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Honest Work
A Business Ethics Reader
Joanne B. Ciulla Clancy Martin
Robert C. Solomon
Why We Work
The Meaning of Work
• “From Curse to Calling: A Short History of
the Meaning of Work” Joanne B. Ciulla
– The Ancients
– Early Christians
– Medieval Occupational Ethics
– The Renaissance: Work as Creativity
– The Reformation: Work as a Moral Quality
– Work as Identity
Why We Work
The Meaning of Work
• “Hopping On and Off Career Track”
Michelle Quinn
– Sequencing
– Taking Time Off to Raise Children
– Returning to Work
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “Respecting the Humanity in a Person”
Norman E. Bowie
– Application of Kant‟s Respect for Persons
Principle to Business
– Kant‟s Justification of the Respect for Persons
Principle
– What Does Kant Mean by this Principle?
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “Exploring the Managed Heart” Arlie
Hochshild
– Producing Service: The Emotional Style of
Offering the Service Is Part of the Service
Itself
– Emotional Labor
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “The Employer-Employee Relationship
and the Right to Know” Anita M. Superson
– Employee Awareness of Dangers in
Workplace
– Employee Right to Know Not Accorded Full
Protection by Law
– Nature of Employer-Employee Relationship
– Principle of Autonomy: Establishing the Right
– Implications of the Employee Right to Know
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “The Ethics of Corporate Downsizing”
John Orlando
– The Moral Equality of Workers and
Shareholders
• Property Rights
• Fiduciary Duties
• Risk
• Contracts
• The Utilitarian Argument
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “The Ethics of Corporate Downsizing”
John Orlando
– Arguments Against Downsizing
• Harming Some to Benefit Others
• Legitimate Expectations
• Fairness
– Applying the Results
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “Antigay Jokes” Annette Friskopp and
Sharon Silverstein
– Strategies for Opposing Antigay Jokes
• Enlisting Management Support
• Fighting Humor with Humor
• The “Ouch” Technique
• “I Don‟t Get It”
• Coming Out
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Is Business Bluffing Ethical?” Albert Z.
Carr
– Pressure to Deceive
– The Poker Analogy
– “We Don‟t Make the Laws”
– Cast Illusions Aside
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Replies to Carr” Timothy B. Blodgett
– “No Medals for Honesty”
– A Matter of “Mutual Trust”
– Playing Games?
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Does It Pay to Bluff in Business?”
Norman E. Bowie
– Carr‟s Poker Analogy and…
• Labor Relations
• Undermining Trust
• Undermining the Spirit of Cooperation
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Is It Ever Right to Lie?” Robert C. Solomon
– Distinguishing Kinds of Lying
• Telling Less Than the Whole Truth
• Telling a Biased Truth
• Idealizing One‟s Products or Services
• Giving Intentionally Misleading Statements
• Stating Obvious Falsehoods
• Stating Vicious Falsehoods
– Comments on Carr‟s Poker Analogy
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Defining Secrecy – Some Crucial Distinctions”
Sissela Bok
– Differences Between Lying and Secrecy
– Depth of Secrecy (Sacredness, Intimacy, Privacy,
etc.)
– Distinction Between Secrecy and Privacy
– Where Secrecy and Privacy Overlap
– Conflicts over Secrecy
– Two Presumptions
• Equality
• Partial Individual Control
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Secrecy and Disclosure” Richard T.
De George
– Banks‟ Obligation to Maintain Confidentiality
– Ethically Dubious Uses of Secret Accounts
– Banks‟ Obligation to Disclose Certain
Information
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Giving Feedback: The Consultant‟s Craft” Sue
De Wine
– Feedback
• Information on a Person‟s Behavior
• Information on What Impact That Behavior Can Have on
Others
– Types of Feedback
• Evaluative
• Interpretive
• Descriptive
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Giving Feedback: The Consultant‟s Craft”
Sue De Wine
– Effective Feedback
• Useful Content
• Timeliness
• Clarity and Accuracy
– Tips on Providing Feedback
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Do Management Gurus Lie?” Evan M.
Dudick
– Consulting Firms and Management
– Strategic Management Consulting
– Who Watches the Watch-Dogs?
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Self-Deception” The Economist
– How Did Enron Depend upon Deceit?
– Why Lies Require More Lies
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Lies That Fail” Paul Ekman and Mark G.
Frank
– Lies Betrayed by Thinking Clues
– Lying About Feelings
– Feelings About Lying
• Fear of Being Caught
• Deception Guilt
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Building Trust” Robert C. Solomon and
Fernando Flores
– The Misunderstanding of Trust
– Trust as an Emotional Skill
• Simple Trust
• Blind Trust
• Authentic Trust
The Good Life
• “Strategic Planning – For the Good Life”
Robert C. Solomon
– Planning a Life – Luck or Fate?
– Value Questions
– Question Yourself
The Good Life
• “On The Good Life” Aristotle
– What Is the Highest of All Goods Achievable
by Action?
• Life of Pleasure or Wealth
• Political Life
• Contemplative Life
– The Function of Man
The Good Life
• “On Pleasure” Epicurus
– Pleasure vs. Pain
• Pleasure Is Freedom from Pain in the Body and
from Trouble in the Mind
• We Act to Avoid Pain and Fear
• Pain Is the Absence of Pleasure
The Good Life
• “Wealth” Andrew Carnegie
– Proper Administration of Wealth
– The Use of Great Fortunes
– The Problem of the “Rich and the Poor”
The Good Life
• “Greed” Solomon Schimmel
– The Paradox of Greed
– Greed as a Source of Unhappiness
The Good Life
• “Leisure and Consumption” Joanne B.
Ciulla
– Work and Amusements
– Trading Leisure for Consumption
The Good Life
• “Integrity” Lynne McFall
– Coherence
– Integrity and Importance
– Integrity, Friendship, and the Olaf Principle
The Good Life
• “Standing for Something” Cheshire
Calhoun
– Personal and Social Virtues
• Standing For
– Standing for Something
– Integrity as the “Master Virtue”
The Good Life
• “Your Money or Your Life” Joe Dominguez
and Vicki Robin
– Having Enough
– The Pleasures of Frugality
• Frugality and Self-Respect
The Good Life
• “Impersonal Interests” Bertrand Russell
– The Uses of Impersonal Interests
• Relaxation
• Sense of Proportion
– Happiness and “Greatness of Soul”
The Good Life
• “Why Ethics?” Robert C. Solomon
– Ethical Errors End Careers More Quickly and
Definitively Than Any Other Mistake in
Judgment or Accounting
– Ethics Provides the Broader Framework
Within Which Business Life Must Be
Understood
– Nothing Is More Dangerous to a Business –
or to Business in General – Than a Tarnished
Public Image
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Ethical Issues for Accountants” Richard T.
De George
– Ethical Issues
– The Accounting Rules
– Regulation and Efficiency
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Lies, Damned Lies, and Managed
Earnings” Carol J. Loomis
– Expectations as the Fundamental Reason for
“Managing Earnings”
– The Fundamental Problem with Earnings-
Management
– Obstacles in Pursuing Corporate Criminals
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Arthur Andersen Refugees Reflect on
What Went Wrong” Ed Cohen
– Unfairly Scapegoated?
– Difficult Accounting Due to Complex Business
Structure
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “The Individual Investor in Securities
Markets: An Ethical Analysis” Robert E.
Frederick and W. Michael Hoffman
– Exactly What Kind of Investor Are We Talking
About?
– What Sort of Justification Might Be Offered for
Restricting the Investments of At-Risk
Investors?
– If Some Investors Are Restricted, How Should
It Be Done?
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Finance Ethics” John R. Boatright
– Financial Markets
• Unfair Trading Practices
• Fair Conditions
• Financial Contracting
– Financial Services
• Fiduciaries and Agents
• Sales Practices
• Financial Services Firms
– Financial Management
• Balancing Competing Interests
• The Level of Risk
• Hostile Takeovers
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “What Is Really Unethical About Insider
Trading?” Jennifer Moore
– Ethical Arguments Against Insider Trading
• Fairness
• Property Rights in Information
• Harm
– Is There Anything Wrong with Insider Trading?
• Information is Positive
• Profit by Creating Inside Information
• Free Riders
• Deflect Employee Attention to Major Changes Within
Company
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “F.I.A.S.C.O.” Frank Partnoy
– Derivatives
– Asian Fallout
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Ring of Gyges” Plato
– Constraints on Justice
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “On Human Exchange and Human
Differences” Adam Smith
– Self-Love
– Differences in Talents
– The Effects of the Differences in Genius and
Talent
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “A Latin Viewpoint” Latin Trade
– Wal-Mart in Latin America
– Economic Justice or Low Prices?
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Exploitation of Need” Joanne B. Ciulla
– Self-Enslavement
– Monkey Labor
– Wages for Time and Freedom
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Justice as Fairness” John Rawls
– The “Initial Situation”
– The Two Principles of Justice
– Guaranteeing Justice
– The General Conception of Justice
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Rich and Poor” Peter Singer
– Some Facts About Poverty
• Absolute Poverty
• Relative Poverty
– The Obligation to Assist
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “A Capitalist Conception of Justice” Irving
Kristol
– Social Justice vs. Unqualified Justice
– Smith‟s Concepts of Justice and Sympathy
– A Realistic Conception of Justice
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Justice Ruins the Market” Friedrich
von Hayek
– The Immoral Consequences of Morally
Inspired Efforts
– In the Great Society “Social Justice” Becomes
a Disruptive Force
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “The Winner-Take-All-Game” Eduard
Garcia
– The “Winner-Take-All” Game
– “Hollywood-Style” Economics
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Comparable Worth: A Matter of Simple
Justice” Gerald W. McEntee
– Comparable Worth
– Pro and Con Arguments:
• Women‟s More Recent Entry into Workforce, etc.
• Upset Free Market and Require New Laws
• Dissimilar Jobs
• Costs Too Much
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “The Social Responsibility of Business Is
to Increase Its Profits” Milton Friedman
– “Business” Social Responsibilities
– Corporate Executive Has a “Social
Responsibility” in Capacity as a Businessman
• Shareholder‟s Stakes
• Market Mechanism and Unanimity
• Political Mechanism and Conformity
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “Why Shouldn‟t Corporations Be Socially
Responsible?” Christopher D. Stone
– The Promissory Argument
– The Agency Argument
– The Role Argument
– The “Polestar” Argument
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “Corporate Moral Agency” Peter A. French
– Accepting Corporations as Members of Moral
Community
– Ordinary Responsibility and Ascription
– The Subject‟s Intentions with Ascription
– Corporate Intentions are Reducible to Human
Intentions
– Corporate Internal Decision Structure
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern
Corporation” R. Edward Freeman
– The Attack on Managerial Capitalism
• The Legal Argument
• The Economic Argument
– A Stakeholder Theory of the Firm
• The Stakeholder Concept
• Stakeholders in the Modern Corporation
• The Role of Management
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “Social Responsibility and Economic
Efficiency” Kenneth J. Arrow
– Improving the Efficiency of Business
– The “Used-Car” Argument
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “The Changing Basis of Economic
Responsibility” J. Maurice Clark
– Forecast of the Argument
– The Swing of the Pendulum
– Responsibility and the Liberal Economics
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Intellectual Property Rights and Computer
Software” Deborah C. Johnson
– The Philosophical Basis of Property
– Natural Rights Argument
• Critique of Moral Rights In Software
• Against Ownership
– Consequentialist Arguments
– Conclusions from the Philosophical Analysis
of Property
– Is it Wrong to Copy Proprietary Software?
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Information Ethics in a Worldwide
Context” Elizabeth A. Buchanan
– Information Inequity
– Qualitatively-Grounded Inequities
– Information Commoditization
– The Internet: Perpetuating Inequity World
Wide
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Hacker Ethics” Deborah C. Johnson
– Why Hack?
– Four Hacker Arguments
• Information Should Be Free
• Illustrating Security Problems
• No Harm Done
• Keeping Big Brother at Bay
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Why the Future Doesn‟t Need Us” Bill Joy
– Dystopias
– Technological Innovations
– Regulation and Creativity
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “In Defense of the Naked Mind” Theodore
Roszak
– “The Computer and General Ludd”
– “Meanwhile, Back at the Carnival”
– The End of the War Machine?
– The Advent of the Money Machine
– Edutainment
– The Ideal of the Online Commonwealth
– A Few More Words…
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Dependence Effect” John Kenneth
Galbraith
– The Theory of Consumer Demand
– Consumer Demand and Marketing and
Salesmanship
– The Output of Society
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Non Sequitur of the „Dependence
Effect‟” Friedrich von Hayek
– Cultural Needs
– The “Non Sequitur” of the Dependence Effect
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “Advertising and Behavior Control” Robert
L. Arrington
– Manipulation of Human Autonomy or Cost-
Effective Information?
– Autonomous Desire
– Rational Desire and Choice
– Free Choice
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Justification of Advertising in a
Market Economy” Alan Goldman
– Maximum Efficiency
– Maximization of Individual Freedoms
– Consumer Relevant Knowledge
– Moral Demands
– Regulations
– Social Effect of Advertising
– Rational Choices?
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Bribed Soul” Leslie Savan
– The Sponsored Life
– When Watching, Watch Out
– Big Lie, Little Lie
– Read the Box
– Assume No Relationships
– We Don‟t Buy Products
– Promotional Is Political
– Shepherding Herds of Individuals
– Follow the Flattery
– We Participate in Our Own Seduction
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Ethics of Sales” Thomas L. Carson
– Preliminaries: A Conceptual Roadmap
– The Common Law Principle of Caveat Emptor
– Holley‟s Theory
– Criticisms of Holley
– Toward a More Plausible Theory About the
Ethics of Sales
• The Golden Rule
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Liability” Peter Huber
– Tort Liability
– From Consent to Coercion
– Strict Liability
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Calculating Risks: It‟s Easier Said Than
Done” John Nesmith
– Universal Perception Factors
• Control vs. No Control
• Immediate vs. Chronic
• Natural vs. Manmade
• Risk vs. Benefit
• Imposed vs. Voluntary
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “How We Got into This Mess” Stanley J. Modic
– Product Liability
– Who Pays?
– It‟s Not Working
– Why It‟s Happening
– Impetus from Detroit
– Two Crises
• Cultivating the Market
– A Gloomy Prospect
• Solutions Coming
• Tort-Law Change
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Strict Products Liability and
Compensatory Justice” George G.
Brenkert
– Strict Product Liability
– Absolute Liability
– Assumptions of the Free Enterprise System
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Fear of Living” Henry Fairlie
– The “Fear of Living”
– The Groups Who Encourage the “Fear”
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Too Many Lawyers, Too Many Suits”
Warren E. Burger
– Too Many Lawyers
– “The Litigation Explosion” Walter K. Olson
• Commercial Litigation
• Overworked System
• Necessary Evil?
• Contingency Fees
• Monopoly of the Field
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Pinto Madness” Mark Dowie
– Ford‟s Moral Mistake
• Cost-Benefit Analysis
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “The Pinto Case and the Rashamon
Effect” Patricia Werhane
– The “Rashamon Effect”
– The Development of the Pinto
“You Know How to Whistle, Don‟t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Whistleblowing and Professional
Responsibility” Sissela Bok
– Nature of Whistleblowing
– Individual Moral Choice
“You Know How to Whistle, Don‟t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing”
Michael Davis
– The Standard Theory
– Three Paradoxes
– A Complicity Theory
– Testing the Theory
“You Know How to Whistle, Don‟t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty”
Ronald Duska
– Whistleblowing
– Moral Constraints for Whistleblowers
– The “Team Model”
“You Know How to Whistle, Don‟t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Four Concepts of Loyalty” David E. Soles
– The Idealist Account
– The Common Sense Conception
– Loyalties as Norms
– The Minimalist Account
“You Know How to Whistle, Don‟t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Loyalty, Corporations and Community”
George D. Randels
– Loyalty, Duty, and Virtue
– What Is Loyalty?
– Loyalty and the Standard Account of Business
– Corporate Loyalty in the Postmodern
Business World
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Jihad vs. McWorld” Benjamin Barber
– The Clash of the Two Worlds
– The Dynamics of their Linkage
• Both Make War on the Sovereign Nation-State
• Indifference to Civil Liberty
• Virtues of Democracy are Lost
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “The Lexus and the Olive Tree” Thomas L.
Friedman
– Globalization
– Lexus Factory vs. Olive Tree
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Trying Out One‟s New Sword” Mary
Midgley
– Moral Isolationism
• Do Barriers Work Both Ways?
• Do Barriers Block Praise and Blame?
• What Is Involved in Judging?
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “The Ethic of Compassion” Dalai Lama
– Nying Je Chenmo
– Compassion In Our Daily Lives
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Values in Tension: Ethics Away from
Home” Thomas Donaldson
– Competing Answers
– Balancing the Extremes: Three Guiding
Principles
– Defining the Ethical Threshold: Core Values
– Creating an Ethical Corporate Culture
– Conflicts of Development and Conflicts of
Tradition
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home”
Thomas Donaldson
– Guidelines for Ethical Leadership
• Treat Corporate Values and Formal Standards of Conduct as
Absolutes
• Design and Implement Conditions of Engagement for
Suppliers and Customers
• Allow Foreign Business Units to Help Formulate Ethical
Standards and Interpret Ethical Issues
• In Host Countries, Support Efforts to Decrease Institutional
Corruption
• Exercise Moral Imagination
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Doing Business in Dangerous Places”
The Economist
– Today‟s Risks
– How to Be Safer
– Simmering
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
– The Common Standard for All Peoples and All Nations
– All Humans Are Born Free
– No Discrimination
– Life, Liberty, and Security of Person
– No One Shall Be Held in Slavery or Servitude
– No One Shall Be Subjected to Cruel, Inhumane Punishment
– Everyone Is a Person Before the Law
– All Are Equal Before the Law and Entitled Without Discrimination
to Equal Protection of the Law
– Right to Effective Remedy by the Competent National Tribunal
for Acts Violating the Fundamental Rights Granted by Law
– No One Shall Be Subjected to Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or
Exile
– Entitlement to a Fair and Public Hearing
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
– Innocent Until Proven Guilty
– No One Shall Be Subjected to Arbitrary Interference of Privacy
– Freedom of Movement Within Borders of State; Everyone Has
Right to Leave and Return to Own Country
– The Right to Seek Asylum in Other Countries; May Not Be
Invoked for Non-political Crimes
– Right to Nationality; Right to Change Nationality
– Right to Marry and Found a Family; Free and Full Consent;
Family is the Natural and Fundamental Group Unit of Society
– Right to Own Property
– Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion
– Freedom of Opinion and Expression
– Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
– Right to Take Part in Own Government
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
– Right to Social Security
– Right to Work; Equal Pay; Just and Favorable Remuneration;
Right to Form Unions
– Right to Rest and Leisure
– Right to Standard of Living Adequate for the Health and Well-
Being of Self and Family; Motherhood and Childhood Right to
Special Care
– Right to Education; Promoting Understanding; Parents‟ Choice
– Right to Freely Participate in Community
– Right to the Social and International Order to Participate in
These Rights
– Duties to the Community; Limitations Only in Respect for the
Rights of Others
– No Destruction of Any Rights
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “At the Shrine of Our Lady Fatima or Why
Political Questions Are Not All Economic”
Mark Sagoff
– Political and Economic Decisionmaking
– Substituting Efficiency for Safety
– Liberty: Ancient and Modern
– Values Are Not Subjective
– Preference or Principle?
– The Citizen as Joseph K.
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “People or Penguins” William F. Baxter
– Spheres of Freedom Criterion
– Waste is a Bad Thing
– Every Human Regarded as an End Rather
Than a Mean
– The Incentive and Opportunity to Improve His
Share of Satisfactions Should Be Preserved
to Every Individual
– Optimal State of Pollution
– Difference Between Dollars and Resources
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “Morality, Money, and Motor Cars”
Norman Bowie
– Business Has No Obligation to Protect the
Environment
– Business Has the Obligation to Avoid
Intervening in the Political Arena in Order to
Weaken or Defeat Environmental Legislation
– Business Has Obligation to Obey the Law
– The Noninterventionist Policy
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “The Place of Nonhumans in
Environmental Issues” Peter Singer
– Humans and Nonhumans
– Speciesism
– Nonhumans Have Interests
– Equal Consideration of Interests
– Examples
– The Meat Industry
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “Rain-forest Chic” Jon Entine
– Environmental Popularity
– Self-Interest vs. “Ethical” Concerns
The Gift that Keeps on Asking
Reciprocity and Conflicts of Interest
• “Nepotism in American Business” Adam
Bellow
– Nepotism
– Old and New
– Good and Bad
The Gift that Keeps on Asking
Reciprocity and Conflicts of Interest
• “A Quick Look at the History of Bribes” John T. Noonan,
Jr.
– Bribes
– History of Bribes
– Universality of Bribes
– Concept Counter to Normal Expectations
– Religious Origins
– Religious Ambivalence
– The Double Message
– Bribe/Gift Distinction
– Open Bribes
– Bribes in Business
– Ideologically Neutral
– Enforcement of Law Against Bribes
– Sanctions Against Bribes
– Attention to Contemporary Corruption
– Material Injury
The Gift that Keeps on Asking
Reciprocity and Conflicts of Interest
• “Ethics and the Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act” Mark Pastin and Michael Hooker
– History of the FCPA
– Ethical Analysis of the FCPA
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “What Is Good Leadership?” Joanne B.
Ciulla
– Our Fascination with Pizzazz
– It‟s Great to Be King!
– The Challenge of Consistency
– Machiavellianism and Robinhoodism
– The Intersection of Ethics and Effectiveness
– Unethical or Stupid?
– Blinding Morality
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “Is It Better to Be Loved than Feared?”
Niccolo Machiavelli
– Moral Qualities in a Leader
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “The Bathsheba Syndrome: The Ethical
Failure of Successful Leaders” Dean C.
Ludwig and Clinton O. Longnecker
– The Story of David and Bathsheba
– Success as an Antecedent to Ethical Failure
– The Dark Side of Success
– Advice to Successful Leaders
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “A Kantian Theory of Leadership” Norman E.
Bowie
– Kantian Leadership and the Development of
Autonomy
– Kingdom of Ends Formulation of the Categorical
Imperative
– Subjection to Moral Law
– Leader as a Decision-Proposer
– The Norms for Decisions
– Guiding Principles for Leaders
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “What Is Transforming Leadership?”
James MacGregor Burns
– FDR and the Pursuit of Change
– Transactional Leadership
– Transforming Leadership
• Empowerment
• Emotions in Leader-Follower Relationships
• Charisma
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “Servant Leadership: A Journey into the
Nature of Legitimate Power and
Greatness” Robert Greenleaf
– Who Is the Servant-Leader?
– Everything Begins with the Initiative of an
Individual
– What Are You Trying to Do?
Who‟s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Who Rules the Corporation?” Ralph
Nader, Mark Green, and Joel Seligman
– Revamping the Board
– Election of the Board
– A New Role for Shareholders
Who‟s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Power and Accountability: The Changing
Role of the Corporate Board of Directors”
Irving S. Shapiro
– Boards Changing for the Better
• Five Basic Jobs
– Boards Need Windows
Who‟s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Who Should Control The Corporation?” Henry
Mintzberg
– “Nationalize It”
– “Democratize It”
– “Regulate It”
– “Pressure It”
– “Trust It”
– “Ignore It”
– “Induce It”
– If the Shoe Fits…
Who‟s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Employee Voice in Corporate Governance: A
Defense of Strong Participation Rights” John J.
McCall
– Defenses
• Dignity, Fairness, Self-Respect, Health, Democracy
– Property Rights Objections
– Adjucating the Rights Conflict
• Autonomy, Fairness, Utility, Democracy
– Conclusion: The Employee Tight to Co-determine
Corporate Policy Has Presumptive Force
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Two Kinds of Commerce” Aristotle
– The Art of Wealth Getting
– Retail Trade
– The Business of the Statesman
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “The Benefits of Capitalism” Adam Smith
– The Improvements in Machinery
– The “Woolen Coat”
– The Complexity and Organization of Fabor
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Adam Smith‟s Relevance to
Contemporary Economic Theory” Patricia
Werhane
– Adam Smith: Hardly a Utopian
– Five Conditions to a Just Operation of
Unregulated Economy
• Perfect Liberty, Internal Self-Restraint,
Coordination, Laws of Justice, and Perfect
Competition
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Commodity Fetishism” Karl Marx
– Commodity, Use Value, and Exchange Value
– The Mystical, Mysterious Commodity
– Fetishism of Commodities
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Reflections on the Triumph of Capitalism”
Robert Heilbroner
– Socialism vs. Capitalism
– Normative Claims
– Descriptive Stance
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Laissez-faire and Education” John Stuart
Mill
– Authoritative Interference
– Legitimate Interference
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Buddhist Economics” E. F. Schumacher
– “Right Livelihood”
– The Function of Work
– Liberation from the Attachment of Wealth
– Character in Economics
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “The Economics of Poverty” Amartya Sen
– Reasons for Poverty
– Defeating Poverty
– The ethics of Famine
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Pecuniary Emulation and Conspicuous
Consumption” Thorstein Veblen
– Pecuniary Emulation
– Property is the Nature of Trophy, the
Accepted Badge of Efficiency
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism”
Daniel Bell
– Culture as the Most Dynamic Component of
Civilization
– Legitimation of Cultural Impulse
– The Glorification of Plenty
– The Liberal Answer to Social Problems
– Two Crises
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Everything For Sale” Robert Kuttner
– The Mixed Economy
– Capitalism as Laissez-Faire
– Balance of Market, State, and Civil Society
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