Digestive System -for Sophomore Medical Students of Taipei Medical University

The Digestive System Lecture 1 of the Course “Medical English” for Sophomore Medical Students of Taipei Medical University March 1, 2007 Winston W. Shen, M.D. Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry Taipei Medical University Chief, Department of Psychiatry TMU-Wan Fang Hospital Taipei, TAIWAN Objectives for the Course “Medical English”      To familiarize with medical terminology To write English more effectively To appreciate foreign languages more To understand spoken English better To speak English more comfortably The Schedule for the Course “Medical English” (Part 1 of 2)     Week 1 (March 1) Week 2 (March 8) Week 3 (March 15) Week 4 (March 22) The Digestive System The Respiratory System The Cardiovascular System The Musculoskeletal System Turning in a 400-word essay on “My Visit to the Clinic” or “My Visit to the Hospital” (in double-line space hard copy)     Week 5 (March 29) Week 6 (April 5) Week 7 (April 12) Week 8 (April 19) The Central Nervous System The Urinary System The Reproductive System Mid-term Examination The Organs of the Digestive System Mouth (os, der Mund, la bouche) os Function: noun Meaning #1 orifice Inflected Form (s): plural Function: noun mouths / ma thz/ : Inflected Form(s): plural ora the natural opening through internal os which food passes into the per os (PO) animal body and which in vertebrates is typically bounded Meaning #2 bone Pronunciation: äs externally by the lips and Function: noun internally by the pharynx and Inflected Form(s): plural os·sa encloses the tongue, gums, and Os calcis teeth Os coxae From: Merriam-Webster Dictionary Esophagus British variant: oe·soph·a·gus Function: noun Inflected Form (s): plural -gi /- g , - j / a muscular tube that in adult humans is about nine inches (23 centimeters) long and passes from the pharynx down the neck between the trachea and the spinal column and behind the left bronchus where it pierces the diaphragm slightly to the left of the middle line and joins the cardiac end of the stomach The muscular membranous tube for the passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach; the gullet. [Middle English isophagus, from Medieval Latin ēsophagus, from Greek oisophagos, arbitrary medical coinage perhaps from ois- : future tense stem of pherein, to carry + -phagos, food (unattested sense) (from phagein, to eat; see bhagin Indo-European roots).] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition 2000 Stomach (der Magen, estomac) 1. Anatomy, Zoology. a. a saclike enlargement of the alimentary canal, as in humans and certain animals, forming an organ for storing, diluting, and digesting food. b. such an organ or an analogous portion of the alimentary canal when divided into two or more sections or parts. c. any one of these sections. 2. Zoology. any analogous digestive cavity or tract in invertebrates 3. the part of the body containing the stomach; belly or abdomen. 4. appetite for food. 5.desire, inclination, or liking: I have no stomach for this trip. 6. Obsolete. a. spirit; courage. b. pride; haughtiness. c. resentment; anger. –verb (used with object) 7. to endure or tolerate (someone or something): I can't stomach your constant nagging. 8.Obsolete. to be offended at or resent. [Origin: 1300–50; ME stomak < L stomachus gullet, stomach < Gk stómachos orig., opening; akin to stoma ] —Synonyms 7. bear, stand, abide, countenance. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. In·tes·tine the tubular portion of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the stomach from which it is separated by the pyloric sphincter and consists of a slender but long anterior part made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum which function in digestion and assimilation of nutrients and a broader shorter posterior part made up of the cecum, colon, and rectum which serve chiefly to extract moisture from the by-products of digestion and evaporate them into feces —often used in plural . [Origin: 1525–35; < L intestīnum, n. use of neut. of intestīnus internal, equiv. to intes- (var. of intus inside) + -tīnus adj. suffix; cf. vespertine ] Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, 2002 Small Intestine Duodenum L. intestinum duodenum digitorum intestine of twelve fingerbreadths The beginning portion of the small intestine, starting at the lower end of the stomach and extending to the jejunum. Jejunum L jéjūnum, n. use of neut. of jejunus empty, poor, mean; so called because thought to be empty after death the middle portion of the small intestine, between the duodenum and the ileum. Ileum Late Latin īleum, groin, flank, variant of Latin īlia. the third and lowest division of the small intestine, extending from the jejunum to the cecum Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006. Large Intestine Cecum Colon 1. 2. 3. short for L. intestinum caecum blind gut a cul-de-sac, that in which the large intestine begins L < Gk kôlon limb, member, clause; Gr. der Doppelpunkt; Fr. deux-points The section of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum.and the ileum. A puntuation mark „:‟, to mark a major division of a sentence A city in Panama, named after Christopher Columbus Sigmoid Gk. sigmoeides shaped like a sigma. of, pertaining to, or situated near the sigmoid flexure of the large intestine. Rectum (pl. Recta) réctum (intestīnum) the straight (intestine) The terminal portion of the large intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006. Ap.pen.dix (pl. Appendixes or Appendices) 1. supplementary material at the end of a book, article, document, or other text, usually of an explanatory, statistical, or bibliographic nature. 2. an appendage. 3. Anatomy. a. a process or projection. b. Vermiform appendix 4. Aeronautics. the short tube at the bottom of a balloon bag, by which the intake and release of buoyant gas is controlled. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) The Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006 appendix 1549, "subjoined addition to a document or book," from L. appendix "something attached," from appendere (see append). Used for "small outgrowth of an internal organ" from 1615, especially in reference to the vermiform appendix. Appendicitis is from 1886; appendectomy (1894) is a hybrid, with Gk. -ektomia "a cutting out of." Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2001 Douglas Harper Anus –noun, plural a·nus·es. Anatomy. the opening at the lower end of the alimentary canal, through which the solid refuse of digestion is excreted. [Origin: 1650–60; < L ānus ring, anus ] The Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006. Liver (die Leber, foie) 1. A large glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrate animals that is essential to many metabolic processes. The liver secretes bile, stores fat and sugar as reserve energy sources, converts harmful substances to less toxic forms, and regulates 2. the amount of blood in the body. A similar organ of invertebrate animals The American Heritage Science Dictionary Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002 Pan.cre.as (n. sing. & pl.) (adj. Pancreatic) A gland behind the stomach that functions in both the endocrine system and the digestive system. Its endocrine function involves the secretion into the bloodstream of insulin, which regulates the level of terminology sugars in the blood. As part of the digestive system, the pancreas secretes into the small intestine a fluid containing enzymes that is used in the digestion of all foods. The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005 1578, from Gk. pankreas "sweetbread (pancreas as food), pancreas, “from pan- "all“ + kreas "flesh," probably on notion of homogeneous substance of the organ. Abstract Example of an expanded version in 2006 *Objective: Patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration received a bacterial study on their stomach. Method: Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. Results: Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the genus Campylobacter. Conclusion: The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases. *Italicized words expanded by W.W. Shen Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984 Jun 16; 1 (8390): 1311-1315. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Having a Good Command of Grammar Read a good book on English grammar, such as 1918 Elements of Style, by William Strunk and E. B White. After you read the book once, your English writing will be different and improved remarkably. Winston W. Shen, M.D., 3/2,000 Original text Do you have washed your hands? (A sign posted in May 2006 at National Taiwan University Hospital) Revision Have you washed your hands? Winston W. Shen, M.D./5-2006 Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. 2. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original version Four scores and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. -- Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg‟s Address in 1963 Revision About 87 years ago, our fathers set forth to this continent . . . Quatre-vingt-sept, Twenty-seven, in French un deux trois quatre cinq six sept huit neuf dix onze twolve treize dix vingt trente quatorze quarante quinze cinquante seize soixante dix-sept soixante-dix (60 + 10) dix-huit quatre-vingt (60 + 20) dix-neuf quatre-vingt-dix (60 + 20 +10) vingt cent Original version Being a victim of the September 21, 1999 Earthquake, this 25- year old female Taiwanese patient began in December 1999 to lose interest in not going to sing at her local karaoke club although she used to frequent there two times a week. Revision This 29-year old female Taiwanese was a victim of the September 21, 1999 Earthquake. She began to lose interest in singing in December 1999. The patient had frequented her local karaoke club two times a week till December 1999. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. 2. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. 3. Thou shalt vary your writing. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original text Mr. Smith speaks on his idea of the fairness principle. He also stays with his idea of the fairness principle. In addition, he practices with his idea of the fairness principle in his whole life. Revision Mr. Smith speaks on his ideas of the fairness principle. He also stays and practices with it in his whole life. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. 2. 3. 4. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. Thou shalt vary your writing. Thou shalt use more active voice. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original version America was discovered by Columbus. The procedure was performed by a gastroenterologist. Revision Columbus discovered America. A gastroenterologist performed the procedure. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. Thou shalt vary your writing. Thou shalt use more active voice. Thou shalt avoid redundancies. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original version The first gallery, Wan Fang Gallery, was established in 1997, and the latest one, “Wenshan Gallery,” was established in 2004. Revision The first gallery, Wan Fang Gallery, was established in 1997, and the latest one, “Wenshan Gallery,” in 2004. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. Thou shalt vary your writing. Thou shalt use more active voice. Thou shalt avoid redundancies. Thou shalt avoid Latinate words. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original text The patient presented himself to the emergency room with the explanation of a complaint of the reduction of his vision in the right eye three quarters of an hour ago. Revision 1 The patient came to the emergency room and complained of his reduced vision of the right eye starting 45 minutes ago. Revision 2 The patient presented himself at the emergency room complaining of reduced vision in the right eye starting 45 min ago. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. Thou shalt vary your writing. Thou shalt use more active voice. Thou shalt avoid redundancies. Thou shalt avoid Latinate words. Thou shalt use strong verbs. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original version Tetramethylpyrazine has protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidneys. Revision Tetramethylpyrazine protects rat kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. Thou shalt vary your writing. Thou shalt use more active voice. Thou shalt avoid redundancies. Thou shalt avoid Latinate words. Thou shalt use strong verbs. Thou shalt use the parallel construction. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Applying the Beauty of Parallels Patient‟s treatment plans are: 1) The patient can be discharged today. 2) To tell the patient to take diazepam 5 mg, h.s., PRN 3) Having a follow-up clinic appointment in one week Patient‟s treatment plans are: 1) To be discharged today, 2) To receive diazepam 5 mg, h.s., PRN, and 3) To have a clinic appointment in one week Winston W. Shen, M.D., 3/2,000 Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. Thou shalt vary your writing. Thou shalt use more active voice. Thou shalt avoid redundancies. Thou shalt avoid Latinate words. Thou shalt use strong verbs. Thou shalt use the parallel construction. Thou shalt avoid using empty phrases. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original version We have found out that it is necessary to think with the perspective of patients because this is the best way to know what kind of service patients need. Revision We have found out the need of thinking with patients‟ perspective to know what kind of service they want. Ten Commandments to Write Better English 1. Thou shalt always use correct grammar. 2. Thou shalt use simpler sentences. 3. Thou shalt vary your writing. 4. Thou shalt use more active voice. 5. Thou shalt avoid redundancies. 6. Thou shalt avoid Latinate words. 7. Thou shalt use strong verbs. 8. Thou shalt use the parallel construction. 9. Thou shalt avoid using empty phrases. 10.Thou shalt be specific to choose words. Winston W. Shen, M.D./10-2003 Original text His contribution is invaluable. Revision His contribution is valuable.