Criminal Procedure Investigative Professor Capra Syllabus Spring 2010

							                       Criminal Procedure Investigative

                                    Professor Capra

                                           Syllabus

                                        Spring 2010
      Note: All citations are to the Eighth Edition of the West Casebook "American
Criminal Procedure" by Saltzburg and Capra, published in 2007.

       There is a 2009 supplement to the casebook. As you will see below, I am assigning four
major Supreme Court cases decided in the 2008-9 term. You can buy the supplement and get
those cases, or you can get them yourself. It’s up to you.

       Professor Capra’s e-mail address: dcapra@law.fordham.edu




               PART ONE: INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES

I. Incorporation of Bill of Rights Protections.
        A. Selective incorporation.
          1. Pages 8-16.

II. Retroactive Application of Constitutional Decisions.
        A. Classroom discussion–optional reading is at pages 19-31.


III. State Court Activism.

       A. Rejection of Supreme Court decisions.
         1. Note on Pages 18-19.

       B. Limitations on state court activism.
         1. Classroom discussion.



               PART TWO: THE FOURTH AMENDMENT
I. Introduction to the Fourth Amendment.

       A. The purpose of the Amendment and an introduction to the Exclusionary Rule.
          1. Pages 32-36.

II.    Triggering Fourth Amendment Protection.

       A. "Search" and "Seizure" determined by legitimate expectations.
             1. Katz, pages 37-42.


       B.     Interests Protected by the Fourth Amendment after Katz.
              1. Pages 42-44.

       C.     Applications of the Katz test.
              1. Pages 44-85.




III.   Fourth Amendment Protection--The Warrant Clause.

       A.     The Theory of the Warrant Clause.
              1. Johnson and following notes, pages 86-90.


IV. Fourth Amendment Protection--Probable Cause.

       A.     What is a Fair Probability?
              1. Pages 113-127.


       B.     Probable cause based on hearsay information.
              1.     The Two-Pronged test.
                     a. Spinelli, Pages 91-98.
              2.     The Totality of Circumstances test.
                     a. Gates and following notes, pages 98-112.


V.     Fourth Amendment Protection: The Warrant Requirement.

       A. Problems in obtaining and executing a warrant.


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             1. Mere Evidence and Search of Non-Suspect's Premises.
                    a. Pages 127-33.

             2. Particularity Requirements
                     a. Pages 134-43.

             3. Reasonableness, Details, Anticipatory Warrants and Sneak and Peek Warrants

                    a. Pages 143-47.

             4. Problems of Execution

                    a. Notice of Purpose and Authority--Pages 147-55.
                    b. Timing, Intensity and Duration of the Search--Pages 156-61.
                    c. Assistance from private citizens--Pages 161-62.
                    d. Media Ride Alongs--Pages 162-64.

             4. Neutral Magistrates
                    a. Pages 164-66.


VI.   Exceptions to the general requirements of warrant and probable cause.

      A.     Plain View and Plain Touch.

             1. Pages 337-44.

      B.     Warrantless arrests.

             1.     General background. Pages 166-8.

             2.     In public places.
                    a. Watson, pages 168-171.

             3.   Excessive Force.
                    a. Pages 172-75.

             4. Protections against erroneous warrantless arrests.
                     a. McLaughlin and following notes pages 175-82.

             4. Arrests in the home.
                    a. Payton and following notes, pages 182-86.

             5.     Arrests in a third party's home.

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              a. Steagald, Olson, Carter, etc., pages 186-89.

       6. Material Witnesses.
              a. Pages 189-90.



C.     Searches and Seizures Pursuant to the Arrest Power.

       1.     Spatial Limitations.
              a. Chimel, and following notes, pages 289-94.

       2.     Post-arrest movements.
              a. Chrisman, noted on pages 294-96.

       3.      Exigencies arising from an arrest being made.
              a. Pages 296-7.

       4.     Temporal Limitations.
              a. Pages 297-9.

       5.     Incident searches of the person, and associated containers.
              a. Robinson, and following notes, pages 299-303.

       6.     Custodial Arrests for Minor Offenses.
              a. Atwater and following notes, pages 303-11.

       7.     Search of an automobile incident to arrest.
              a. Belton and Thornton and notes pages 311-324.

              b. Arizona v. Gant, 129 S.Ct. 1710 (2009).

       8. Arrest-power Rule Without an Arrest?
              a. Knowles, pages 324-26.


D. Pretextual Arrests and Searches.
      1. Pages 326-37.



E.     Exigent circumstances.
       1. Pages 363-82


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F.   Stop and frisk.
     1.     The reasonableness test.
            a. Terry, the early cases, and bright line rulemaking, pages 190-206.


     2.     Brief detentions: the line between "stop" and "encounter".
            a. Pages 209-30.


     3.     Reasonable suspicion:
            a. Pages 230-58.


     4. Limited searches for police protection under the Terry doctrine.
           a.      Pages 258-65.

     5. Detentions while executing a warrant:
            a. Pages 206-9.

     6.      Brief detentions: the line between "stop" and “arrest".
            a.      Persons: pages 265-80.
            b.      Property: 280-3.

     7. Terry and searches for law enforcement (as distinct from safety) purposes:
           a.      Pages 283-9.



G.   "Reasonableness" standards reached by "balancing interests".

     1.     Administrative searches.
            a. Pages 382-94.

     2.     Border and customs searches.
            a. Pages 445-57.

     3.     Reasonableness balancing applied across the spectrum of citizen-government
            relations:
            a. "Special Needs" searches--pages 395-423.

                    Safford Unified School Dist. v. Redding, 129 S.Ct. 2633 (2009).

            b. Roadblocks and reasonable seizures--pages 423-38.

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       H.     Searches of Automobiles and Other Moveable Containers.

              1.     The rationale for the exception to the warrant requirement.
                     a. Pages 344-51.

              2.     Containers inside and outside the car.

                     a. Pages 351-60.

              4.     Search of Passenger’s Property.
                     a. Houghton, pages 360-3.

              5.     Inventory Searches.
                     a. Note 5, pages 438-45.




       I.     Consent searches.

              1.     Consent of the suspect.
                     a. Pages 457-65.

              2.     Consent of a third party.
                     a. Pages 465-78.

              3. Scope of Consent.
                    a. Pages 478-80.

              4. Revoking Consent
                    a. Pages 480-1.

              5. Credibility Determinations.
                    a. Pages 482-4.

       J.   Discussion of Wiretapping and FISA. Pages 487-92.




VII.   Remedies for Fourth Amendment Violations: The Exclusionary Rule.

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       A.     Adoption and rationale.

              1. Weeks, Wolf and Mapp, and following notes, pages 493-504.

              2. Replacing the exclusionary rule with a tort or other remedy--Pages 595-600.

       B.     The good faith exception.
              1. Pages 567-94.

                     Herring v. United States. 129 S.Ct. 695 (2009)

       C.     Personal Right to Complain About a Fourth Amendment Violation.
              1. Pages 512-29

       D. "The Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" doctrine, and exceptions thereto.
             1. Pages 529-57.

       E.     Other exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
              1. Pages 558-64.




                                 PART THREE: CONFESSIONS


I.     The Voluntariness test.

              A. Pages 671-88.


II.    Fifth Amendment Protections.

              A.     Miranda, and following notes, pages 688-708.


III. Post-Miranda Questions

       A.     Is Miranda a Constitutionally-based rule?
              1. Pages 708-14.

       B. Exceptions to Miranda for Impeachment, Fruits and Public Safety

              1. Pages 714-739.

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      C.     What is custody?
             1. Pages 739-45.

      D.     What is interrogation?
             1. Pages 745-54.

      E.     Undercover activity.
             1. Pages 754-5.

      F.     Foreigners interrogated abroad.
             1. Note on page 757-8.

      G.     Waiver of Miranda rights.

             1.     In general.
                    a. Pages 758-67.

             2.     Resumption of interrogation after invocation of silence.
                    a. Mosley and following notes, pages 767-70.

             3.     Resumption of interrogation after invocation of right to counsel.
                    a. Edwards and related cases, pages 770-83.




IV.   Sixth Amendment Protections.

      A.     The Basic Rule.
             1. Massiah, etc., pages 783-6.


      B.     Developing the Massiah Rule.
             1. Brewer v. Williams, pages 786-93.

      C. Deliberate Elicitation.
            1. Pages 793-6.


      D.     Undercover and Continuing Investigations.
             1. Pages 796-801.




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       E. Sixth Amendment Waiver.
              1. Pages 801-6.

               Montejo v. Louisiana, 129 S.Ct. 2079 (2009).




                               PART FOUR: IDENTIFICATIONS

I. Sixth Amendment Protections.

       A. Wade and Gilbert and following notes, pages 813-20.

       B. Limitations on Sixth Amendment protection.

               1. Formal charge requirement.
                      a. Kirby and following note, pages 820-2.

               2. Photographic Identifications.
                      a. Ash, noted on pages 822-3.


II. Due Process Protections.

       A. Unnecessary suggestiveness causing an unreliable identification:
             1. Pages 823-41.



If time permits:


                PART FIVE: THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL

I. The General Right.

       A. State-provided counsel for indigents.
        1. Powell, Gideon, Argersinger, Scott, Ross, etc., pages 842-54.


       B. Scope of the Right.
        1. Pages 854-64.

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