Get documents about "Harmful algal blooms their effects on aquatic animal health
Document Sample
Effects of cyanobacteria on
living resources
Jan H. Landsberg, Ph.D.
Fish and Wildlife Research Institute
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
St. Petersburg
Florida
Cylindrospermopsis bloom
Harmful Algal Blooms
• dinoflagellates
• diatoms
• cyanobacteria
• raphidophytes
• haptophytes
• dictyophytes
• chrysophytes
J. Burns > 70 HAB species in Florida
Impacts of HABs
Resources
• animal mortalities/disease
• habitat alteration
• trophic linkages
Human health
• food poisoning syndromes
• respiratory irritation
• cognitive disabilities
Economic
St. Pete Times
• fisheries industries
• tourism industries
• personal income
Potential impacts on living resources
• toxicosis
• pathology
• immunosuppression
• tumor promotion
• disease Dwayne Carbonneau, FWC
• parasitism
• physiological dysfunction
• sub-lethal effects on growth/reproduction
• mechanical damage
• water quality
HAB toxins of concern in Florida
Species Toxins
• Karenia brevis, Chattonella • Brevetoxins
• Pyrodinium bahamense • Saxitoxins (STX)
• Gambierdiscus toxicus • Ciguatoxins, maitotoxins
• Prorocentrum, Dinophysis • Okadaic acid, DTX
• Protoceratium reticulatum • ?Yessotoxins
• Pseudo-nitzschia spp. • Domoic acid
• Lyngbya spp. • Lyngbyatoxins, STX
• Microcystis • Microcystins
• Anabaena • Anatoxins, STX
• Cylindrospermopsis • Cylindrospermopsin
Marine cyanobacteria
• Lyngbya – dermatitis
• Trichodesmium – precursor to K. brevis red tides
• Synechococcus – widespread blooms, Florida
Bay, animal die-offs
Freshwater cyanobacteria
• common in freshwater
• contaminates drinking water
• low dissolved oxygen
• chronic health effects
• economic and ecological impacts
• mortalities -- fish, domestic
livestock, wildlife, pets
Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Task Force
Setting Priorities
Chapter 370 Florida Statutes: (effective FY 99/00)
In keeping with the intent of the original mission of the Task Force and language in subsequent
legislation, top priority has been given to issues involving potential risk to public health.
Priority HABs:
• Red tide
• Pfiesteria-like species
• Ciguatera
• Toxic cyanobacteria
• Tumor-promoting harmful algae
• Macroalgae
Freshwater cyanobacteria in Florida
• Microcystis
• Anabaena
• Cylindrospermopsis
• Aphanizomenon
Williams et al. 2001 • Planktothrix
• Lyngbya
Cyanobacteria
• Ingestion can cause: gastroenteritis, nausea,
diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting,
hepatotoxicosis, liver failure and muscle
weakness and/or paralysis
• Severity depends on type of toxin,
concentration, and amount consumed
• There have been no documented cases of
illness in Florida directly related to drinking
water containing cyanotoxins
C. Williams, Greenwater Labs
Toxins and bioactive compounds
• neurotoxins (saxitoxins, anatoxins) – Anabaena
• hepatotoxins – Cylindrospermopsis, Microcystis
• dermatotoxins - Lyngbya
• allergens – Lyngbya
• tumor promoters – Microcystis
• bioactive compounds – multiple species
Microcystis /Anabaena www.iii.to.cnr.it/limnol/ plancton/microcys.JPG
• microcystins
• > 60 variants
• hepatotoxic
• kills domestic stock, fish, wildlife, pets
• tumor promoters
• ? bioaccumulation
• net-pen disease in fish
• blooms crash > anoxia > fish kill
A. Goodwin
Microcystin study in Lake County
• If fish are exposed to microcystins through the
food chain (e.g. consuming algae, fish) and,
• If fish can be used as a biomarker of exposure
to demonstrate potential health concerns, then:
We should expect to see:-
- Microcystins in tissues
- Liver pathology (e.g. tumors)
Funded by DOH, CDC, FWC
Microcystin study in Lake County
• Biyearly sampling
• Four lakes – Apopka, Eustis, Griffin, Harris
• Four fish species – largemouth bass,
bluegill, gizzard shad, bullhead
• Microcystin analysis of gastro-intestinal
content, liver, and muscle
• Assessment of fish health, potential for
toxin bioaccumulation, and tumor promotion
Funded by DOH, CDC, FWC
Microcystin study in Lake County
Lake
Griffin
Lake
Eustis
Lake Harris
Lake Apopka
Microcystin study in Lake County
Preliminary results – microcystins in liver
March 2006 collection
Lake
Apopka Griffin Eustis Harris
Bullhead 0/10 0/10 0/6 0/10
Gizzard shad 5/10 9/10 8/10 7/10
Bluegill 0/10 3/10 10/10 2/10
Largemouth bass 0/10 0/10 1/10 0/10
positive fish/number of fish sampled
positive = above detection limit of 10 ng/g by PPIA
Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM)
USGS
USGS
S. Wilde SCDNR
• Lethal neurological disease J. Williams, FWC
• Cyanobacterium vectored through Hydrilla
• ? Neurotoxin > coots > bald eagles
• Brain lesions, affects flight, behavior > death
AVM-cyanobacteria
monitoring in Florida
• State-wide effort to determine presence and
distribution of AVM-inducing cyanobacteria
• No historical evidence of AVM, but no previous
efforts to investigate
• Target lakes and ponds with similar
characteristics of AVM positive lakes
• Assessment of bird mortalities for potential
AVM etiology
HAB species known to produce saxitoxins
Dinoflagellates (marine)
• Alexandrium spp. (e.g. tamarense, catenella)
• Gymnodinium catenatum
• Pyrodinium bahamense
Cyanobacteria (freshwater)
• Anabaena circinalis
• Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
• Lyngbya wollei
Saxitoxin management
Saxitoxin concentrations in the muscle of southern puffer fish
(Indian River Lagoon - April 2002 to May 2005)
100000
90000
Concentration STX eq. ng/g tissue
80000
70000
60000 Action level
50000 800 ng STX eq./g tissue
40000
30000
20000
10000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Month
Potential transfer of
saxitoxins in the IRL
Water
column
Zooplankton Dolphins
Puffer fish
Omnivores
Planktivorous fish
Pyrodinium bahamense
Gastropods Manatees
Benthos
Shrimp
Spider crabs Echinoderms
Bivalves
Pyrodinium bahamense
cysts Tube worms
Emerging issues for living resources
• AVM - Stigonematales
• ?Avian botulism - Microcystis
Pia Moisander
• ?Alligator mortalities - cyanobacteria
• Chronic health effects
Photo: T. Augspurger, USFWS • Food web transfer of toxins
Dwayne Carbonneau, FWC
Funds, support, partners, and collaborators
Florida Keys Wild Bird Sanctuary
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