History 101 Final Exam Fall 2008
Name _______________________ Place the letter of the MOST CORRECT answer in the blank and on the scan‐tron Chapter 13
1. ___. Which of the following was a characteristic of the “frontier”? a) It was a region in which anarchy reigned. b) It was a boundary beyond which there was no human habitation. c) It was the line between civilized society and a completely untamed and savage wilderness. d) It was a meeting place of different cultures. 2. ___ In the minds of most Americans of European descent in the early nineteenth century, the West a) was an uninhabitable wilderness. b) represented a place where they could own land and achieve economic independence. c) consisted of a hodge-podge of cultures that could never be assimilated into the nation. d) was a peaceful and idyllic area. 3. ___ Largely as a result of the Leatherstocking Tales by James Fenimore Cooper, Daniel Boone became a symbol of which of the following? a) Altruism and personal sacrifice b) Humility and purity of thought c) Individualism and freedom d) Selfishness and greed 4. ___ Even though the West was often depicted in popular literature of the early nineteenth century as a violent place, in the minds of many Americans it also symbolized the nation’s core value. That value was a) materialism. b) idealism. c) communalism. d) freedom. 5. ___ Which of the following was the moral message in much of George Catlin’s work? a) Destruction of the natural environment is against God’s will. b) Indians are better off if they are removed from the corrupting influence of white Americans. c) American westward expansion is right and moral and part of God’s plan. d) The superior American culture must inevitably replace all other cultures. 6. ___. Which of the following was true of the Northwest Territory between 1790 and 1860? a) Migration into the region was slow largely due to the questionable status of slavery in the area. b) The population of the region grew at a phenomenal rate. c) The region’s climate caused a significantly higher death rate than in the Northeastern states. d) Although the population grew due to natural increase, more people actually left the region than moved into the region. 7. ___ Once people made the decision to move west, the decision of where to move was often influenced by which of the following factors? a) The availability of employment for all family members b) The availability of quality public education c) The presence of the amenities associated with urban areas in the Northeast d) The similarity of climate between their new residence and their old residence 7. Which of the following is true of “black laws” passed by many Midwestern states in the 1850s? a) These laws prohibited gambling of any kind and imposed strict penalties against bookmakers. b) These laws prohibited African Americans from living within the border of such states. c) These laws prevented the return of runaway slaves to their southern owners. d) These laws provided financial incentives to free black laborers willing to become permanent residents.
8. ___ After 1820, why was the Midwest often more attractive to western migrants than the Southwest? a) The United States government would finance a move to the Midwest but not to the Southwest. b) They could find work more easily in the transportation hubs in the Midwest. c) The growing season was much longer in the Midwest. d) They could obtain free land. b
9. ___ Which of the following is true of the Miami Indians? a) They were able to prevent the removal of their people to reservations because of their successful assimilation into American culture. b) Many members of the Miami nation eluded the federal troops sent to forcibly remove them to Indian Country. c) The Miami Indians were subjected to a brutal massacre at the hands of the United States Army. d) The Miami nation was wiped out due to a smallpox epidemic. 10. ))). Which of the following caused a significant increase in the demand for western timber? a) The housing boom in the Old Northwest b) The decision by Congress to double the number of ships in the United States Navy c) The California Gold Rush d) The expansion of the South’s slave society into the Old Southwest 11. ___. Which of the following cities was positioned to dominate the economy of the Midwest? a) Chicago b) Milwaukee c) Minneapolis d) St. Louis 12. ___ . Which of the following is true of fur trappers in the Appalachian West? a) They had little interaction with Indians in the region. b) They often put inferior pelts on the market, which severely hurt their chances of selling in the international marketplace. c) They often married Indian women. d) They suffered severe economic setbacks in the 1820s. 13. ___. Which of the following is true of the “rendezvous”? a) It was an annual, multi-day gathering of American, Indian, Mexican, and mixed-race fur trappers from throughout the West. b) It was gathering in which all of the ethnic groups that lived in New Orleans competed for a story-telling prize. c) It was the geographic point after which wagon trains had to depend on Native American guides to lead them safely to their destination. d) After barn raisings in Midwestern farm communities, the participants would celebrate with story telling, dancing, and drinking. 15. ___. Most people traveling overland to California and Oregon followed which of the following routes? a) The Northwest Passage b) The Oregon Trail. c) The Santa Fe Trail d) The South Pass 16. ___. Army explorer Stephen Long described the region of present-day Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska as a) the Great American Desert. b) God’s Country. c) the Dust Bowl. d) the Bread Basket of America. 17. ___. Which of the following is referred to as “The Pathfinder”? a) John Jacob Astor b) Stephen Austin c) Davy Crockett d) John C. Frémont 18. ___. Which of the following was the most significant contribution made by the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers during the first half of the nineteenth century? a) The building of levees to protect the city of New Orleans b) Its survey of the Oregon Trail c) The surveying of possible routes for a transcontinental railroad d) The expeditions it sponsored to explore the West 19. ___. In addition to the Bible, which of the following books did migrants to the West often take with them? a) Timothy Flint’s Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone b) Ralph Waldo Emerson’s compilation of essays and poems c) John C. Frémont’s accounts of his explorations d) James Fenimore Cooper’s The Deerslayer
29. ___ The Office of Indian Affairs a) oversaw the “civilizing” of Native Americans by establishing European-style villages and schools for Indian children. b) often helped the military remove Indians from western lands on which white Americans wanted to settle. c) was established to help in the assimilation of Native Americans into American society. d) had the duty and responsibility of protecting the cultures of Native American peoples. A 21. ___ The General Land Office, established in 1812, a) established a credit system for the purchase of western lands that favored small-time farmers. b) handled the distribution of federal lands in the West. c) had the power to set the price-per-acre of western lands. d) was charged with the responsibility of preventing speculators from buying large tracts of federal western lands. 22. ___ The policies of the General Land Office usually favored a) individual farmers. b) corporations. c) Northeastern banks. d) speculators. 23.___ Which of the following is true of slavery as practiced by Native Americans in the Southwest? a) Owning slaves did not give to their captors increased socioeconomic status. b) Within a tribe, only those convicted of crimes could be enslaved. c) It was far less violent than the chattel slavery found in the American South. d) It involved capturing women and children from other communities and assimilating them into their captors’ communities. 24. ___ Which of the following was the dominant group in the population of Texas at the time of Mexican independence in 1821? a) People of mixed race b) Native Americans born in Texas c) Immigrant Anglos d) Hispanics 25. ___ After passage of the Colonization Law of 1824 by the Mexican government, the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas stipulated that, to be eligible for land grants, foreigners a) could only use gold to pay for their land and could not buy the land on credit. b) could not marry Mexican women. c) had to convert to the Catholic faith. d) had to be Christians and establish permanent residency. 26. ___ An empresario was a) an immigration agent who selected families suitable for settlement in Texas under the Colonization Law of 1824. b) a middleman who negotiated land contracts with the Mexican government on behalf of the United States. c) a United States resident who owned large tracts of land in Mexico. d) the owner of a large plantation in Texas. 27. ___ Which of the following is true of Anglo-Americans who emigrated to Texas during the 1820s? a) They were usually wealthy speculators who wanted to buy cheap land and sell it for a substantial profit. b) They were not allowed by the Mexican authorities to bring slaves into Texas. c) They generally settled in their own separate communities and had little interaction with Tejanos. d) They were always outnumbered by Tejanos. 28. ___ Under the presidency of Mirabeau Lamar, the Texas Rangers a) were stationed along the border between Lone Star Republic and the United States to prevent any further influx of American migrants. b) acted as a border patrol to enforce the law against entry of free blacks from the United States into the Lone Star Republic. c) used terror tactics to drive Indians from Texas. d) acted to protect the rights of Tejanos. 28 As the result of a Mexican law passed in 1833, California missions were used primarily a) to organize Indian labor. b) as a refuge for Native Americans fighting against removal to Indian Country by federal authorities. c) to care for European American migrants who needed shelter until they could build their own homes. d) to provide a safe haven to residents who had been the victims of anti-Catholic hate crimes.
29. ___ Which of the following are generally recognized as having been the first white migrants along the Oregon Trail? a) Laura and Almanzo Wilder and Rose and Gillette Lane b) Narcissa and Marcus Whitman and Eliza and Henry Spalding c) Bill Cody and Wyatt Earp d) Elizabeth and Charles Finney 30. ___ Why did Narcissa and Marcus Whitman fail in their efforts to convert the Cayuse Indians to Christianity? a) The Cayuse saw the doctrine of the Trinity as illogical. b) The Whitmans assumed an air of cultural superiority over the Cayuse. c) The Cayuse found it impossible to accept the doctrine of transubstantiation. d) The Whitmans insisted on holding religious services in their home, which conflicted with the religious practices of the Cayuse. 31. ___ Why were Narcissa and Marcus Whitman murdered by the Cayuse Indians? a) The Cayuse discovered that the Whitmans were supportive of the Cayuse being forcibly removed to Indian Country. b) The Whitmans kidnapped several Cayuse children and planned to take them back to the Northeast. c) The Cayuse interpreted a measles epidemic as being a deliberate assault on them by the Whitmans. d) Needing food, the Whitmans killed animals that, to the Cayuse, were of spiritual significance. 32. ___. After 1852, anger toward the Mormons in the Utah territory increased throughout the United States for which of the following reasons? a) The Mormons officially sanctioned polygamy. b) The Mormons prohibited all non-Mormons from entering their state of “Deseret.” c) The Mormons engaged in a rebellion against the government of the United States. d) The Mormons publicized their belief that Jesus was not divine and not the Son of God. 33. ___ Which of the following is true of European American migrants trekking West along the Oregon and California trails? a) Death rates from disease were significantly higher than in society at large. b) For most adults, trail life was not particularly dangerous. c) They only killed bison or other animals for food. d) They were constantly subjected to Indian attacks. 34. ___. By the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, a) Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory agreed to allow American migrants moving West free passage across their tribal lands. b) all of the Indian tribes of the Great Plains agreed to cede their ancestral lands to the United States but were allowed to live on that land in perpetuity. c) southwestern Indian tribes agreed to forgo any further allotments from the federal government in return for an expansion of their tribal boundaries. d) eight northern Plains tribes agreed to respect tribal boundaries established by the United States government and to allow the government to build roads and forts within those boundaries. 35. ___ Which of the following held spiritual significance to Plains Indians? a) The American bison b) The beaver c) The coyote d) The horse 36. ___ By the mid-1850s, California’s major agricultural crop was a) barley. b) corn. c) soy beans. d) wheat. 37. ___ Wheat farming in California depended on a) massive irrigation projects. b) skills taught to European American migrants by Native Americans. c) Indian laborers held in bondage. d) mechanized agriculture. 38. ___ Which of the following is true of women in California in the 1850s? a) They often ran the boarding houses and hotels. b) The worked on family farms as they had done in the East and Midwest. c) Many married women built reputations as hostesses by providing food and entertainment for their husbands’ bachelor friends. d) They were usually engaged in mining for gold alongside the male settlers.
39. ___ By the 1850s, San Francisco a) had lost its pre-eminence to new metropolitan centers in California. b) was merely a small rural settlement. c) enjoyed prosperity almost exclusively due to the cotton trade. d) had become the West Coast gateway to the interior. 49. ___ Members of the Whig party a) believed in a weak central government. b) were suspicious of rapid Western expansion and, instead, supported industrial and commercial expansion within the current boundaries of the United States. c) favored the expansion of slavery into the Western territories. d) favored free trade. 41. ___ Manifest Destiny was the belief that a) the territorial expansion of the United States was inevitable, divinely ordained, and just. b) the United States should fulfill its mission as expressed in the Declaration of Independence. c) the United States should pledge its support to oppressed people everywhere. d) war with Canada and Mexico was necessary and desirable. 42. ___ One of the main issues in James K. Polk’s 1844 presidential campaign was the Democratic party’s commitment to a) increasing the tariff. b) reducing the sales price of western lands. c) territorial acquisition and expansion. d) rechartering the Bank of the United States. 43. ___ Which of the following is true of the presidential campaign of 1844? a) The Liberty party candidate drew enough votes away from Henry Clay in New York to deny Clay the state and the election. b) Although James K. Polk lost all of the southern states, he won the election by carrying the Northeast and Northwest. c) Henry Clay campaigned in favor of the immediate annexation of Texas. d) James K. Polk appealed to the electorate as a man who would pursue expansion through negotiation rather than force.
Chapter 14
44. ___ Under the terms of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, a) the Columbia River was established as Oregon's northernmost boundary. b) Great Britain accepted President Polk's demand for a boundary at 54º 40′. c) the United States and Great Britain agreed to a twenty-year joint occupation of the Oregon Country. d) Great Britain accepted the American-suggested compromise of the 49th parallel. 45. ___ Which of the following is true of expansionists who supported the War with Mexico? a) Humanitarian concerns dominated the thoughts of the war's supporters. b) Support of expansionism and of the war often had an undercurrent of racism. c) Egalitarian principles dominated the thoughts of expansionists and supporters of the war. d) Support for the war was based primarily on the belief that expansion would open new markets for American products. 46. ___ Which of the following was the decisive campaign in the War with Mexico? a) General Zachary Taylor's assault against Monterey b) The taking of Santa Fe by Colonel Stephen Kearny c) The taking of Palo Alto by General Zachary Taylor d) General Winfield Scott's campaign against Mexico City 47. ___ Fear of the Slave Power was fear that the a) use of slave labor would allow southern producers to undersell northern producers. b) distribution of abolitionist literature among slaves was likely to inspire a violent slave revolt. c) slaveholding elite that controlled the South was determined to control the entire nation. d) slave population was growing so rapidly that slaves would soon far outnumber whites in many southern states. 48. ___ Those who criticized the war with Mexico often expressed which of the following ideas? a) They expressed racist fears that victory would bring nonwhite Mexicans into the United States. b) They expressed the belief that the war was unconstitutional. c) They expressed the fear that the war would widen and engulf all of Latin America. d) They expressed the belief that the United States military was unprepared for the conflict.
49. ___ Which of the following was a consequence of the Wilmot Proviso? a) It transformed the debate over the War with Mexico into a debate over the expansion of slavery. b) It led to the annexation of Texas by joint resolution of Congress. c) Its stipulations further fed northern fears of the Slave Power. d) It caused southerners to become outspoken opponents of the War with Mexico. 50. ___ Which of the following constitutional arguments was designed to protect the institution of slavery? a) The Constitution should be interpreted loosely so that the central government may assume as much power as possible. b) Slaveholders may take their slaves into the territories, because the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees that no person may be denied his property without due process of law. c) Slave states are afforded special privileges under the Constitution. d) The Union is the result of a compact among the people of the nation. 51. ___ The radical, new southern position on the territories espoused by John C. Calhoun in 1846 contradicted the a) Missouri Compromise. b) Monroe Doctrine. c) Polk Doctrine. d) three-fifths compromise. 52. ___ The most critical question that emerged in the aftermath of the War with Mexico was a) what course the South would take if northerners continued to press the slavery question. b) what to do about slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico. c) how to limit the president's vaguely defined war powers. d) how much to pay Mexico for the territory acquired by force. 53. ___ The overriding issue in the presidential election of 1848 was a) tariff rates. b) the conduct of the War with Mexico. c) slavery in the territories. d) the independent treasury bill. 54.___ The proposal for popular sovereignty called for deciding the issue of slavery in the territories through a a) constitutional amendment. b) direct nationwide election. c) decision by the residents in each territory. d) vote in both houses of Congress. 55. ___ Which of the following is true of the presidential campaign of 1848? a) Although Martin Van Buren lost all of the southern states, he won the election by carrying the Northeast and Northwest. b) Zachary Taylor campaigned in favor of the exclusion of slavery in the territories. c) The number of votes received in the North by Martin Van Buren indicated a deepening division between northern and southern public opinion. d) Lewis Cass appealed to northern voters because he called for the immediate abolition of slavery. 56. ___. Which of the following occurred in response to California's application for statehood in 1850? a) President Taylor called a special session of Congress for the purpose of repealing the Missouri Compromise. b) Some southern politicians wanted to postpone California’s admission to the Union and make it a slave territory. c) Several New England states threatened to secede from the Union if California was admitted as a slave state. d) Congress adopted an amendment to the California statehood bill that extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. 57. ___ In Prigg v. Pennsylvania the Supreme Court ruled that a) enforcement of the fugitive-slave clause in the Constitution was a federal obligation. b) whether or not runaway slaves were to be returned to their owners was to be determined by each separate state. c) the Underground Railroad was a conspiracy against the rights of property owners and, thus, unconstitutional. d) the status of slavery in the territories could only be decided by each territory's residents. 58. ___. The primary ambiguity of popular sovereignty related to the question of a) whether slaves would be counted in determining the population of a territory. b) when settlers in a territory could outlaw slavery. c) who would determine voting qualifications in a particular territory. d) whether African Americans would have equality under the law in the territories.
59. ___. How did Senator Stephen Douglas salvage the Compromise of 1850? a) He won a public endorsement of the compromise from President Zachary Taylor. b) He ultimately allowed southern Democrats to dictate the terms of the compromise. c) He introduced each measure of the compromise separately and in that way gained passage of all of the measures. d) He threatened to remove Democrats who opposed the compromise from important congressional committees. 60. ___ Which of the following is true of the Compromise of 1850? a) It completely rejected the idea of popular sovereignty. b) It included a stronger fugitive slave law. c) It abolished both slavery and the slave trade in the District of Columbia. d) It angered northerners by acknowledging the boundary claims made by Texas. Ans: b 61. What part of the Compromise of 1850 increased sectional controversy and conflict during the 1850s? a) The admission of California as a free state b) The settlement of the Texas boundary question c) The ending of the slave trade in Washington, D.C. d) The Fugitive Slave Act
62. ___. After passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, a) Mexican authorities extradited runaway slaves to the United States for prosecution. b) many fugitive slaves living in the North, seeing the act as a threat to their freedom, moved to Canada. c) most northern judges refused to enforce the act because of its repressive nature. d) the Underground Railroad ceased to operate. 63. ___ In Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe a) denounced slaveowners as immoral and sinful. b) portrayed slavery as beneficial to blacks. c) condemned the national government for allowing slavery to continue. d) brought the issue of slavery home to many who had never before given it much thought. 64. ___ The southern demand that slavery be allowed to expand into the territories seems to have been motivated by the a) expectation that slavery would be even more profitable in the West than in the South. b) fear that free territories could be used as bases for spreading abolitionism into the South. c) belief that expansion was necessary to allow the profitable sale of surplus southern slaves. d) assumption of southern politicians that they should put forward extreme positions as a tactic in political bargaining with the North. 65. ___. How did proslavery theorists counteract the indictment of slavery as a moral wrong? a) They proposed that slaves be paid a nominal fee for the work they performed. b) They contended that slavery was more humane than wage labor. c) They pointed to the three-fifths clause in the Constitution. d) They argued that passage of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 legalized slavery in a portion of the Louisiana Territory. 66. ___ Which of the following is true of the presidential campaign of 1852? a) By rejecting Winfield Scott, voters rejected the idea of popular sovereignty. b) Pierce's victory seemed to confirm voter support for the Compromise of 1850. c) John Hale's repudiation of parts of the Compromise of 1850 attracted a great deal of support in the South. d) Winfield Scott's call for the repeal of the Compromise of 1850 worked against him in the South. 67. ___ Franklin Pierce's election as president in 1852 was due to a) his charismatic personality. b) the weaknesses of the opposition. c) the strength of the Whig party organization. d) his fame as a commanding general in the War with Mexico. 68. ___ Which of the following was a consequence of the case of Anthony Burns? a) The Fugitive Slave Act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. b) Nonslaveholding southerners began to challenge the political power of the South's plantation aristocracy. c) The Underground Railroad was declared illegal and ceased its operations. d) Fear that the Slave Power dominated American government increased among northerners.
69. ___ President Franklin Pierce's attempt to annex Hawai'i to the United States failed for which of the following reasons? a) Northern and southern Congressmen alike expressed doubts about the nation's ability to defend Hawai'i. b) Southerners would not vote for the entry of another free state into the Union. c) Northern congressmen feared that an expansionist Slave Power was behind the annexation treaty. d) Northern and southern Congressmen expressed fears that acquisition of Hawai'i would draw the United States into an Asian war. ‘70 ___. President Pierce's efforts to annex Cuba caused which of the following? a) Northern support for the liberation of Cuba allayed fears in that region that Pierce was controlled by the Slave Power. b) Some northerners concluded that Pierce was doing the bidding of the Slave Power. c) Support for such efforts by both northerners and southerners led to friendlier relations between the two sections of the country. d) Many southerners concluded that Pierce wanted to end slavery and colonize blacks in the Caribbean. 71.___ Who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska bill into the Senate? a) James Buchanan b) Henry Clay c) Stephen Douglas d) Franklin Pierce 72. ___ What seems to have been Stephen Douglas's intent in introducing the Kansas-Nebraska bill? a) He wanted to promote the construction of a midwestern transcontinental railroad. b) He wanted to strengthen his chances for re-election to the Senate in 1854. c) He wanted to settle permanently the conflict over slavery in the territories. d) He wanted to win national attention as the basis for a future presidential campaign. 73. ___ Which of the following is true of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? a) It cleared up the confusion that surrounded popular sovereignty. b) It prohibited slavery in the two organized territories created by the law. c) It had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise. d) It extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. 74 As a result of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, northern states threatened to hold special state conventions for the purpose of declaring the act unconstitutional and thus null and void. b) a coalition of northern Democrats withdrew from the Democratic party and formed the American Party. c) the Whig Party broke into northern and southern wings and was no longer able to operate as a national party. d) southerners became more convinced than ever that Congress had become the puppet of antislavery advocates. a)
75.___ The different political factions that joined together to form the Republican Party in 1854 were united by their a) opposition to the expansion of slavery into the territories. b) fear over the possibility of civil war. c) determination to abolish slavery. d) desire to acquire more territory from Mexico. 76. ___ As a result of the 1854 congressional elections, the a) Whigs gained control of both the House and the Senate. b) Republicans gained control of both the House and the Senate. c) Whigs captured most of the House seats from the North. d) Republicans captured most of the House seats from the North. 77. ___ The results of the 1854 congressional elections were significant because they a) demonstrated strong northern support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act. b) ended up being the last time the South was assured of a sympathetic majority in Congress. c) marked the first time a sectional party based on a sectional issue had gained substantial power in the political system. d) resulted in such an even division of power between the parties that meaningful action by Congress was virtually impossible. 78. ___. The American Party of the mid-1850s (the Know-Nothings) drew its primary support from those who feared a) abolitionism. b) foreigners. c) possible civil war. d) uncontrolled industrialization.
79. ___ The Republican party of the 1850s a) began as and remained a one-issue party. b) had a pessimistic outlook concerning the future of the nation. c) was prepared to moderate its position on slavery in the territories. d) adopted a platform that appealed to those who were interested in the economic development of the West. 80. ___ Which of the following statements best expresses the beliefs of the Republican Party of the 1850s? a) Both the dignity of labor and the availability of economic opportunity are essential to the future progress of the United States. b) All ethnic groups living in the United States should be afforded political, social, and economic equality. c) The central government should remain limited in its power and should not intervene in the economic life of the states. d) Slavery is morally wrong and should be abolished immediately. 81. ___ Which of the following statements best expresses the southern version of republicanism? a) To create a more perfect society, individuals must subordinate their individual desires to the good of the group. b) The rights and liberties of the people can best be protected by a strong central government. c) Social distinctions between rich and poor are necessary for the creation of an orderly society. d) White citizens in a slave society enjoy liberty and social equality because of slavery. 82. ___ Southern Democrats appealed to nonslaveholders in the South by a) advocating the passage of protective tariffs. b) supporting a federal land-grant program in the territories. c) playing on their racial fears. d) arguing that any hardworking person could acquire slaves. 83. ___ Which of the following is true of Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks? a) Their treatise against slavery on economic grounds caused an increase in antislavery sentiment among Northerners. b) By supporting the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas, they sought a peaceful and moderate solution to the Kansas crisis. c) They demonstrated that Northern and Southern moderates could still work together for the national interest. d) They were symbolic of just how emotional the political issue of slavery had become by 1856. 84. ___ The Democrats chose James Buchanan as their presidential nominee in 1856 because he had a) been a highly respected Senate majority leader. b) taken a strong position against the expansion of slavery. c) acquired fame as a commanding general in the War with Mexico. d) not been involved in territorial controversies. 85 a) b) c) d) In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was not a United States citizen. slaves could acquire freedom only by purchasing it. residence in free territory made Dred Scott free. Congress had the power to bar slavery from a territory.
86. ___ As a result of the Dred Scott decision, a) President Buchanan called publicly for the impeachment of Chief Justice Roger Taney. b) the presence of an aggressive Slave Power was confirmed in the minds of many northerners. c) several southern states threatened to secede from the Union. d) most white northerners favored a constitutional amendment extending equal rights to African Americans. 87. ___ After the Dred Scott decision, a) northern newspapers strongly urged that the decision be accepted in spite of the dangers it posed. b) the justices who dissented in the decision resigned from the Supreme Court. c) Lincoln warned that the next step would be for the Supreme Court to deny a state the right to exclude slavery. d) the Republican party was thoroughly discredited because the Supreme Court had endorsed southern constitutional arguments. 88. ___ In his speeches in the 1850s, Abraham Lincoln a) accepted a limited application of the policy of popular sovereignty. b) called for the immediate abolition of slavery. c) advocated the passage of a constitutional amendment to end slavery gradually. d) suggested that the South sought to spread slavery throughout the nation.
89. ___ . Which of the following was convincing evidence that the Buchanan administration was attempting to impose its will on the people of Kansas? a) Buchanan's actions in relation to the Lecompton constitution b) Buchanan's lobbying of Supreme Court justices c) Buchanan's deployment of federal troops to Kansas d) Buchanan's improper use of presidential power in the Lincoln-Douglas senatorial race 90. ___ Stephen Douglas angered southern Democrats by a) introducing legislation designed to undo the Dred Scott decision. b) proposing a constitutional amendment to extend citizenship to African Americans. c) calling for the extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. d) taking a public stand against the Lecompton constitution. 91. ___ John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry increased anger in the South because a) it was revealed that Brown had financial backing from several prominent abolitionists. b) it led to a general slave uprising throughout Virginia. c) President Buchanan praised Brown as a hero and a martyr. d) federal troops came to Brown's aid, allowing him to escape. 92 a) b) c) d) At its 1860 convention, the Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings, each nominating a different presidential candidate. pledged to support the Court's decision in the Dred Scott case. included a plank in its platform calling for the extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean. narrowly defeated an antislavery minority report calling for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery.
93. ___ In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president with a) a majority of both popular and electoral votes. b) a majority of popular votes and less than a majority of electoral votes. c) less than a majority of both popular and electoral votes. d) less than a majority of popular votes and a majority of electoral votes. 94. ___ President-elect Lincoln decided to stand firm against the extension of slavery into the territories. Which of the following was a reason for that decision? a) He believed that a compromise would destroy any chance of fulfilling his stated objective of abolishing slavery in the southern states. b) He hoped to effect a compromise after his inauguration. c) He believed that accepting a compromise would break the bond of faith between himself and those who had voted for him. d) He wanted to force the South to secede from the Union. 95. ___ Senator John J. Crittenden's attempts at compromise failed because a) southern leaders in the Senate refused to accept any limits on slavery in the territories. b) Lincoln refused to compromise on the extension of slavery into the territories. c) Jefferson Davis refused to accept the proposal that popular sovereignty be used to decide the slavery issue in the territories. d) the Confederacy decided to attack a federal fort in Charleston Harbor. 96. ___ The first southern state to secede from the Union was a) Alabama. b) Mississippi. c) South Carolina. d) Texas. 97. ___ After the secession of South Carolina, which of the following arguments was advanced by southern extremists? a) Those who favor compromise do not have the best interests of the South at heart and are traitors to the southern cause. b) All southern states should follow South Carolina's lead and prepare to attack the North and take the western territories by force. c) Other southern states should not be influenced by South Carolina's decision and must make their own independent decisions about withdrawing from the Union. d) Even those who favor compromise should support secession because a better deal can be made by negotiating from outside rather than inside the Union.
98. ___ The dilemma facing Lincoln when he entered the presidency was a) how to maintain the authority of the federal government without provoking war with the states that had seceded. b) whether to recognize the Confederacy as an independent, sovereign nation. c) how to work with a Congress controlled by Democrats. d) whether to seek gradual or immediate emancipation of the slaves. 99. ___ The first shots of the Civil War were fired at a) Richmond, Virginia. b) Charleston, South Carolina. c) Newport News, Virginia. d) Montgomery, Alabama.
Chapter 15
100. ___ Which of the following was true of the South during the early months of the Civil War? a) Critical of South Carolina's decision to fire on Fort Sumter, many southerners called for peace negotiations. b) Nonslaveholders began openly to express their long-suppressed hostility toward slaveholders. c) Most southerners viewed the future with uncertainty. d) Confederate armies had more volunteers than the government could properly arm.\\ 101. ___. The northern naval blockade of southern ports was a) nonexistent until the final year of the war. b) weak at first but increasingly effective as the war continued. c) never strong enough to have a significant effect. d) effective from its start in choking off goods going into the South. 102. ___ In the American West, the Civil War marked the beginning of a) the lucrative mining of gold in California. b) prolonged warfare against Indian peoples in the region. c) cotton production in Arizona. d) an enduring alliance between the United States government and the Pueblos. 103. ___ When Union naval forces seized part of the Sea Islands off the South Carolina coast, they discovered which of the following? a) Slaves celebrated what they hoped was their freedom as frightened planters abandoned their lands and fields. b) To provide stability to the large slave population, it was best to allow the plantation owners to remain. c) Despite the war, plantations in the area were running in a smooth and orderly fashion. d) Slaves in the area fought valiantly on the side of their masters, having little idea of what the war was about. 104. ___ Which of the following was a consequence of the battles of Elkhorn Tavern and Honey Springs, Arkansas? a) Confederate forces gained control of the Arkansas River, giving them a water route into the western territories. b) After suffering defeat at the hands of a powerful alliance of Indian tribes, Union forces withdrew from the region. c) Union forces lost control over the portion of the Mississippi River that marked the boundary between Arkansas and Tennessee. d) The Confederacy lost control of the region, and its operations in Indian Territory were reduced to guerrilla raids. 195. ___ Which of the following battles ended attempts by the Confederacy to take the New Mexico Territory? a) The Battle for the Cimarron b) The Battles of Fort Yuma c) The Battles of Glorieta Pass d) The Battle of Shiloh 106. ___ As a result of the fall of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, a) Union forces gained control of the entire Mississippi River. b) a path into Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi lay open before the Union Army. c) the last Confederate outposts in the far West fell to Union forces. d) New Orleans fell to Union troops. 197. ___ As a consequence of the Battle of Shiloh, a) General Grant realized that a complete conquest of the South would be necessary to save the Union. b) Lincoln gave command of Union forces to General Ulysses S. Grant, replacing General George McClellan. c) General Robert E. Lee suggested that President Davis open peace negotiations with the Union. d) McClellan's forces were forced to retreat to the Potomac, thus saving the Confederate capital at Richmond.
108. ___ Which of the following is true of General McClellan? a) His plan to take Richmond would probably have worked if Lincoln had not forced him to delay his attack. b) In the 1862 Peninsula Campaign, he ignored President Lincoln's order to advance against Confederate forces. c) His brilliant strategy was responsible for the Union victory at Shiloh. d) His decision to divide his army in the face of a superior Confederate army was the main reason for the thousands of Union casualties at the Battle of Shiloh. 109. a) b) c) d) Jefferson Davis's goal in the 1862 general offense he ordered against the North was to seize and operate northern iron works. convince the invaded states to conclude a separate peace with the Confederacy. stop the flow of northern troops into the South. capture Cincinnati and halt the flow of trade on the Ohio River. In order to win the war, Jefferson Davis believed that the Confederacy would have to convince the border states to join the Confederacy. move toward a centralization of power. industrialize. convince nonslaveowning whites to join the all-volunteer Confederate army.
110., ___ a) b) c) d)
111. ___ In conducting the Civil War, the Confederate government a) refused to allow conscription into the Confederate army. b) nationalized all industry in the Confederate states. c) adopted a hands-off policy in relation to the southern economy. d) passed laws giving the central government almost full control of railroads in the Confederacy. 112. ___ Which of the following beliefs is most closely associated with Confederate nationalism? a) The Confederacy will stand as the bastion of direct democracy throughout the world. b) The Republic was built on the concept of the dignity of labor, and that is the cause for which the Confederacy fights. c) Opposition to centralized power is the true legacy of the American Revolution, and that is the cause for which the Confederacy fights. d) All people should be equal under the law, and that is the cause for which the Confederacy fights. 113. ___ Which of the following is true concerning Confederate military supplies? a) By 1865 the Confederacy had to depend on blockade runners to obtain the small arms and ammunition it needed to conduct the war. b) By 1865 the Confederacy was manufacturing all of its small arms and ammunition. c) In 1864 the Union naval blockade caused such severe weapon shortages that the Confederacy was forced to furlough troops. d) Throughout the war the Confederacy obtained weapons from northern manufacturers eager to profit from the war. 114. ___ During the course of the Civil War, the Confederacy a) never experienced food shortages since all available land was used for growing staple crops such as wheat, corn, and rice. b) established food distribution centers for its citizens. c) was plagued by severe inflation. d) successfully raised war revenue by imposing direct taxes on land and slaves. 115. ___ During the Civil War substantial numbers of wealthy southerners avoided military service by a) bribing draft officials. b) volunteering as nurses and orderlies in Confederate hospitals. c) furnishing a hired substitute. d) relocating to England for the duration of the war. Ans: c 116. ___ Which of the following was one reason that some southern politicians and newspaper editors began to warn of class anger within the Confederacy? a) Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation b) Exemption from military duty of anyone supervising twenty slaves or more c) The legal requirement that all able-bodied males over the age of sixteen serve in the Confederate Army d) The low wages paid to workers in southern industries
117. ___ During the Civil War, the North differed from the South in which of the following respects? a) Agricultural production increased in the South; northern agricultural production plummeted. b) The South became poorer; the North remained prosperous. c) The South's industry expanded a little; all northern industries experienced unprecedented growth. d) The South experienced severe inflation; northern prices remained stable. 118. ___ The case of Jay Cooke illustrates which of the following? a) The extent to which the mechanization of agriculture increased in the North during the Civil War b) The wartime partnership between the federal government and northern business interests c) The stark contrast between the living conditions of Confederate soldiers and the living conditions of Confederate government officials d) The suffering endured by southerners due to food shortages and inflation 119. ___ The Civil War caused which of the following in the North? a) Mechanization of agriculture slowed. b) Food shortages frequently led to urban riots. c) The shift to mechanized agriculture accelerated. d) New railroad construction increased. 120. ___ Which of the following led to a year-long investigation by the House of Representatives during the Civil War? a) It was learned that leading peace Democrats in the Senate gave top secret information to the Confederacy. b) The press revealed that the secretary of state had ignored Confederate overtures for peace negotiations. c) There were stories of war profiteering by contractors who sold inferior merchandise to the government at inflated prices. d) It was learned that the secretary of war received kickbacks from government contractors. 121. ___ Which of the following was true of the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad during the Civil War? a) Not only did they receive large loans from the federal government, they also received millions of acres of land. b) The two corporations were plagued by worker unrest and strikes. c) Due to lack of funds, they were forced to halt the laying of track that would have provided a link between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. d) The two railroad corporations were unable to agree on a standard track gauge, which prevented the creation of a unified transportation system. 122. ___ During the Civil War, Congress enacted legislation that a) led to the creation of land-grant colleges. b) lowered tariff rates. c) imposed the first tax on income. d) established federal agencies to regulate industry. 123. ___ States that sold public lands granted to them under the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 were required to use the income to a) subsidize the construction of factories important to the war effort. b) train and supply state militia units. c) promote public education in agriculture, engineering, and military science. d) provide loans to railroad construction companies. 124. ___ Creation of the national banking system led to a) increased flexibility in the money supply. b) a sounder currency. c) a more complicated monetary system. d) a banking system responsive to local needs, irrespective of region. 125. ___ Northern women made up most of the volunteers who ran the thousands of auxiliaries of this organization during the Civil War. a) The American Red Cross b) Daughters of the Union c) The U.S. Public Information Agency d) The U.S. Sanitary Commission
126. ___ Women such as Dorothea Dix, Mary Ann Bickerdyke, and Clara Barton a) advanced the professionalization of nursing during the Civil War. b) gained the respect and admiration of the male-dominated medical profession for their work as nurses during the course of the Civil War. c) received official recognition from President Lincoln for their service to the Union cause. d) pioneered the way for the acceptance of women as physicians by being among the first of their gender to attend medical school. 127. ___ While serving as a volunteer nurse in Washington, D.C., Walt Whitman a) made official complaints to Congress about the discriminatory treatment of African American soldiers in U.S. Army hospitals. b) wrote of the lack of skill and absence of compassion of army surgeons. c) gained inspiration from the courage and sacrifice of the common soldier. d) spoke of the outstanding performance of women in the Army Nursing Corp. 128. ___ Early in the war, Jefferson Davis tried to rally southerners to the Confederate cause by a) telling them that they were fighting for constitutional liberty. b) hinting that the Confederate government was considering a bonus of two slaves for all nonslaveholding soldiers. c) emphasizing the importance of maintaining the slave system. d) calling for a redistribution of land to help landless southern whites. 129. ___ a) b) c) d) Which of the following was a reason for Lincoln's avoidance of the issue of slavery early in the war? Officials in the border states coerced Lincoln into remaining silent on the issue. Lincoln wanted Republican Party officials to accept a leadership position on the issue of slavery. Because all northerners saw slavery as a moral outrage, Lincoln saw no reason to deal with the issue. Bringing up the issue would have destroyed any chance of a pro-Union majority asserting itself in the South.
130. ___ As indicated in his response to Horace Greeley's call for emancipation, Abraham Lincoln's primary goal was to a) win re-election in 1864. b) punish Confederate officials. c) guarantee equality for freed slaves. d) save the Union. 131. ___ Which of the following is true of the Emancipation Proclamation? a) It was denounced by many as being clearly unconstitutional. b) It was issued by Lincoln on the basis of his powers as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. c) It barely passed Congress over the bitter opposition of virtually all Democrats. d) It passed Congress with overwhelming support from both Republicans and Democrats. 132. ___ Which of the following is true of the Emancipation Proclamation? a) It freed all slaves in the South immediately. b) It freed slaves in the North and the South. c) It freed slaves only in the border states and the western territories. d) It freed slaves only in those areas in which the federal government exercised no control. 133. ___ On the eve of the 1864 Republican national convention, Lincoln urged the inclusion of which of the following in the party platform? a) A detailed plan for the readmission of the southern states to the Union b) A promise that the Republicans would seek a negotiated settlement with the South c) A plank calling for the adoption of a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery d) A plank calling for legislation to extend the right to vote to African Americans 134. ___ As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis a) put forward plans for the emancipation of slave-soldiers during the last months of the war. b) failed to appreciate the need to centralize power in the South. c) drew his most enthusiastic support from the common people of the South. d) enjoyed strong backing from most southerners until the last few weeks of the war. 135. ___ Which of the following was a consequence of the Emancipation Proclamation? a) Thousands of slaves joined the Union armies. b) The Confederacy was able to secure a much-needed loan from Holland. c) Great Britain decided to recognize the Confederacy. d) Several southern states decided to abandon the Confederacy and signed a separate peace with the Union.
136. ___ Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis would agree with which of the following statements? a) War requires active presidential leadership. b) The legislative branch of the government works best without executive leadership. c) A nation's domestic affairs are handled most efficiently when power is decentralized. d) A president is bound by the same constitutional restrictions in war as he is in peace. 137. ___. a) b) c) d) The greatest number of deaths among Union troops in the Civil War resulted from bullet wounds. hand-to-hand bayonet combat. unsanitary surgical equipment. disease and accidents.
138. ___ Which of the following is true of the Civil War? a) The chances of a wounded soldier surviving were remarkably good. b) Despite the bloodshed, soldiers in the war continued to romanticize the fighting. c) Modern long-range rifles are one explanation for the high number of casualties. d) Because the armies usually fought from well-defended trenches and seldom moved, casualties remained remarkably low. 139. ___. a) b) c) d) 140. ___. a) b) c) d) A Union victory in this battle cut the Confederacy in half and gave Union forces control of the Mississippi River. The Battle of Atlanta The Battle of Chancellorsville The Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Vicksburg During the final two years of the Civil War, it became obvious that southern planters were willing to accept momentous changes in their lives in order to bolster the Confederate war effort. recognized that the idea of states' rights had been a casualty of the war. were about the only element left in the South that still supported the Confederate government. were more committed to their own selfish interests than to the creation of an independent southern nation.
141. ___ Which of the following is true of Jefferson Davis? a) He communicated better with the common people than with members of his own class. b) His amiable, warm, and open nature endeared him to all classes of southerners. c) Because of his intelligence and insightfulness, he was a masterful war leader. d) Because he was never able to reach out to the masses or understand their suffering, he lost the support of the common people. 142. ___ Which of the following is true of desertions from the Confederate army? a) The army was suffering a high rate of desertion by 1863, and the problem continued to grow worse. b) The army was plagued by a high rate of desertion from the beginning of the war. c) The army began experiencing significant desertions only in the last few months of the war. d) The army never had the desertion problem experienced by the northern army because southerners were so fervently committed to their cause. 143. ___ The results of the Confederate congressional elections of 1863 indicate that a) dissatisfaction with the war was growing in the South. b) southerners were still overwhelmingly committed to the war. c) the South had developed a successful two-party system. d) public confidence in Jefferson Davis remained high. 144. ___ Abraham Lincoln, unlike Jefferson Davis, a) did not become emotionally involved in the war effort. b) always consulted with Congress before making major decisions. c) refused to use his emergency war powers to suspend basic constitutional rights. d) knew how to stay in touch with the common people. 145. ___ Which of the following was a feature common to both the Confederate draft and the Union draft? a) Both were instituted only after approval in a referendum. b) Both exempted large landowners from service. c) Both allowed the hiring of substitutes. d) Both exempted young men enrolled in colleges and universities.
146. . One of the factors contributing to the 1863 New York City riots was a) anti-black sentiment on the part of white working-class New Yorkers. b) the long delay in implementing emancipation. c) the exemption of Irish immigrants from the draft. d) the passage of heavy new taxes to finance the war. 147. ___ As a result of this incident in November 1864, U.S. troops massacred over 100 Cheyenne men, women, and children. a) The Sand Creek Massacre b) The Massacre at Wounded Knee c) The Thompkin's Ferry Massacre d) The Washita Massacre 148. ___. a) b) c) d) During the months preceding the election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln feared that war-weariness among northerners would lead to his defeat. considered jailing several Democratic leaders until the election was over. attempted to win the Democratic nomination as well as the Republican nomination. devoted himself to electing Republicans to Congress because he felt certain he would be re-elected.
149. ___ The Union Army's march to the sea through Georgia under General Sherman was notable because a) the northern soldiers engaged in an orgy of rape and murder of civilians. b) it ended with Sherman's army bogged down in trench warfare much like what was to come in the First World War. c) the soldiers inflicted total destruction on the land and its economic resources. d) the army foolishly blundered into several Confederate ambushes and suffered needlessly heavy casualties. 150. ___. Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus for all people living between Washington and Philadelphia provides evidence of which of the following? a) Local law enforcement collapsed in many northern states. b) Presidential power increased during the Civil War. c) Union generals often usurped presidential power. d) Congressional power increased during the Civil War.