Health Science and Science for Fitness

Health Science and Science for Fitness Patrick Enderle East Carolina University Lisa Lynn Pitman Boyd Lenoir Community College Basic Knowledge for Health Science Urinary System • Structure and function of the system • Formation and composition of urine • GFR calculation • pH balance related to the Respiratory System • Related diseases • Glands and hormones of the endocrine system • The function of the hypothalamus pertaining to the endocrine and nervous systems • Related diseases Endocrine System Basic Knowledge for Health Science Nervous System • Structure and function of a neuron • The four nerve plexuses of the human body and distribution • Cranial nerves and spinal nerves • Physiology on the cellular level of sensory and motor neurons • Actions of neurotransmitters • Motor reflexes • CNS and PNS • SNS and ANS with relation to parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations in the human body Diseases Basic Knowledge for Health Science • Neurodegerative disorders • Disorders in other body systems caused from nervous dysfunction Basic Knowledge for Science of Fitness Skeletal System • Skeletal anatomy • Types of joints and their location • The functions of the skeletal system Muscular System • Location of the major skeletal muscles • Origin, insertion, and action of the major skeletal muscles Nervous System Basic Knowledge for Science of Fitness • Basic anatomy of the nervous system with emphasis on the relation to the endocrine system • The difference between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) with relation to afferent and efferent reactions • The 12 pairs of cranial nerves; innervations and locations • The Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Autonomic Nervous Systems (ANS)  the part in the brain that governs each system  the receptors Diseases Nutrition Basic Knowledge for Science of Fitness • Related to the systems • Ways to prevent the diseases • Analysis of food pertaining to the systems • Effects of nutrition on the systems The Skeletal System The skeletal system is comprised of 206 bones; 126 in the appendicular skeleton and 80 in the axial skeleton. Cartilage and ligaments hold the bones in place and allow them to move in various positions at joints. Bones house stem cells that give rise to other bone cells and blood cells. Skeletal System The Functional Characteristics of Articulations (Joints) Muscular System Anterior View Posterior View There are three types of muscles found in the human body; cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. Muscular System Characteristics Used in Naming Muscles of the Human Body Muscular System Muscular System Nervous System The Nervous System is composed of a vast number of cells called neurons. Neurons compose the nervous tissue in our body. Neurons carry the electrical impulse through the human body for life to exist. Nervous System The nervous system is composed of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS controls all other nervous functions of the human body. The PNS is composed of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and the Somatic Nervous System (SNS). Both of these systems are important for such things as increase in heart rate, digestion, touch, pressure, and temperature regulation. Nervous System The ANS • Governed by the hypothalamus that is located in the diencephalon • The hypothalamus performs nervous and endocrine functions within the human body. • The ANS performs parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in the human body. • Governed by the thalamus that is located in the diencephalon • The thalamus performs nervous functions in sensory information filtration for the brain The SNS Nervous System The adult human brain contains almost 98% of the body’s neural tissue. A “typical” brain weighs 1.4 kg. Nervous System Brain Structures Nervous System The CNS contains the spinal nerves that run along the vertebral column. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 lumbar vertebrae, 4-5 sacral vertebrae, and the coccyx. The spinal nerves are different in number from two of the different types of vertebrae. The cervical spinal nerves have 8 pairs, the thoracic spinal nerves have 12 pairs of nerves, the lumbar vertebrae have 5 pairs of nerves, the sacral vertebrae have 5 pairs of nerves and the coccyx has one spinal nerve. Nervous System The Cranial Nerves and their Innervations Nervous System The Cranial Nerves and their Innervations The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands plus many hormone-secreting cells in organs. The endocrine system works hand in hand with the nervous system. Certain parts of the nervous system stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones, and hormones may promote or inhibit the generation of nervous impulses. The endocrine works more slowly than the nervous system, typically. The effects of the endocrine system works more slowly than the nervous system until the hormones leave the bloodstream. Endocrine System Endocrine System The Hormones of the Endocrine System Disease and Disorders Skeletal System • Osteoporosis • Hypophosphatasia • Paget’s Disease • Osteopenia • Muscular Dystrophy • Paramytonia Congenita • MELAS Syndrome • Stroke • Neormytonia • Stiff-person Syndrome Muscular System Diseases and Disorders Nervous System • Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) • Parkinson’s Disease • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) • Huntington’s Disease • Alzheimer’s Disease Endocrine System • Cushing Syndrome • Graves Disease • Giantism • Dwarfism • Myxedema Questions or Comments