BIOL 1406
Lab Review 1
Fall 2007
To prepare for Lab Practical I: use lab handouts, the lab manual, and this review!
Metric measure
Know how to do metric conversions. Be able to convert between cm, mm, µm, and nm. Practice Conversion Problems 1 cm = ____ mm (Answers at the end of the review.) 1 mm = ______µm 1 µm = ____ nm 1 mm = ____nm
1mm = _____cm
1 µm = ______mm
1 nm = ____ µm
23 cm =___mm
3 nm = ____µm
368 mm = ____µm
185 mm = ____cm
6 µm = ____ nm
0.7 mm = _____µm
Length Using a meter stick and wooden paddles, be able to measure the length of a bone. Be able to give your answer in either centimeters or millimeters. On the practical, be sure to write the correct unit of measure beside your answer.
Temperature Know how to read a thermometer and properly record the results. Do Biol I thermometers read in Celsius or Fahrenheit? Memorize: freezing point of water in both oC and oF boiling point of water in both oC and oF
Weight Be able to read the weight of an object on the triple beam balance. Be able to convert g to mg and mg to g. Example: 32 g = ____ mg or 32 mg = ____g
Volume Be able to read the volume of water in a graduated cylinder (units: ml) Term to know: meniscus Which part of the meniscus is used to read the volume of water in a graduated cylinder?
Cell Chemistry - biological molecules
Know the reagent used to test for presence of: proteins starch monosaccharides Know how we tested for presence of lipids. Testing for protein:
Presented with test tubes of substances where biuret was added to each tube: What color indicates the presence of protein? Is this color a positive or negative test result for protein? What color indicates the absence of protein? Is this color a positive or negative test result for protein? In this experiment, what substance was used as a control? Testing for starch: Presented with test tubes of substances where iodine was added to each tube: What color indicates the presence of starch? Is this color a positive or negative test result for starch? What color indicates the absence of starch? Is this color a positive or negative test result for starch? In this experiment, what substance was used as a control? Testing for monosaccharides: Presented with test tubes of substances where Benedict’s solution was added and each tube heated: What color(s) indicates the presence of monosaccharides? Is this color a positive or negative test result for monosaccharides? What color indicates the absence of monosaccharides? Is this color a positive or negative test result for monosaccharides? In this experiment, what substance was used as a control? Testing for lipids: Describe the appearance of the paper towel when a lipid is present. Is this a positive or negative result? Describe the appearance of the paper towel when a lipid is not present. Is this a positive or negative result?
Molecular Models
Know the atom each colored ball represents: red yellow black blue Know what type of bond the sticks and springs represent. Be specific! Given a molecular model, be able to determine whether the molecule is organic or inorganic. Given a molecular model, be able to write the molecular (empirical) formula of the molecule. Be able to identify the following molecular models and the functional groups: Molecular models Functional groups water amino group ethyl alcohol acid group or (carboxyl group) glucose “R” group ribose deoxyribose amino acid: glycine amino acid: alanine
Microscopy
Know the different types of microscopes and know what each is able to view. Know the parts of the compound light microscope we use in lab. Know the function of each part. Know how to determine the total magnification when using different objective lenses. Why is the word compound used to describe our microscope?
Be able to name the two types of lenses in our compound scope. What is meant when it is said that our microscopes are parfocal?
Prokaryotic Cells
Be able to recognize Anabaena when looking through the microscope. Recognize Anabaena on the prepared slide and on a fresh mount of Anabaena. Know that Anabaena is a type of bacteria. Do the cells in Anabaena have a nucleus? Are Anabaena cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Note that the name Anabaena is a scientific name (Genus name.) A genus name is underlined and the first letter is capitalized.
Eukaryotic Cells
Protists Be able to recognize the following eukaryotic organisms and know these organisms are protists. Amoeba prepared slide and model Parts to identify on both the model and slide: cell membrane cytoplasm, nucleus, pseudopodium, contractile vacuole, food vacuole Paramecium prepared slide and model Parts to identify on model: cilia, oral groove, macronucleus, micronucleus, food vacuole, contractile vacuole Parts to identify on slide: cilia, oral groove, macronucleus.
Euglena prepared slide and model Parts to identify on model: flagellum, eyespot, contractile vacuole, nucleus, chloroplast Parts to identify on slide: nucleus, chloroplasts Animal Cells Be able to recognize squamous epithelial cells taken from the inside of the cheek. Parts to identify: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm Animal Cell Model Be able to identify the following organelles and give their function. plasma membrane ribosomes nuclear membrane mitochondria nuclear pore lysosomes nucleolus Golgi body chromatin centrioles rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cells Be able to recognize the following as plant cells. Onion epidermal cells (fresh preparation and prepared slide) Parts to identify: cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus Elodea cells (fresh preparation) Parts to identify: cell wall, cytoplasm, chloroplasts What pigment is inside chloroplasts? Carrot cells (fresh preparation) Parts to identify: cell wall, cytoplasm, chromoplasts. What pigment is inside chromoplasts?
Potato cells (fresh preparations - one unstained and one stained with iodine) Parts to identify: cell wall, cytoplasm, leucoplasts What substance is inside leucoplasts? Flower petal cells: (fresh preparation) Parts to identify: cell wall, central vacuole What pigment is inside the vacuole Plant cell model Be able to identify the following organelles and give their function. cell wall ribosomes plasma membrane mitochondria nuclear membrane Golgi body nuclear pore chloroplast nucleolus plasmodesmata chromatin central vacuole rough endoplasmic reticulum
pH
Be able to determine the pH of a substance using pH paper and the colored scale on the vial. Know if the pH number indicates presence of an acid or a base. pH greater than 7 is a _________ pH less than 7 is a _________ Is HCl an acid or a base? What ion gives you the clue? Is NaOH an acid or a base? What ion gives you the clue? Be able to identify: a common substance we tested that is an acid? that is a base? Buffers Know the pH of distilled water. Know what happens to the pH of distilled water when acid is added. Know what happens to the pH of a buffered solution (pH 7) when acid is added. Presented with two tubes: one tube with a buffered solution + acid and one tube with water + acid, how will you know which tube has buffer and which tube does not have buffer? Presented with a graph similar to the one you drew in lab: How can you interpret which buffered solution was the best at maintaining the pH of a solution? Effectiveness of Antacids Name the pH indicator used in this experiment What color is the antacid solution when the pH indicator is added? What color is the antacid solution/pH indicator when the antacid is no longer effective? Presented with two test tubes, one has a yellow substance and one has a purple substance, Which tube has the lower pH number? Which tube has the higher pH number? the tube with the purple substance the tube with the purple substance the tube with the yellow substance the tube with the yellow substance You will be presented with test tubes of various antacids to which pH indicator solution has been added. In addition, 10 drops of acid has been added to each tube. How will you be able to identify which antacids are more effective? Answers to the practice conversion problems: 1 cm = 10 mm 1mm = 0.1 cm 1 mm = 1000 um 1 um = 0.001 mm 1 um = 1000 nm 1 nm = 0.001 um 1 mm = 1,000,000 nm
23 cm = 230 mm
3 nm = 0.003 um
368 mm = 368,000 um
185 mm = 18.5 cm
6 um = 6000 nm
0.7 mm = 700 um