The All-Inclusive You Might Actually Pass Biology Lab Review Metric Conversion Unit Meters Nanometer (nm) 0.000000001 (10-9)m Micrometer (µm) 0.000001 (10-6)m Millimeter (mm) 0.001 (10-3)m Centimeter (cm) 0.01 (10-2)m 1g=1000mg Temperature Biology thermometers read in Celsius. Water freezes at 0°C or 32°F. Water boils at 100°C or 212°F. Volume Units in graduated cylinder: mL meniscus: the lowest margin of water level in a graduated cylinder, appears as a wide U. Read the volume from the lowest point in the meniscus curve. Reagents used to test for: proteins – biuret starch – iodine monosaccharides – Benedict’s solution biuret turning the solution purple indicates a positive test for protein – negative remains blue. Iodine testing positive for starch turns blue-black; negative remains yellow-brown. Benedict’s solution produces colored results that vary with concentration on a positive test. Very low- green low- yellow moderate – yellow-orange high – orange very high – orange-red Negative results – the solution remains blue. Lipids are tested with brown paper towels; they will leave an oily spot if present and otherwise simply soak through. Molecular Models red – oxygen yellow- hydrogen blue – nitrogen black – carbon The double springs represent a double bond. Organic compounds contain carbon. Water (H2O) – inorganic Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) – organic O H H H H H-C–C–H H OH glucose (C6H12O6) - organic Ribose (C5H10 O5) - organic Deoxyribose (C5H10O4) – organic Amino Acid – Glycine (C2H5NO2) - organic Amino Acid – Alanine (C3H7NO2) – organic Amino groups are NH2. Carboxyl groups are COOH (a carbon double bonded with an oxygen and also bonded with a hydroxyl group, or OH.) An amino acid has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group, which determines the identity of that amino acid. Parts of the Microscope Our microscope is called compound because it uses two sets of lenses – an ocular lens (10x mag) and an objective lens (different levels). Our microscope is called parfocal because it maintains approximate focus when the lens is switched. The total magnification is obtained by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens (10x) by the magnification of the objective lens. -The body tube conducts light rays. -The arm supports the upper parts and provides a carrying handle. -The nosepiece holds the objectives. -The objectives are the various lenses; the magnification of each is stamped on it. the scanning power objective is the shortest & used to scan the whole slide. The low-power is longer than the previous and is used for seeing greater detail. The high power is the longest on microscopes with 3 objective lenses and can see even greater detail. The oil immersion objective is on microscopes with 4 objective lenses and views with the greatest magnification. -The coarse adjustment knob is used with the low-power objective to bring the object to focus. -The fine adjustment knob brings it to final focus. -The condenser focuses the beam of light on the object. -The diaphragm controls the amount of illumination on the object. -The light source directs a beam of light up through the object. -The base rests on the table. -The stage holds and supports the slides. -The stage clips hold the slides in place on the stage. condenser Anabaena (genus name) is a type of bacteria. 40x 100x They do not have a nucleus. They are prokaryotic. Eukaryotic Cells Amoeba Paramecium Euglena Squamous epithelial cells (cheek) Onion epidermal cells Elodea cells (pigment inside is chlorophyll) cell wall cytoplasm nucleus Carrot cells (pigment inside is caratenoid) Flower petal cells (pigment inside is anthocyains) Potato cells (substance inside is starch) leucoplasts (purple) cell wall cytoplasm cell wall central vacuole pH 1-6.9=acid 7=neutral 7.1-14=base HCl=acid because of H+ ion NaOH=base because of OH- ion common acidic substance: vinegar common basic substance: ammonia pH of distilled water is 7 (neutral); pH goes down when acid is added. A buffered solution next to a non-buffered solution will be distinguishable by the lack of change in pH on a litmus paper test, because buffers resist pH change. The best buffered solutions will be the ones whose pH changes the slowest when acid is added. Bromocresol solution is used to indicate pH in a solution. On the lab with antacids, the antacids are purple when bromocresol is added. When the antacid has had enough acid added to no longer be effective, it turns yelllow and stays yellow. Thus, lower pH ye ow solutions with bromocresol will be more yellow and higher pH will be more purple.