This is not a comprehensive listing of everything you need to know, this is just a study tool. Using this outline should just help you organize the information and help you out. If you have any questions, let me know in lab, this is the BEST way to contact tutors and get your questions answered. You can try to email questions to Heather at heather@swcanatomyhelp.com, it may take up to 48 hours to get a response so don’t wait until 2 am the day of the test to ask a question. Have fun!!!! Heather (Weekend Tutor)
1. Epithelium (4) a. Squamous (3) i. Simple Squamous Epithelium 1. Function: Filtration and reducing friction 2. Location: Lungs, Kidney corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule) 3. What to look for: Looks like a fried egg, either round with irregular edges or flat with the nucleus being the predominant feature. When it is in the vein or artery it is called endothelium. ii. Stratified Squamous Epithelium (non-keratinized) 1. Function: Protection 2. Location: Esophagus (tortilla chip analogy – You ever eat a tortilla chip and get one of those edges stuck in your throat? Ow! But the good news is that because of the protection you get from stratified epithelium you don’t cut a hole into your esophagus and die! Yay!!!) 3. What to look for: Multiple layers of puffy cells, the nucleus should be visible in most of the cells and the overall appearance should be uniform (same color from top to bottom no real layers.) iii. Stratified Squamous Epithelium (keratinized) 1. Function: Protection, water-proofing 2. Location: Your skin 3. What to look for: Will be divided in to several (4 or 5) layers, only the first thee layers will have visible nuclei, the last layer will be the thickest layer (all of the cells will be keratinized by then, and these cells do not have any color of their own, but they do pick up some of the pink dye in slide preparation.) b. Cuboidal (1) i. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 1. Function: Filtration, Transportation 2. Location: Makes ducts – almost everywhere, under skin, kidney corpuscles
3. What to look for: Usually arranged into various sized ducts, each cuboidal cell tend to have a large perfectly circular nuclei. c. Columnar (2) i. Simple Columnar Epithelium 1. Function: Secretion and transportation 2. Location: Primarily the organs of the GI tract 3. What to look for: No Cilia! Microvilli on the edges, ideally the nuclei are uniformly on the bottom 3rd of the cell. Look out for goblet cells which can cause the rest of the cells to shift (particularly the nucleus) and look irregular. ii. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium 1. Function: Secretion and transportation 2. Location: Trachea (smoker’s cough analogy – Smoking is bad! It paralyzes the cilia in your trachea (windpipe) and causes everything you inhale to go into your lungs (ewwwwww!) as a result you end up with huge quantities of mucus and foreign debris in your throat and smokers must force this up with that nasty smoker’s cough!) 3. What to look for: Very crowded nuclei in columnar epithelium, also look for the cilia! d. Transitional (1) 1. Function: Allows for stretch in organs 2. Location: Urinary Bladder, Ureters, part of the urethra 3. What to look for: Looks like a grab bag of other types of epithelium, the top of the epithelium is uneven with the basement membrane. it should look gathered when it is relaxed, think of pants with an elastic waistband. 2. Connective Tissue (4) a. CT Proper – Loose (3) i. Loose Areolar Tissue 1. Function: Cushions internal organs 2. Location: Around internal organs 3. What to look for: Lose network of pink and black strands (collagen and elastic fibers) the small dots are fibroblasts. ii. Adipose Tissue 1. Function: Reserve energy, insulation, supports and protects organs 2. Location: Wherever you find fat! 3. What to look for: Loose and open, kind of like lace. The open spaces are adipocytes. iii. Reticular Tissue (No really good slide – maybe picture?) 1. Function: Supports other tissue type 2. Location: Lymphoid Organs 3. What to look for: Don’t…actually, you may want to. Check out Martini’s (Human Anatomy’s author) website (you can
get pictures of most of the tissues there,) however, here is the link for reticular connective tissue: http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/cha pter3/medialib/Fig03013.html b. CT Proper – Dense (3) i. Dense Regular 1. Function: Provides a large amount of support in one direction 2. Location: Tendons 3. What to look for: Densely packed collagen fibers. Some areas will look pulled apart, like turkey jerky. The fibroblasts are seen sparingly and tend to be in lines. ii. Dense Irregular 1. Function: Provides some support in many directions 2. Location: The dermis 3. What to look for: Looks like Dense regular, but more like Mr. Miagi told Daniel-son to ”wax on, wax off”. In other words it looks swirled around. iii. Elastic Tissue 1. Function: Stabilizes vertebrae 2. Location: Vertebrae – (duh ) 3. What to look for: Dark elastic fiber bundles running basically in one direction. c. Cartilage (3) i. Hyaline 1. Function: Supports and reinforces 2. Location: Long bones, costal cartilages, nose, embryonic skeleton 3. What to look for: Looks like light purple champagne with the little chondracytes in the lacunae looking like little bubbles. ii. Fibrocartilage 1. Function: Cushioning and support 2. Location: The intervertebral discs in-between the vertebrae 3. What to look for: It’s blue! And quite a nice shade with the little purple chondracytes scattered around. Remember they add an inch to your height! iii. Elastic Cartilage 1. Function: Great flexibility with support 2. Location: The external ear, epiglottis 3. What to look for: Elastic fibers, which are dark with a pinky colored background, the chondracytes and lacunae are very well defined here. d. Other (2) i. Bone 1. Function: Provides levers for muscles, makes blood
2. Location: Bones – (Duh ) 3. What to look for: Circles, central canal, dark lacunae. ii. Blood 1. Function: Transportation of O2, nutrients, removal of wastes, generation of white blood cells which are part of the immunoresponse 2. Location: Within blood vessels 3. What to look for: small pinkish circles (and larger purplish circles,) doesn’t look like anything else. 3. Muscle (3) a. Skeletal i. Function: Allows skeletal movement ii. Location: All voluntary muscles (i.e. quads, deltoids, etc.) iii. What to look for: Striations, other than that it looks kind of similar to dense regular connective tissue (so watch out for them!) b. Smooth i. Function: Movement of muscles of the GI tract ii. Location: Non-voluntary muscles iii. What to look for: Long, cylindrical shaped muscle fibers with spread out with nuclei spread out. c. Cardiac i. Function: Allows heard contraction (pumping) ii. Location: The heart – yup, yup! iii. What to look for: Intercalated discs! Looks stringy with the individual muscle cells being defined and easy to see. 4. Nervous (1) a. The neuron i. Function: Conducts electrical or chemical impulses ii. Location: Brain and spinal column stimulations iii. What to look for: Cotton candy appearance with large star-shaped neurons.