PART II
CATHETER RELATED BLOOD STREAM INFECTION (CR-BSI) CATHETER RELATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIN (CR-UTI)
MAHA NAGA NURSING SPECIALIST ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY STUDENT HOSPITAL E-mail Dr. MOUSTAFA ARAFA ASSOSIATE PROF. OF EPIDEMIOLOGY HIGH INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY E-mail
CVC RELATED BLOOD STREAM INFECTION
Blood stream infection is associated with the use of intravascular catheters. Catheter related blood stream infection (CR-BSIs), are associated with increased morbidity, mortality rate of 10% to 20 %, prolonged hospitalization (mean of 7 days ) and increased medical costs .
RISK FACTORS
The site at which the catheter is placed. - The type of barrier precautions used during catheter insertion. - The skill of the person inserting the catheter. - The use of a guide wire to replace an existing catheter.
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CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS
- Fever. - Signs of cutaneous involvement ( erythema , induration , tenderness, or purulent drainage ) at the insertion site of catheter. - Positive blood or tip of catheter culture .
MICROBIOLOGY
Blood stream infections are caused by: • Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus
epidermidis. • Candida species. • Enterococci . • Staphylococcus aureus
PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
- Health care worker education and training - Surveillance for catheter-related infection - Hand washing - Barrier precautions during catheter insertion and care - Catheter site care - Selection and replacement of intravascular devices
- Replacement of administration sets and intravenous fluids - Clean injection parts with 70% alcohol or povidone-iodine before accessing the system - Do not use filters routinely for infection control purposes - Do not administer anti-microbials routinely before insertion or during use of an intravascular device to prevent catheter colonization or bloodstream infection.
CATHERTER RELATED UTI
The urinary tract accounting for more than 40% of the total number reported by acute-care hospitals ( 40 – 45 % of nosocomial infections ) and affecting an estimated 600,000 patients per year , they contribute only 10 to 15 percent to prolongation of hospital stay and to extra costs .
66% to 86% of these infections follow instrumentation of the urinary tract mainly urinary catheterization .
RISK FACTORS
Acquiring a urinary tract infection depend on the following: - the method and duration of catheterization. - the quality of catheter care. - and host susceptibility.
Host factors which appear to increase the risk of acquiring catheter-associated urinary tract infections include : advanced age, debilitation, and the postpartum state
CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS
Symptoms that may occur include - dysuria. - urinary frequency. - incontinence of recent onset. - flank pain. - and fever.
Bacteriologic diagnosis :
- For complicated, recurrent UTIs, asymptomatic bacteriuria is defined as > 105 CFU/mL in a midstream urine sample after > 4 hours of bladder incubation. - For women with uncomplicated symptomatic cystitis bacteriuria is defined as > 102 CFU/mL with pyuria.
MICROBIOLOGY
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are caused by a variety of pathogens, including :
- Escherichia coli - Klebsiella - Proteus - Enterococcus
Other causative micro-organisms: - Pseudomonas - Enterobacter - Serratia - Candida.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
- Educate personnel in correct techniques of catheter insertion and care. - Catheterize only when necessary. - Emphasize hand washing. - Insert catheter using aseptic technique and sterile equipment. - Secure catheter properly. - Maintain closed sterile drainage.
- Obtain urine samples aseptically. - Maintain unobstructed urine flow. - Periodically re-educate personnel in catheter care. - Use smallest suitable bore catheter. - Avoid irrigation unless needed to prevent or relieve obstruction. - Do not change catheters at arbitrary fixed intervals.
- Consider alternative techniques of urinary drainage before using an indwelling urethral catheter. - Spatially separate infected and uninfected patients with indwelling catheters. - Avoid routine bacteriologic monitoring.
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
GUIDELINE FOR PREVENTION OF INTRAVASCULAR DEVICE-RELATED INFECTIONS The Impact of Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infections
- Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-associated infections - urinary tract infection