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Adsorption Technologies
Presentation by:
Yu Jung Chang – HDR Engineering,
Inc.
Slides by:Tom Sorg and Darren Lytle
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ORD, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Contributions by: Yu Jung Chang – HDR
Presented at the 2005 Arsenic Training Sessions
Sponsored by the USEPA
Agenda
• Adsorption Technology
• Application
• System Design
• System Operation
Agenda
• Adsorption Technology
• Application
• System Design
• System Operation
Adsorption Technology
As VAs V
As V
As III
As V
As III
As V
As V
As III As III As V
As V
As V As V
As III As V
As V
Fix Bed
As V
As V
Process
As V As V As V
As III
As V
As V
As V As V As V
As III
As V
Accessible Area of Granular
Media
Diffusion
As
> 99% of surface for
removal is internal
Source: M. Edwards, June 2003
Examples of Adsorbent Media
Modified activated alumina
GFO Bayoxide E33
Agenda
• Adsorption Technology
• Application—Why/Where?
• System Design
• System Operation
Application – Why?
Number One Reason:
Simple to operate!
Application – Why?
Other Reasons
• Low arsenic in treated water 2-3 ug/L
• Reasonable capital and operating cost
• Small footprint
• Flexibility – use of different media
products
• Residual disposal usually not a major
issue
Application – Where?
50
45
Arsenic Concentration -ug/L
40
35
30 Low Iron High Iron
25
20
15
10 As MCL
Fe SMCL
5
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Iron Concentration - mg/L
Application – Where?
Low Iron Source Water – Why?
High iron sites normally require
pre-treatment
Application – Where?
Arsenic Demonstration Technologies: Round 1
& 2 Sites
Arsenic Demonstration Technologies, Round 1 & 2 Sites
100
Fe SMCL
90
Arsenic concentration - ug/L
80
70
tio
ra
60
:1
20
s
:A
50
40 Fe
Fe = 7.8
30
20
10 As MCL
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Iron Concentration - mg/L
Iron removal + ad media system
Iron removal
Adsorptive media system
Coagulation/filtration
Agenda
• Adsorption Technology
• Application
• System Design
• System Operation
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT, cost
• Pre-treatment - oxidation, pH Adjustment
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water, media
• Costs – capital and operational
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT, cost
• Pre-treatment – oxidation, pH adjustment
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water, media
• Costs – capital and operational
Adsorptive Media System
Configuration
Roughing
filters
A A
A A
Polishing
filters
B B
Simple Parallel Series
Design Design
System Configuration
Series - Advantages
• More conservative – added safety
• Maximum use of media – lower operating cost
• More flexible change out schedule
Series – Disadvantages
• Higher capital cost – more tanks
• Larger foot print
• Higher pressure drop
Arsenic Removal
Activated Alumina System (CS), NH—1998-1999
Adsorptive Media System Configuration
After media change out of tanks A
Roughing Roughing
filters filters
A A B B
Polishing Polishing
filters filters
B B A A
Series Design
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT, cost
• Pre-treatment – oxidation
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water, media
• Costs – capital and operational
Adsorptive Media Pressure
Tank
Freeboard
Bed expansion
Media 15 -50 %
EBCT
3 – 10 min Bed depth
3-6 ft
EBCT
EBCT—3 to 10 minutes
The lower the EBCT
• The higher the unit flow rate
• The smaller the size of the vessels
Vessel Materials
Pressure and Cost Issues
• Fiberglass (FRP)
• Carbon Steel
• Stainless Steel
FRP Tanks
SS Tanks
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT,
cost
• Pre-treatment – oxidation, pH Adjustment
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water, media
• Costs – capital and operational
Media Selection Criteria
• Performance – water quality dependent
Arsenic form – As III, As V
pH, silica, phosphate, vanadium
• EBCT
• Cost of media
• Regeneration of media vs one time use
• Residual Disposal (BW Water and
Media) – hazardous vs non- hazardous
Adsorptive Media Listed in NSF/ANSI STD 61
Company Base Material Name Material
Alcan (4) Aluminium AAFS - 50 Mod AA
Alcoa (2) Aluminium CPN AA
Apyron Aluminium Aqua-Bind Mod AA
Engelhard Aluminium ARM 100 AA
Engelhard Iron ARM 200 Iron Oxide
ADI Iron G2 Iron based
SMI Iron SMI III Iron/sulfur
US Filter Iron GFH Iron Hydroxide
Bayer AG Iron E 33 Iron Oxide
WRT Zeolite Z – 33 Mod Zeolite
Magnesium Zirconium Isolux Zirconium
Elektron Hydroxide
Adsorptive Media Listed in NSF/ANSI STD 61
Company Base Material Name Material
ATS (MA) A/I Complex
2000
Hydroglobe, Inc Titanium MetSorb Titanium Oxide
Dow Chemical Titanium ADSORBSIA Titanium Oxide
Purolite Resin ArsenX Mod w/Fe
ResinTech Resin ASM-10HP Mod w/Fe
EPA Pilot Columns Studies
Licking Valley High School (LVHS)
LVHS Pilot Plant Tests - As III
100
# of Bed Volumes to 10 mg/L As(III) Breakthrough
90 Media # BV
GAC <100
80 Zeocros <100
G2 <100
Total As Concentration (µg/L)
70 CPN AA 300
AAFS50 650
60
Aqua-Bind MP 700
E33 4,700
50
MetSorb 5,000
40
As:Xnp 6,500
GFH(2) 18,800
30 GFH(1) 22,500
ARM 200 32,000
20
10
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
Run Length (#BV)
CPN AA AAFS50 Aqua Bind MP G2 GAC Zeocros
MetSorb As:Xnp E33 ARM 200 GFH 1 GFH 2
LVHS Pilot Plant Tests - As V
Operation Time (hr)
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500
50
# of Bed Volumes to 10 mg/L Arsenic Breakthrough
Media # BV
ARM 100 2,600
40 G2 4,500
CPN AA 7,200
AAFS 50 9,000
Total As Concentration (mg/L)
E33 40,000
GFH 65,000
30
20
10
0
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Run Length (#BV)
CPN AA AAFS50 ARM100 G2 E33 GFH
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT, cost
• Pre-treatment – oxidation, pH
Adjustment
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water, media
• Costs – capital and operational
Pre-Treatment Needs
• Oxidation of As III to As V
• pH Adjustment – pre and post (pH > 8)
Acid
CO2
Pre-Treatment Needs
Oxidation of As III to As V
Most adsorptive media have greater removal
capacity for As V than As III
Queen Anne’s County
Adsorptive Media (E33) Treatment System
Queen Ann's County Adsorptive Media (E33) Treatment Systems
25
Arsenic concentration - ug/L
20
15
Cl2 moved to before
10 treatment system
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Bed volumes treated x 1000
QAC Raw Water
QAC Treated Water
As III Oxidation
Caution!
Lose oxidation, arsenic in effluent
will likely increase (spike)
Desert Sands
Adsorptive Media (E33) Treatment System
Desert Sands Adsorptive Media (E33) Treatment Systems
35
30
Desert Sands - As III w/ Cl2
Arsenic concentration - ug/L
25
20
15 DS lost Cl2 feed
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Bed volumes treated x 1000
DS Raw Water - (As III)
DS Treated
Pre-Treatment Needs
pH adjustment
Removal performance for many media products
(AA & iron based media) is pH dependent.
The lower the pH, the greater the removal
capacity.
pH Adjustment
Valley Vista, AZ (44-46 ug/L As)
(AAFS 50 media w/acid )
pH 7.8 BVs to 10 ug/L – 8,000
pH 6.8 BVs to 10 ug/L – 25,000
pH Adjustment
Arsenic Demonstration Program
Bow, NH – Acid/Cauatic 7.5 – 6.5 – 7.8
Rollinsford, NH – CO2 8.2 to 7.2
Valley Vista, AZ – Acid 8.4 to 6.9
Nambe Pueblo, NM – CO2 8.3 to 7.3
Taos, NM – CO2 9.5 -
Bunni, TX – CO2 8.0 -
Wellman, TX – CO2 8.2 -
Tohono O’Odhan – CO2 8.2 -
Valley Vista, AZ – AAFS 50 media
pH Adjustment w/acid
pH Adjustment
Caution!
Lose pH adjustment, arsenic in
effluent will likely increase (spike)
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT, cost
• Pre-treatment - oxidation , pH adjustment
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water, media
• Costs – capital and operational
System Controls
Backwashing of media
Manual vs automatic
Instrumention – gages, etc
(Cost issue!)
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT, cost
• Pre-treatment - oxidation, pH adjustment
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water,
media
• Costs – capital and operational
Residual Disposal
Backwash water
Disposal – sewer, pond, ground
Recycle liquid
Spent media
Landfill - hazardous vs non-hazardous
Rimrock – E33 Media
BW Water Recycle Tank
System Design
• System configuration - parallel vs series
• Vessel design – size, materials of
construction
• Media selection – performance, EBCT, cost
• Pre-treatment – oxidation, pH adjustment
• System controls – manual vs automatic
• Residual disposal – backwash water, media
• Costs – capital and operational
Costs
Total costs
Capital
Operational
Costs
Operational costs
One time use adsorptive media system—
Major cost item is media replacement (85-
95 %)
Desert Sands MDWCA Arsenic
Removal System
Media Replacement and O & M CostsMedia Replacement and O&M Cost for the Desert Sands MDWCA Arsenic Removal System
$2.00
$1.90
O&M cost
Media:
$1.80
$1.70
Media replacement cost 160 cu ft,
$1.60 $150/cu ft,
$1.50
$1.40
$1.30 Total Cost
Cost ($/1,000 gal)
$1.20
$1.10 $26, 800
$1.00
$0.90
$0.80
$0.70
$0.60
$0.50
$0.40
$0.30
$0.20
$0.10
$0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Media Working Capacity, Bed Volumes (x1000)
Resource Material
• Design Manual: Removal of Arsenic from
Drinking by Adsorptive Media EPA/600/R-
03/019—March 2003
• Workshop on the Design and Operation of
Adsorptive Media Process for Arsenic
Removal from Drinking Water – August
2004 (CD of presentation slides available)
Thank you for your time.
Are there any questions?
Yu Jung Chang
425-450-6317
YuJung.Chang@hdrinc.com
Tom Sorg
sorg.thomas@epa.gov
(513) 569-7370
Darren Lytle
lytle.darren@epa.gov
(513) 569-7432
Arsenic web site
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/arsenic/
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