Chapter Section Outline II Greek Philosophy and History A

							                                  Chapter 5 Section 2 Outline




II. Greek Philosophy and History
     A. Greek Philosophers
        • ____________ – “love of wisdom”
        • Greek philosophy led to the study of ___________, political science, science, and ___________.
        • ____________ – Greek thinkers who believed the human mind could understand everything
        • __________– taught that the universe followed the same laws that governed music and numbers.
              o Believed that all relationships in the world could be expressed in ____________.
              o ____________ ____________ -- a way to determine the length of the sides of triangle




            1. Who Were the Sophists?
                  a. Sophists – professional ____________ in ancient Greece.
                          i. Made a living by traveling from city to city ____________ others
                          ii. Believed students should use their time to ____________ themselves
                          iii. Taught students how to win an ____________ and make political ____________
                          iv. Did not believe ____________ and ____________ influenced people
                          v. Rejected idea of ____________ and ____________
                          vi. Right for one person might be wrong for another.
2. The Ideas of Socrates
       a. A critic of the ____________
       b. He was an ____________ sculptor whose true love was philosophy.
       c. We learn about him from the writings of his ____________.
       d. Believed in ____________ truth and that all real knowledge was within each person.
       e. ____________ ____________ – asking pointed questions to force pupils to use their
       reason and see things for themselves.
       f. Athenian leaders considered the Socratic method a ____________ to their power after
       the ____________ War.
              i. Tradition of questioning leaders and speaking freely was over.
              ii. No longer trusted open ____________.
              iii. Leaders accused Socrates of teaching young Athenians to rebel
                        1. A leader found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to ____________.
                        2. Socrates could have fled the city, but argued that he had lived under the
                        city’s laws and he would obey them.
                        3. He drank poison to carry out the ____________ decision.
3. The Ideas of Plato
       a. ____________ of Socrates.
       b. We were able to learn about Plato because his writing did survive.
              i. ____________ – explains Plato’s ideas about government.
                        1. He did not believe ____________ was a good system of government.
                        2. Did not think rule by the people produced fair or sensible __________.
                        3. He believed people belonged in 3 groups.
                               a. Top group – ____________– ruled by using logic and wisdom.
                               b. Second group – ___________– defended the state from attack.
                               c. Third Group – Rest of the people – driven by ____________ --
                                   Produced the food, clothing and shelter
                        4. He believed men and ____________ should have the same
                        opportunities for jobs and education.
4. Who Was Aristotle?
       a. Plato established the ____________ in Athens.
       b. Plato’s best student was ____________.
              i. Aristotle wrote more than __________books (government, planets, stars, etc.)
              ii. Opened his own school in 335 B.C. called ____________.
                                 1. Taught “____________ ___________” – do nothing in excess.
                                 2. Urged people to use their ____________ to make observations.
                                 3. First to group observations according to their similarities and differences.
                                 4. Made generalizations based on groups of facts
                         iii. Wrote about government – compared ______different governments for the best
form.
                                 1. Aristotle divided governments into three types in his book Politics.
                                          a. Rule by one person -- Monarch or ____________
                                          b. Rule by a few people – ____________ or Aristocracy
                                          c. Rule by many people – ____________
                                 2. Aristotle’s conclusions
                                          a. Rule by few meant ruled by the ____________.
                                          b. Democracies were run by the ____________.
                                 3. Aristotle decided the best government would be a ____________ of the two.
                                          a. Europeans and Americans were shaped by ____________ ideas.
                                          b. Founders of the U.S. ____________ tried to create a balance.
B. Greek Historians
   •    Most places in Ancient Greece did not write ____________
   •    Legends and myths explained the past.
   •    Herodotus wrote the history of the Persian Wars in 435 B.C.
                        He tried to separate fact from ____________.
                        Researched, checked sources, asked questions and tried to be as accurate as possible.
                        Known as the “____________ ____________ ____________”




   •    Thucydides is considered the greatest historian of the ancient world
                        He fought in the ____________ War and was exiled after losing a battle.
                        He wrote ____________ ____________ ____________ while in exile.
                        Stressed importance of having ____________ facts.