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HTC Kualla Lum HTC Kualla Lumpurr HTC Kualla Lumpurr HTC Kualla Lumpurr HTC Kua a Lum HTC Kua a Lumpu HTC Kua a Lumpu HTC Kua a Lumpu HTC Kualla Lum HTC Kualla Lumpurr HTC Kualla Lumpurr HTC Kualla Lumpurr HTC Kua a Lum HTC Kua a Lumpu HTC Kua a Lumpu HTC Kua a Lumpu NEWSLETTER of The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia and the Pacific Volume 4 July 1999 - June 2000 As we know, the role of the Centre in implementing its stated functions has become more pronounced with the signing of the MoU between UNESCO and the Government of Malaysia over its establishment. The auspicious occasion took place at the UNESCO Office in Paris on the 28th October 1999. Thus I hope it provides us opportunity to increase further our collaboration in effort to address the burgeoning water problems of the region. Finally I like to take this opportunity to thank you for your continuous support. INSIDE THIS ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Message From the Chairman Activities Carried out by the HTC Kuala Lumpur Special Report Planned Activities News From The Region Foreign Visitors Calendar of Events Publications Message From the Director Warmest regards, Dato' Ir. Hj. Keizrul bin Abdullah Chairman of Co-ordination Committee The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia and the Pacific 1. Message from the Chairman of Co-ordination Committee Dear colleagues, 2. Activities carried out by HTC Kuala Lumpur Computer Aided Contamination Workshop on Groundwater Several important activities have been executed by the Centre during the period July 1999 to June 2000. Notably all activities had been carried out in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia with input from international bodies such as the German OHP/IHP National Committee, UNESCO and the regional countries. I am happy to note that the participation of people from the region is gathering pace as shown in this Newsletter. Thus there is a notable improvement in the level of regional collaboration which is a positive sign indeed. I hope more activities will be organised even around the region if needed in order to garner more support and confidence towards meeting the Centre’s objectives. Nevertheless there is still inadequacy in terms of sharing information through this newsletter. In that respect I do hope contribution of articles of common interest can be received for inclusion in the future editions. The Centre had and will continue to publish all its Newsletters in the Web page so that greater number of people can have immediate access. Computer Aided Workshop on Groundwater Contamination was held on 18-26 November 1999 at Quality Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Malaysian Government, German IHP/OHP and UNESCO sponsored this workshop. As for the local organising committee, this was headed by HTC Kuala Lumpur and IHP Malaysia. The objective of this workshop among others was to increase the awareness of the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination. A total of 40 participants attended this workshop and of this 8 were participants from the Asia-Pacific region. Prof. Dr. Karl Hofius (German IHP/OHP), Prof. Dr. Ray Volker (Australia), Prof. Dr. Ashim Das Gupta (Thailand), Prof. Dr. Zipfel (Germany) and Mr. H.J. Theis (Germany) were the resource persons. Local speakers were also invited to present their findings in this field. A site visit to Shell Refinery at Port Dickson and also to Olak Lempit groundwater pumping station was organised. HTC Kuala Lumpur 1 younger generation in tackling multitude of water related problems in the new millennium. Most important of all, results should be of immediate use to solve practical problems addressed. Participants and lecturers of the Computer Aided Workshop on Groundwater Contamination. Members at the round-table discussion session. Opening session of the workshop: Dr. Hj. Mohd Nor Mohd Desa (left), Dir. HTC Kuala Lumpur, Dato’ Ir. Hj. Keizrul Abdullah, DG DID Malaysia, Prof. Dr. Karl Hofius and Mr. Marc T. Overmars. The discussions concluded with members agreeing that research topics identified are prioritised according to national need and report be forwarded to various parties involved as well as the Ministry of Science and Technology ((MOSTE)/IRPA). Outcome of this meeting will be submitted to IHP-VI UNESCO to assist in further fine-tuning of the plan. The lead agencies agreed to fine tune further their research proposals and lead agencies are responsible to conduct research identified with the identified collaborators with IHP Malaysia/HTC Kuala Lumpur playing a lead role. Funding to carry out the proposed researches must be sourced by the respective lead agency in consultation with parties involved. Research Needs and Direction in the Field of Hydrology and Water Resources (IHP-VI UNESCO Programme, 2002-2007) The Research Committee of Malaysian National Committee for IHP against the backdrop of the proposed plan of IHP VI UNESCO (2002-2007) initiated a meeting among experts from various government departments, universities and research institutions to discuss the proposed plan. The recommendations considered as blue print for IHP National Committee in conducting collaborative research for the country. Research topics are exhaustively identified after the two days of presentation and round-table discussions. Prior to the round-table discussion session, various experts were invited to present their research interest that will form key points in the ensuing discussions. It is realised that research carried out by various bodies in the field of Hydrology and Water Resources in the country deserves to be elevated and co-ordinated properly. Hence it is necessary to achieve a common understanding and consistency in result interpretation crucial for a sustainable development. On the other hand, scientific research is still inevitable to prepare Dr. Hj. Mohd Nor Mohd Desa delivering his speech. The Regional Conference on Hydrology and Environment of Small Islands The conference was organised by the Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) in collaboration with IHP Malaysia, Tioman Island Development Authority and the Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (HTC Kuala Lumpur). The conference was held on 28-31 May 2000 at the HTC Kuala Lumpur 2 Berjaya Tioman Beach Resort, Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Malaysia. The aims of the conference are to: 1. Disseminate research results on hydrology, water resources and the environmental and social issues of small islands in the humid tropics; Consolidate findings to assist planners and managers in the sustainable development of small islands; Contribute new knowledge towards the UNESCO IHP programme and promote co-operation and sharing of information among agencies and regional countries. The 3rd Meeting of the Co-ordination Committee of the HTC Kuala Lumpur was held in Nanjing, China just after the Symposium on Floods and Droughts, Nanjing, China, 18-21 October 1999. UNESCO Jakarta Office and the Monbusho of Japan sponsored the attendees. Altogether, 13 National Committees for IHP attended. The report is summarised below: The meeting was opened by Dato’ Ir. Haji Keizrul bin Abdullah. He warmly welcomed all attendees (see below) and gave a special welcome to Dr. Malik Djafer of VIVENDI who was especially invited as an observer in view of his company’s role in the HTC’s activities. It was announced that the MoU for the establishment of the HTC would be signed on the 28 October 1999. 1 Dato’ Ir. Hj. Keizrul bin Abdullah Prof. Dr. Kaoru Takara Mr. Marc T. Overmars Mr Liu Heng Dr. Richard P. Ibbitt Prof. Dr. Kasem Chunkao Prof. Dr. Soontak Lee Mr. Trevor Daniel Mr. Ross James Dr. Hidayat Pawitan Mr. Joesron Loebis Dr. Malik Djafer Dr. Mohd Nor bin Mohd Desa Representative of the Government of Malaysia/Chairman Malaysian National Committee for IHP Representative of Japanese IHP National Committee Representative of UNESCO Representative of China National Committee for IHP Chairman New Zealand National Committee for IHP Representative of Thailand National Committee for IHP Representative of RoK National Committee for IHP Representative of Australian National Committee for IHP Observer – Australia Observer – Indonesia Observer – Indonesia Observer – Vivendi Water, Hong Kong Director HTC Kuala Lumpur 2. 3. ISO 9001: On Research Services of HTC Kuala Lumpur in Hydrology and Water Resources HTC Kuala Lumpur has embarked on a quality program which will lead to the award of ISO 9001. The Centre is currently working hard to complete all documentations i.e. Quality Manual and Quality Procedures comprising of Management and Operation Procedures. It is hoped that the award by an international accreditation body can be realised soon. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Staffs of HTC Kuala Lumpur at the brainstorming session on ISO 9001 at Port Dickson. 12 13 Mr. Trevor Daniel, representative of Australia was elected, unanimously, as Rapporteur for the meeting. The provisional agenda was adopted by the members nd without alteration while the Report of the 2 Meeting was adopted without alteration. The Director presented a progress report of the activities of the HTC in the last 12 months where it was announced that the MoU between UNESCO and the Government of Malaysia is to be signed on 28 October 1999 in Paris on the occasion of the 30th Session of UNESCO. Another MoU between Vivendi/DID/UNESCO is also in the pipeline which is to be signed to cater for a cooperation in the field of water resources management in the humid tropics. Staffs of HTC Kuala Lumpur involved in the brainstorming session. 3. Special Report 3rd Meeting of the Co-ordination Committee Nanjing, China, 22 October 1999 The New Zealand delegate raised the issue that documents with graphics sometimes took a great deal of time to download and it would be advisable to have the Newsletter in a form that would download in a much quicker time. HTC Kuala Lumpur 3 The Director and the Chairman gave an explanation over the content and arrangements inside the MoU. It was highlighted that there would be one researcher engaged for a period of three years. The Chairman stated that a copy of the MoU would be circulated to the members and they were invited to give comments back to the Director. Establishment of a library of information be developed at the HTC was recommended by the Australian delegate. It was further suggested that the web site developed be enhanced with a list of relevant sites that would be useful to countries in the region. These could include sites that have software for various models. It was suggested that ongoing activities be included. Training courses, the publication of the newsletter, management of the archive and web were such items that could be included. A tropical hydrology course that is proposed to be developed by the HTC should cater for engineers, administrators as well as policy makers. It was stated that the Dutch IHE was preparing to run courses in Indonesia and such a model might be possible for Malaysia. The Republic of Korea’s delegate expressed desire to co-operate in this matter. It was suggested by the Australian delegate that a much better management system be used for the AP FRIEND Data Archive Centre. Mailing List where participants can subscribe and unsubscribe easily should be provided. A 2-year rolling plan should be determined. In addition, it was suggested to list down regular activities and training courses in conjunction with other organisations like IHE Delft. Experts from this region can also develop a training curriculum eventually. Proposal for AP FRIEND Data Archive e.g. for Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos was raised. It was agreed that further work on Data Archive development should get input from UNESCO office in Jakarta. However, this proposal will be possible provided that a researcher is made available to the HTC. Funding for the HTC was considered. As a suggestion for obtaining further funding, Prof. Takara suggested that JICA, STA of Japan (Science Technology Agency), Monbusho and BAHC-IGBP are to be approached. It was suggested by the Delegates from New Zealand and Australia a specific visit to the embassies in Kuala Lumpur can be arranged in order to explore any possible opportunity for project funds. However, in this regards, the New Zealand government requires a written proposal from the HTC. The representative of UNESCO highlighted the role of the Netherlands multilateral Associate Expert and stated that there were discussions being undertaken to continue the attachment of an associate at the UNESCO Jakarta office. There is a possibility that in the future, an Associate Expert can be considered once the Dutch government reconsiders of its associate programme. It was informed that the Centre allows foreign guest researcher who is interested to work at the Centre on a short period basis based on a specific project mutually developed. Visiting researchers and academics on study leave should consider the Centre as a alternative for their research activities. Participants of the 3rd Meeting of the Coordination Committee, Nanjing China, 22 October 1999. Agreement Between the Government of Malaysia and UNESCO The Signing Ceremony for the establishment of the HTC Kuala Lumpur was being executed at the UNESCO Office in Paris on the 28th October 1999. It was a historic moment where the representatives of the Government of Malaysia (Dato’ Ir. Haji Keizrul bin Abdullah, the Director General of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia) and Dr. Andras Szöllösi-Nagy, Director of Water Sciences Division/Secretary IHP put down their signatures in the Signing MoU for the establishment of HTC Kuala Lumpur– UNESCO Paris. presence of the Honourable Minister of Education Malaysia and other foreign dignitaries. The occasion took place the midst of the 30th Session of UNESCO. This is a real milestone, which sees the co-operation between UNESCO and the Centre being formalised for the next five years. Details of the Agreement can be found at our site http://htc.moa.my/htc/ HTC Kuala Lumpur 4 Fifth IHP/IAHS George Kovacs Colloquium– Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy (HELP), UNESCO Paris, 2–3 June 2000 The Fifth IHP/IAHS George Kovacs Colloquium preceding the 14th Session of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of UNESCO was held at UNESCO, Paris from 23 June 2000. This Colloquium is the continuation of a series of biannual international scientific meetings organised jointly by the IHP of UNESCO and IAHS in the most challenging fields of water resources research. The theme of the Colloquium is Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy (HELP). HELP is a new IHP field-oriented, catchment hydrology initiative which UNESCO and IAHS have adopted for this Colloquium. It is intended to make researchers responsive to waterrelated policy and development issues such as water use for food production, competition for water and potential conflicts, water quality impacts on human health, environmental water needs, impacts of climate variability and change on water resources. It also addresses the issue of communication between hydrologists and society, and will provide the scientific basis for improved land and water management through a global network of experimental basins. Various scientific components were considered including: • • • • • • The integration of processes hydrology to catchment scales. Water use in agriculture–technical potential and management constraints. Impacts of hydrological regimes on freshwater ecology. Water quality processes and potential impacts on human health. Hydrological variability and change and their impact on water resources. Contribution of global models and remote sensing to water resources management. elected as the new Chairperson. The elected ViceChairpersons comprise of Mr. Witold Strupczewski (Poland), Ms. Martha Garcia (Colombia), Mr. Abel Afouda (Benin) and Mr. Majid Benbiba (Morocco). The Council noted that in conformity with the Statutes, the IHP Bureau is composed of a Chairperson, four ViceChairpersons and Mr. Takeuchi, the outgoing Chairperson. A Resolution Drafting Committee was also established comprising of Canada (Chairperson), Slovenia, Argentina, Australia, Nigeria and Egypt. The new Finance Committee consists of Germany (Chairperson), Russian Federation, Chile, China, Kenya and Tunisia. The status of the progress of the work on the Ad Hoc Governance Committee was dealt with considerably. A compromised solution reached i.e. to establish a system of Regional Meetings of the National Committees on a trial basis before the next 15th session takes place. The 15th session of the Council will then decide on the continuation, the upgrading or the cancellation of the system proposed. The new Ad-hoc Governance Committee consists of 12 members from Denmark, France, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Nigeria, Costa Rica, India and Thailand. A total of 12 Draft Resolutions were submitted by various bodies. 4. Planned Activities Training Programme Follow-up course on Water Resources Management in Development Countries It was decided at the 3rd Co-ordination Committee Meeting that a training programme be developed for the region which can be eventually developed into a regular training programme. As an initial step forward, the Director has taken the initiative to request assistance from the Swedish Government to fund participants who had previously attended the regular International Training Course on Water Resources Management in Developing Countries for a follow up course in the region. Preliminary idea has been discussed between the Director and a representative from Lund University, Sweden during the Director’s recent visit, 12–20 June 2000. Research Study on Impact of Tropical Forest Management on Erosion, Nutrient Flows and The Water and Carbon Balance The need to accurately measure water intake by plants is necessary to account for the overall water balance in 14 Session of the Intergovernmental Council IHP UNESCO, 5–10 June 2000 It was for the first time that the HTC Kuala Lumpur was being invited to attend the Intergovernmental Council IHP UNESCO at its 14th Session, which took place at UNESCO, 5-10 June 2000. The Centre was among 12 International Non-Governmental Organisations who attended the Session. All 36 Council Members were represented besides those representatives from different status and organizations. The outgoing Chairperson, Mr. Kuniyoshi Takeuchi opened the meeting. The Acting Assistant Director General for Natural Sciences, Mr. G. Glasser, delivered the opening statement. A number of important events took place such as the election of new Chairperson for the current term i.e. 2000-2001 and the election of the Vice-Chairpersons. The candidate from the Netherlands, Mr. Feddes was th HTC Kuala Lumpur 5 a region for a sustainable development of water resources. Direct sap flow measurement using special device coupled with various climatological parameters measurement are the main focus of the proposed joint research. Sap flow data can be input to a model whereby coefficient for determining accurate evapotranspiration at various stages of growth, trunk diameters, seasons, and field conditions are derived. It will then be possible to determine the economic benefit against the available water resources. Some countries from this region will be invited to participate: Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Cambodia and Thailand beside Sweden who will provide the technology required. The already established experimental basins by Forest Research Institute of Malaysia will be utilised for this purpose. Development of Probable Maximum Precipitation for Selangor State, Malaysia As a follow-up of a recommendation of the International Workshop on Flood Forecasting for Tropical Region, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, 14-17 June 1999, a small study to derive probable maximum precipitation for Selangor state in Malaysia has been initiated by the HTC Kuala Lumpur. To assist this, an expert in the field of Hydrometeorology has been invited who will be attached at the centre for a period of one month beginning in early August 2000. Methodology adopted will form the basis for countrywide derivation of PMP estimates, hopefully useful for the region. the IHP Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, and the UNESCO Jakarta Office, and is co-sponsored by UNESCO, WMO, IAHS, Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Water Commission, Yangtze River Water Commission, Nanjing Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources and The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (Monbusho). 160 participants from Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Korean Republic, Malaysia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam as well as the delegates from the many Chinese institutions participated the symposium. There were 58 participants presented their recent researches on • • • • Floods and Flood Control; Flood/Drought Disasters and Drought Analysis; Hydrological Forecast Model and Application and Water Resources and Environment Management, etc. Prof. K. Takeuchi was happy by the large number of papers (130) being published in the proceedings before the symposium. He also mentioned that China had just experienced the devastating Yangtze and Songhua floods. Although floods and droughts, commonplace events from time eternal, strike certain regions at periodic intervals, many countries in our region experience such catastrophic events each year. Beyond all doubt these natural hazards affect human living conditions and sustainable socio-economic development. During the new millennium, an extensive study on disaster relief is most definitely called for. The participants had put emphasis on flood control and drought relief and had addressed many of the problems faced all over the world for which solutions are being sought. As a contribution to the 5th phase of IHP and in preparation for IHP-VI, with the FRIEND project in mind, many papers and presentations also included the results of comparative hydrology and water resources research in the region. by Mr. Liu Heng 5. News From The Region World Day for Water 2000 by Malaysian National Committee for IHP The WDW 2000 in Malaysia was celebrated jointly with the World Meteorology Day 2000. This joint celebration was launched on 19th March 2000 by the Honourable Minister of Science, Technology and Environment. Activities carried out were: • • • • • • • Exhibition from 18-22 March 2000. National seminar from 20-21st March 2000. Water treatment plant open day. Radio and TV talk shows. Announcement and publication of articles in local newspapers and bulletin. Drawing and colouring contest for school children. River water contest. nd 6. Foreign Visitors Prof. Dr. K. Hofius and Prof. Volkhard Wetzel Prof. Dr. K. Hofius, Chairman IHP/OHP National Committee for Germany and Prof. Volkhard Wetzel, The Director of the Federal Institute of Hydrology, Bundesanstalt Für Gewässerkunde, Koblenz made a brief visit to the Centre. They were taken around to see the facilities put in place. A short briefing was given to impress upon them the activities that the centre has been entrusted upon to implement. They were particularly impressed “by the possibilities the HTC has to offer in support of hydrological matters in Southeastern Asia and the Pacific”. They hope to continue the collaboration between both parties. International Symposium on Floods and Droughts by China National Committee for IHP The International Symposium on Floods and Droughts, as well as the 7th Regional Steering Committee for the IHP in Southeast Asia and the Pacific was held in 1821 October 1999 in Nanjing, China. It was jointly organised by the Chinese National Committee for IHP, HTC Kuala Lumpur 6 Prof. Dr. K. Hofius and Prof. Volkhard Wetzel. Dr. Zinaida Iritz giving a talk on Energy and Mass Fluxes from the Forests in Sweden. Dr. Laszlo Iritz and Dr. Zinaida Iritz Dr. Laszlo Iritz and Dr. Zinaida Iritz both are researchers from Lund University, Sweden made a brief visit to the centre en route to Jogjakarta, Indonesia. Two technical presentations were delivered on 23rd February 2000 to invited engineers from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. Dr. Laszlo talked about Design of Flood Protection Systems. He talked about a conceptual model known as FLAPS, which has been developed and tested in China. The package includes tools for hydrological design of flood protection systems, which also includes hydrological investigation, test of various hydrotechnical constructions and presentation of different alternatives. Dr. Zinaida gave an interesting presentation on Energy and Mass Fluxes from the Forests in Sweden. Dr. Laszlo Iritz giving a talk on Design of Flood Protection Systems (FLAPS) to the DID engineers. Dr. Lennart Jonsson Dr. Lennart Jonsson of Lund University, Sweden made a brief stopover at the centre on his way back to Sweden on the 4th April 2000. He was invited to give a technical presentation: The Use of Satellite Data for Marine Applications, and The Study on Unsteady Flow Phenomena (Hydraulic Pressure Transients in Pipelines Flowing Full). The former title of the presentation illustrates the use of remote sensing techniques to study lake and ocean temperatures, which can be applied to study environmental problems in large water bodies and ocean. The latter topic illustrates how hydraulic calculation of pressure transient can be used to detect pipe leakages, which have been experimented successfully using actual field observation and calculation. Dr. Hj. Mohd Nor Mohd Desa introducing the speakers to the participants. HTC Kuala Lumpur 7 9. Message from the Director Dear colleagues, Several important events have occurred since the last issue of the Newsletter. We tried to summarise key issues attached and I do hope you will find it informative and interesting to read. As usual prior to the publication of this and the previous issues requests had been made to all IHP National Committees to submit any articles which are of common interest. As a result one or two had responded. In this issue however, we included an article kindly submitted by the China National Committee for IHP and a conference announcement by the New Zealand National Committee for IHP. I do hope more people will contribute in the future because this Newsletter is an excellent platform to share knowledge and information. Besides, we are open to receive any comments which can help improve contents of future Newsletters. As you know the 3rd Co-ordination Committee Meeting was held in Nanjing, China. In this regard, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the China IHP National Committee who was kind enough to accommodate the Meeting. I also would like to thank all the National Committees involved. The Co-ordination Committee Meeting is a yearly event organised in conjunction with the RSC Meeting. This is made possible with the invaluable support given by UNESCO and Monbusho of Japan. Therefore I would like to thank these two organisation for their utmost contribution. Thank you. Warmest regards, st Dr. Lennart Jonsson, giving a talk to the Department of Irrigation and Drainage’s engineers. 7. Calendar of Events Meetings 1. 2. 8 Regional Steering Committee Meeting, New Zealand - November 20, 2000. 4 Coordination Committee Meeting, New Zealand - November 21, 2000. th th Workshop/conference/seminar/training 1. UNESCO Symposium and Workshop on Forest-water in the Humid Tropics - Past, Present and Future Hydrological Research for Integrated Land and Water Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. - July 31-August 4, 2000. 2. XXI IUFRO World Congress - Forest and Society: Role of Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - August 7-12, 2000. 3. The International Symposium on Fresh Perspectives in Hydrology in South East Asia and the Pacific, New Zealand - November 20-24, 2000. International Conference on Urban Hydrology for the 21 Century, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Oktober 2002. 4. Dr. Mohd Nor bin Mohd Desa 8. Publications Technical Documents Published By The Centre 1. 1 Asian Pacific FRIEND Workshop:Data archive and scientific methods for comparative hydrology and water resources Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20 – 23 March 1998. Proceedings edited by Desa M., M.N., Ghazali, Z. and Sinnasamy, S. International Hydrological Programme, IHP-V Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 1 UNESCO Jakarta Office; ISBN 983-9304-06-2 International workshop on flood forecasting for tropical region Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14 – 17 June 1999. Proceedings edited by Desa M., M.N. and Shahar M., S. International Hydrological Programme, IHP-V Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 5 UNESCO Jakarta Office, 2000; ISBN 983-9304-07-0 st Compiled by the staff of HTC Kuala Lumpur Address of correspondence: Director, The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (HTC Kuala Lumpur), c/o Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, Km. 7, Jalan Ampang, 68000 Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA. phone:+603 4562657 fax:+603 4561894 email:htc03@pop.moa.my website:http://htc.moa.my/htc/ 2. HTC Kuala Lumpur 8 HTC Kuala Lumpur 9 NOTES HTC Kuala Lumpur 10