The Urinary System
Removes urea (nitrogenous waste dissolved in water) that has been formed in the liver and removed from the bloodstream in the kidney so that it does not accumulate in the body and become toxic. Maintains electrolytes such Na & K Secretes renin (controls HBP) , erythropoietin, and an active form of Vitamin D Removes used hormones from the body.
Pathway of process for forming and expelling urine.
Meatus- Latin for to pass or to go
Female Urinary System
The process of voiding or expelling urine through the urethra is urination or micturition (Latin for making of water). The female urethra is about 1 1/2 inches long.
Male Urinary System
The male urethra is about 8 inches long downward through the prostate gland to the tip of the penis. The bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that serves as a reservoir for urine. The trigone is where the urethra exits & ureters enter.
Comparing urethra and ureter : *Ureter- 1/4 inch wide and 10-12 inches long *Urethra- length depends on sex *2 ureters in body and 2 e’s in ureter *Only 1 urethra & only 1 e in urethra
Cele – swelling or protrusion
Catheter- Greek for to let down
Tube for injecting or removing fluids A Foley catheter is left in the bladder with a balloon inflated with air or liquid
Cystoscopy
A urologist introduces a hollow metal tube in to the bladder to take samples or view the interior of the bladder.
Cystolithiasis
A urologist is a physician who specializes in both female & male urinary systems as well as the male reproductive system.
Acute cystitis
The mucosa is red & swollen. Common in women with short urethra. Caused by Ecoli bacteria from rectum. Acquired after honeymoon, surgery, or catheterization
Most common - IVP
(Intravenous pyelogram)
Contrast filled bladder Catheter in urethra
Cysto scope
Urinary Disorders
Urinary retention- no urine voided (kidneys produce urine but bladder cannot empty Urinary suppressionkidneys do not produce urine and bladder retains ability to empty itself
Incontinence- patient voids involuntarily (such as with a stroke, spinal cord injury, or aging issues) Various bacterial infections Stones, cysts Cancer, tumors
The Kidney
X-ray
2 bean- shaped organs (right is lower than left) retroperitoneal on either side of the spine in the lumbar region. Embedded in adipose (fat) tissue for protection. Weighs 4-6 ounces. 20% of total blood enters kidneys
After age 35, kidneys lose functional nephrons
Nephroptosis :
At age 80, at least 30% of kidney functioning & mass gone. A systemic infection or reduction of blood flow to kidneys can result in kidney failure.
Nephroptosis- known as a floating kidney because it has dropped out of normal position. Prone to injury, ureter may twist. Truck drivers & horseback riders prone to this.
Glomeruli-Latin for ball of thread, a collection of capillaries, 1 million in each kidney cortex.
Medullamiddle layer
Lithotripsy- needed when large stones can not pass through urine
1 out of 1000 people will suffer from kidney stones.
The cysts usually weigh 20 times the usual weight of a kidney.
Kidney is shrunken & scarred, normal one on the left. Pyelos-Greek for tub-
< Hemodialysis
4-8 hours, 3 times week
After 4-8 hours, bag is drained by gravity (at night).
Artificial kidney machine fliters blood as kidneys
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis- daily &
Renal Transplant
Identical twin donorisograft Other donor individualallograft
Recipient’s kidney not always removed unless it is infected or causing hypertension. Best results when patient related to the donor 90% of kidneys survive 1 year or longer
Diabetes Mellitus (sweet)
Diabetes Insipidus (tasteless)
No or little insulin Glycosuria Hyperglycemia Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia
No or little ADH Polyuria Polydipsia
Urine Composition
99% of 180 L of water that leaves the blood is returned to the blood by kidneys producing 1-2 L of urine daily Urine is 95% water, 5 % urea, creatine, salts, acids, and drugs Hormones ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and aldosterone (regulates salts) control volume of urine
A urinalysis lab test : *color- normal is yellow *pH- normal 6.5 acidic *protein- small amount normal, albumin abnormal *glucose- not found in normal *specific gravity- higher density abnormal particles *ketones- byproduct of fat breakdown, > acid levels bad *sediment- abnormal particles present indicate poor health *pus- cloudy appearance due to infections *PKU- presence dangerous to infants & children mentally *bilirubin- excessive shows
The end !!
The 7 Warning Signs of Cancer Sores that do not heal Unusual bleeding A change in a wart or mole A lump or thickening in a tissue Persistent hoarseness or cough Chronic indigestion A change in bowel and bladder function Bone pain that wakes one at night or only on one side