Nursing Management of the Adult Client with Neurologic Alterations

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Nursing Management of the Adult Client with Neurologic Alterations: DNDs Tracy Heberlig, MSN, RN, CNE NURS 228 – Spring 2008 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Chronic, Abnormal immune response  Demyelination (destruction of myelin)  Classifications  Relapsing-Remitting common (85%)  Exacerbations w/ full or partial recovery  Most   Primary-Progressive  Steady worsening Secondary-Progressive  50% w/ R-R will develop S-P within 10 years of initial diagnosis  Progressive-Relapsing Symptoms  Mixed or Generalized (50%)  Visual deficits  Brainstem lesions Spinal Type (25%)  Cerebellar Type  Amaurotic Form  Interdisciplinary Care Goal – optimal functioning  Rehabilitation  Treatment of exacerbations  Diagnosis   Manifestations – most definitive  CSF analysis  CT (brain), PET  Evoked response testing  MRI Interdisciplinary Care  Medications – exacerbations  Adrenocorticosteroids  Immunosuppressants  Immunomodulators  Medications – symptom mgmt  Anticholinergics  Cholinergics  Muscle  relaxants baclofen, dantrolene, diazepam  Muscle spasms – Soma, Flexeril, Skelaxin, Robaxin Interdisciplinary Care  Rehabilitation – retain independence  Muscle strength  Treatment of spasticity  LTG Nsg Care Psychosocial  Health promotion  Assessment  Nsg Diagnoses & Interventions Self-care deficit  Fatigue  Impaired physical mobility  Ineffective breathing pattern  Risk for injury  Impaired elimination (urinary or bowel)  Ineffective individual coping  Huntington’s Disease (HD) Progressive & degenerative  Dementia & chorea  Unknown cause, No cure  Familial disease  Pathophysiology   Cellular destruction  Atrophy of other areas  Neurotransmitter imbalance Huntington’s Disease (HD)  Manifestations effects – early vs late  Psychosocial effects – early vs late  Motor  Interdisciplinary Care – genetic testing  Meds  Dx Antipsychotics  Antidepressants  Huntington’s Disease (HD)  Nsg Care  Physiologic, Psychosocial, Ethical challenges  Nsg Dx & Interventions Risk for aspiration  Impaired verbal communication  Impaired skin integrity  Imbalanced nutrition: < body requirements  Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Autoimmne disorder  Antibody destruction of Ach receptors  Skeletal muscle weakness  muscles  Facial, speech, mastication   Eye Exacerbations MG  Complications  Pneumonia  Myasthenia Crisis  Cholinergic Crisis  Diagnosis  H&P  Anticholinesterase (Tensilon) test  Nerve stimulation studies  Analysis of AChE receptors Interdisciplinary Care  Medication Mgmt meds (Mestinon, Prostigmin)  Immunosuppressive therapy Corticosteroids  Cytotoxic meds (Imuran)   Anticholinesterase  Plasmapheresis,  Surgery  IVIG (exacerbations) Thymectomy Nsg Care Patient and Family Teaching  Medication Management  Energy Conservation  Aspiration Risk Reduction  Eye Safety  Nsg Diagnoses & Interventions Ineffective airway clearance  Impaired swallowing  Risk for aspiration  Fatigue  Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Acute inflammatory demyelination in PNS  Precipitating Event  Paralysis, Paresthesia, & Numbness  Manifestations Acute Stage  Stabilizing / Plateau Stage  Recovery Stage  Interdisciplinary Care Diagnosis via H&P, clinical exam  Acute Phase   Foci Oxygenation  Preventing complications   Meds  Antibiotics  Morphine  Anticoagulants  Vasopressors Interdisciplinary Care  Management ventilation  Plasmapheresis  ECG monitoring  IV fluids – hypotension  Mechanical  PT & OT Nursing Care  Nsg Dx & Interventions  Ineffective airway clearance  Ineffective breathing pattern  Anxiety  Powerlessness  Impaired mobility  Risk for impaired skin integrity  Imbalanced nutrition: < body requirementsw  Impaired verbal communication Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Lou Gerig’s Disease  Rapidly progressing, Fatal  Weakness & wasting   Muscles – voluntary control  Death 2 to 5 yrs after onset Manifestations Lower motor neuron involvement  Cognition not impacted  Early symptoms  Progression  Interdisciplinary Care Diagnosis – r/o other disorders  Medications   Rilutek (riluzole) Nursing Care  Focus & Communication  End-of-life issues  Education  Nsg Dx & Interventions  Ineffective breathing pattern  Risk for disuse syndrome

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