by Idi Amin.
1972 - Amin orders Asians who were not Ugandan citizens -
around 60,000 people - to leave the country.

1972-73 - Uganda engages in border clashes with Tanzania.

1976 - Idi Amin declares himself president for life and claims
parts of Kenya.

1978 - Uganda invades Tanzania with a view to annexing
Kagera region.
1979 - Tanzania invades Uganda, unifying the various anti-
Amin forces under the Uganda National Liberation Front and
forcing Amin to flee the country; Yusufu Lule installed as
president, but is quickly replaced by Godfrey Binaisa.

1980 - Binaisa overthrown by the army.

Milton Obote becomes president after elections.
1985 - Obote deposed in military coup and is replaced by Tito
Okello.
1986 - National Resistance Army rebels take Kampala and install
Yoweri Museveni as president.
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including
fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral
deposits of copper and cobalt. Agriculture is the most
important sector of the economy, employing over 80%
of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk of
export revenues.
Since 1986, the government - with the support of foreign
countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate
and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform,
raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of
petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The
policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation
and boosting production and export earnings
During 1990-2001, the economy turned in a solid performance
based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of
infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports,
reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic security, and
the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs.
Public debt:
64.3% of GDP (2005 est.)

Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly Indebted Poor
Countries (HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club
debt relief worth $145 million. These amounts combined with
the original HIPC debt relief added up to about $2 billion.
Growth for 2001-02 was solid despite continued decline in the
price of coffee, Uganda's principal export. Growth in 2003-05
reflected an upturn in Uganda's export markets.
refugees (country of origin): 214,673 (Sudan) 18,902
(Rwanda) 14,982 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

IDPs: 1,330,000-2,000,000 note - ongoing Lord's Resistance
Army (LRA) rebellion, mainly in the north; LRA frequently
attacks IDP camps (2005)
Uganda has been hailed as a rare success story in the fight against
HIV and AIDS, widely being viewed as the most effective national
response to the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. President
Museveni established the AIDS Control Program (ACP) within the
Ministry of Health (MOH) to create policy guidelines for Uganda‟s
fight against HIV/AIDS. Uganda quickly realized that HIV/AIDS
was more than a „health‟ issue and in 1992 created a “Multi-
sectoral AIDS Control Approach.” In addition, the Uganda AIDS
Commission, also founded in 1992, has been instrumental in
developing a national HIV/AIDS policy. A variety of approaches to
AIDS education have been employed, ranging from the promotion
of condom use to 'abstinence only' programmes
The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda
grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different
political systems and cultures. These differences prevented the
establishment of a working political community after
independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi
AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000
opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton
OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives.

The rule of Yoweri MUSEVENI since 1986 has brought relative
stability and economic growth to Uganda. During the 1990s, the
government promulgated non-party presidential and legislative
elections.

https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html
Kim Il Sung
Kim Jong Il
constitutionalism
the rule of law
democracy (as we understand it)
equality
liberty
free markets
the separation of church and state,
honest and transparent government
freedom of expression and freedom of
association and assembly with the later
implying a right to freely form non-
governmental organizations including
trade unions and political parties.
1. Elite level includes:

i.       Demarches in Beijing and engagement of
       Chinese senior leaders in Canada (Rel Freedom
       Del)
ii.       Bilateral and Plurilateral Human Rights
       Dialogue
iii.      UNHRC March
iv.       Parliamentary Exchange Program
2. Middle level includes engagement of intellectuals via
educational exchanges
Senior Judges Training Program
police training
human rights workshops and human rights training
summer programs
Public Policy Options Program and Public Service
Reform Program
Mass level:
i.           Legal Aid programs
ii.         Civil Society Program: assisting
emerging               NGO sector and community
                   development
iii.        Public diplomacy
Bodies found at Dachau Gas Chambers
Railway Car Nearby
First Security UN Council
meeting.
London, 17/1/46




 In 1945 just after the War, the United Nations was established.

 As set out in the Charter, the purposes of the United Nations are:
 - to maintain international peace and security;
 - to develop friendly relations among nations; and,
 - to co-operate internationally in solving economic, social, cultural and
 humanitarian problems and in promoting better standards of living and
 respect for human rights.
The Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations includes a determination
"to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights" and Article 1 of the Charter of
the UN lists "encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
for all" as one of the organization's principal purposes.

In December 9, 1948 the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide was promulgated, the next day the General Assembly
unanimously adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights --- the most
authoritative statement of international human rights norms
http://www.gnb.ca/hrc-cdp/e/humphre1.htm
 Human rights are intended to guarantee freedoms to
secure well-being and dignity for all people everywhere
                      To secure:
  Freedom from discrimination --- by gender, race ethnicity,
  national origin or religion
  Freedom from want --- to enjoy a decent standard of living
  Freedom to develop and realize one’s human potential
  Freedom from fear --- of threats to personal security, from
  torture, arbitrary arrest and other violent acts
  Freedom from injustice and violations of the rule of law
  Freedom of thought and speech and to participate in
  decision-making and form associations
  Freedom to obtain decent work --- without exploitation
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
recognizes the indivisibility of human rights.
Nevertheless, separate covenants evolved on
civil and political rights and economic,social
and cultural rights, due to the Cold War.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Building on the principles of the UN Charter, it
was adopted on 10 December, 1948. It is the
primary document proclaiming human rights
standards and norms. The declaration
recognizes the universality, indivisibility and
inalienability of the rights of all people as the
foundation of equality, freedom, justice and
peace in the world

http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
6 Primary UN HR Covenants
ICCPR
ICESCR
ICERD
CEDAW
CRC
ICT
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Adopted in 1966 and entered into force in 1976, the
ICCPR defines a broad range of civil and political
rights for all people. It has been ratified by 144
states.

http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm
 International Covenant on Economic, Social and
                  Cultural Right


Also introduced in 1966 and entered into force in 1976, IESCR
defines the economic, social and cultural rights of people. It
introduced a new way of looking at development --- a rights-based
perspective. This one has been ratified by 142 states.

http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm
International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms
               of Racial Discrimination


 The ICERD was adopted in 1965 and entered into forcein 1969 in the
 aftermath of decolonization, a period characterized by apartheid and
 racial and ethnic conflicts. It deals with a particular form of
 discrimination --- that based on race, colour, descent or national or
 ethnic origin. The Convention has been ratified by 155 countries

 http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
       Discrimination Against Women


Adopted in 1979 and entered into force in 1981, CEDAW
is the first comprehensive, legally binding international
instrument obligating governments to take affirmative
action to advance gender equity. It has been ratified by
165 countries. It is often referred to as the International
Bill of Rights for Women

http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/e1cedaw.htm
        Convention on the Rights of the Child

Adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1990, “the CRC
recognizes the need for specific attention to promoting the rights
of children to support their growth, development and becoming
worthy citizens of the world. It has been ratified by 191
countries making it almost universal.

http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman
      or Degrading Treatment or Punishment


 The CAT was adopted in 1984 and entered into force in 1989. It
 elaborated on how to ensure the freedom not to be subjected to
 torture or degrading treatment., by laying out the steps to be taken
 by states to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading
 treatment or punishment. It has been ratified by 119 countries.

 http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm
http://www.nepad.org/
The NEPAD Action Plan on the other hand includes the declaration:
At the beginning of the new century and millennium, we reaffirm our
commitment to the promotion of democracy and its core values in our
respective countries. In particular, we undertake to work with renewed
determination to enforce
- The rule of law;
- The equality of all citizens before the law and liberty of the individual
- Individual and collective freedoms, including the right to form and
join political parties and trade unions, in conformity with the
constitution;
- Equality of opportunity for all;
- The inalienable right of the individual to participate by means of free,
credible and democratic political processes in periodically electing their
leaders for a fixed term of office; and
- Adherence to the separation of powers, including the protection of
the independence of the judiciary and of effective parliaments.
                          The Bank of Sweden Prize in
                          Economic Sciences in
                          Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998

                 "for his contributions to welfare economics"




Sen is one of the few modern
academics that has commanded much
respect and recognition from all
corners of the intellectual spectrum.




         Amartya Sen
Human Development and Human
Rights share the motivation to
promote freedom, well-being and
dignity of individuals in all societies
Development is about enhancing
capabilities to increase the range
of things a person can do and be
in leading a life. Capabilities
enhance the freedom to have the
opportunity to choose our own
fate and the freedom to live as
we prefer to live.
Capabilities: freedom to meet
bodily requirements: avoid
undernourishment or starvation
and to have the means to keep
healthy and avoid pre-mature
disability or death
Enabling opportunities: freedom to
gain education and the freedom to
move freely and choose where one
lives and works
Social freedoms: capability to
join in public debate and
participate in political decision-
making processs
Human Development Index:

•Living long and healthy life
•Being knowledgeable
•Enjoying decent standard of living
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index
Fulfillment of human rights
depends on appropriate social
conditions. If human
development index is low then
rights are being violated so
accountability must be sought
and remedies pursued
•The capacity too achieve this
accountability is dependent on
compliance with human rights
norms

•The enforcement of the remedy is
also only possible in there is
compliance with human rights
Example of right to free elementary education for little girls
illustrates this interdependence of rights and development:

•May be denied because the parents do not believe in education for
girls so they don‟t send her (responsibility lies with parents)
•May be denied because the Government refuses to admit girls to
schools (responsibility lies with the government)
•May be denied because the parents cannot afford school fees and
other expenses
•May be denied because there are no schools or the facilities are
inadequate (the teacher may not be regularly present, so the parents
would deem it an unsafe environment for young girls)
•The parents can afford the school expenses but at the cost of
sacrificing something else that it important (such as continuing
medical treatment of other children)
The above is to refute the ideas:

1. That civil and political rights are
   not interdependent with economic
   social and cultural rights

2. That development must precede
   compliance with human rights
http://docs.google.com/View?docid=dcfd6fxz_68f4q4z5
http://www.nepad.org/
The NEPAD Action Plan on the other hand includes the declaration:
At the beginning of the new century and millennium, we reaffirm our
commitment to the promotion of democracy and its core values in our
respective countries. In particular, we undertake to work with renewed
determination to enforce
- The rule of law;
- The equality of all citizens before the law and liberty of the individual
- Individual and collective freedoms, including the right to form and
join political parties and trade unions, in conformity with the
constitution;
- Equality of opportunity for all;
- The inalienable right of the individual to participate by means of free,
credible and democratic political processes in periodically electing their
leaders for a fixed term of office; and
- Adherence to the separation of powers, including the protection of
the independence of the judiciary and of effective parliaments.
http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/inbrief.php
http://docs.google.com/View?docid=dcfd6fxz_72cmn3fq
http://docs.google.com/View?docid=dcfd6fxz_71f6bgp5
Any Chinese worker, farmer, member of the armed forces,
intellectual or any advanced element of other social strata who has
reached the age of eighteen and who accepts the Party's Program
and Constitution and is willing to join and work actively in one of
the Party organizations, carry out the Party's decisions and pay
membership dues regularly may apply for membership in the
Communist Party of China.

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard both of the
Chinese working class and of the Chinese people and the Chinese
nation. It is the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with
Chinese characteristics and represents the development trend of
China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's
advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the
overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. The realization of
communism is the highest ideal and ultimate goal of the Party.
China is at the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long
period of time. This is a historical stage which cannot be skipped in
socialist modernization in China that is backward economically and
culturally. It will last for over a hundred years. In socialist
construction we must proceed from our specific conditions and take
the path to socialism with Chinese characteristics. At the present
stage, the principal contradiction in Chinese society is one between the
ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and the low
level of production. Owing to both domestic circumstances and
foreign influences, class struggle will continue to exist within a certain
scope for a long time and may possibly grow acute under certain
conditions, but it is no longer the principal contradiction. In building
socialism, our basic task is to further release and develop the
productive forces and achieve socialist modernization step by step by
carrying out reform in those aspects and links of the production
relations and the superstructure that do not conform to the
development of the productive forces.
The Four Cardinal Principles - to keep to the socialist road and to
uphold the people's democratic dictatorship, leadership by the
Communist Party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong
Thought - are the foundation on which to build our country.
Throughout the course of socialist modernization we must adhere to
the Four Cardinal Principles and combat bourgeois liberalization.
NEPAD: At the beginning of the new century and millennium, we
reaffirm our commitment to the promotion of democracy and its
core values in our respective countries. In particular, we undertake
to work with renewed determination to enforce
- The rule of law;
- The equality of all citizens before the law and liberty of the
individual
- Individual and collective freedoms, including the right to form and
join political parties and trade unions, in conformity with the
constitution;
- Equality of opportunity for all;
- The inalienable right of the individual to participate by means of
free, credible and democratic political processes in periodically
electing their leaders for a fixed term of office; and
- Adherence to the separation of powers, including the protection
of the independence of the judiciary and of effective parliaments.
Members of the Communist Party of China must serve the people
wholeheartedly, dedicate their whole lives to the realization of
communism, and be ready to make any personal sacrifices.


(Communist Party members)
        adhere to the principle that the interests of the Party and
the people stand above everything else, subordinating their
personal interests to the interests of the Party and the people,
being the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts,
working selflessly for the public interests and working to
contribute more.
The Communist Party of China upholds and promotes relations of
equality, unity and mutual assistance among all ethnic groups in the
country, upholds and constantly improves the system of regional
ethnic autonomy, actively trains and promotes cadres from among
ethnic minorities, and helps them with economic and cultural
development in the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities so as to
achieve common prosperity and all-round progress for all ethnic
groups.

The Communist Party of China unites with all workers, farmers and
intellectuals, and with all the democratic parties, personages without
party affiliation and the patriotic forces of all ethnic groups in
China in further expanding and fortifying the broadest possible
patriotic united front.
POLI3P43 Lecture 10: Alberto Fujimori and
Contemporary Peru
Fujimori travelled to Chile in November 2005 hoping to launch
a new bid for the Peruvian presidency in 2006 elections only to
be arrested on request of the Peruvian authorities.
Peru has compiled 12 cases against Mr Fujimori, including the
death squad killing of 25 people in two incidents known as La
Cantuta and Barrios Altos, illegal phone tapping, siphoning of state
funds to the intelligence service, bribing of politicians and the
transfer of $15m to his spy chief, Vladimiro Montesinos.

Tokyo refused repeated requests to extradite Mr Fujimori but the
matter is now in the hands of Chilean judicial authorities.

Mr Fujimori denies all the allegations, saying they are politically
motivated.
He had vowed to return to Peru to stand in the 2006 presidential
elections - despite being banned from office until 2011.


He set up a political party, Si Cumple, and his supporters launched
a soft drink called Fuji-Cola, to help finance his re-election
campaign.
Mr Fujimori still enjoys a measure of support in Peru. An
opinion poll conducted in Lima in December 2005 suggested
24% of respondents disagreed with the decision to bar Mr
Fujimori from standing in 2006.
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