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Working with Internally Displaced People to develop sustainable agriculture
activities on peatlands in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Catholic Relief Services - Gemawan
I. Introduction
A. Background of the crisis in 1999 in Sambas, West Kalimantan
Beginning in the mid-1960s, people from overpopulated areas of Indonesia began moving
to West Kalimantan through the government-sponsored transmigration program. One
major ethnic group that participated in this program was the Madurese, from the island of
Madura, near Java. The Madurese, however, had difficulty integrating themselves into
the local community, consisting of Dayak, Malay and Chinese ethnic groups. The
Madurese are considered to be temperamental and violent. Furthermore, they achieved
some economic success in West Kalimantan, a fact that engendered interethnic
resentment. With Suharto’s removal from power in 1998 and the subsequent weakening
of the central government, added to the stresses of the economic crisis, the rising
interethnic tensions turned into a spate of violence with nothing to check its development.
During the Sambas riots in 1999, the Chinese, Dayaks and Malays turned on the
Madurese, killing over 200 people and expelling approximately 78,000 people from their
homes. The Madurese fled to Pontianak, the provincial capital of West Kalimantan. In
Pontianak, they created makeshift camps in public spaces, where some lived for as long
as 2 years. The large influx of people strained the city infrastructure and created conflict
with city residents.
B. Solution of relocation camps
Finally, the government developed a solution for the problem of resettling the Internally
Displaced People, the Madurese. The government began building a series of camps,
located approximately 20 – 40 km outside of the city. Twelve camps were built with a
total of over 5,500 houses. Not all of the houses are occupied however, as many
considered the soils at these sites to be unsuitable for agriculture and the distance from
the city would have made it difficult to work outside the camps. Many took the
alternative option offered by the government: IDR 5,000,000 “empowerment fund” for
them to obtain housing and begin a new life in a place of their choosing.
A number of international and local NGOs began working with IDPs to help them adjust
to life in the relocation sites. It was determined that there was a need for outside
intervention because the local government had not been consistent in providing the
necessary assistance and services and had not followed through on promises made. In
mid-2002, Catholic Relief Services began operations in the camps working with a local
NGO, Gemawan, and funded by assistance from the U.S. Agency for International
Development, the U.N. Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and distributions
of rice from the World Food Programme. Through agriculture, peace-building, health
and infrastructure activities, the emergency assistance program aims to assist the IDPs to
develop sustainable livelihood strategies. While many IDPs do supplement their incomes
through employment as laborers, they cannot rely on it entirely as it can require them to
travel far from their homes and it may be temporary or seasonal in nature. Consequently,
agriculture is considered the mainstay of their livelihoods, in particular because more
than 80% of them depended on agricultural activities prior to displacement.
C. Institutional Profiles
Catholic Relief Services is an international relief and development organization founded
in 1943, serving the poor in more than 90 countries worldwide. CRS works to alleviate
human suffering, promote the development of people and foster charity and justice in the
world. CRS has worked in Indonesia since 1957 and currently has projects in sustainable
agriculture, peace-building, capacity-building, emergency assistance, microfinance and
health. CRS/Indonesia has offices in Jakarta, Kupang (East Nusa Tenggara),Yogyakarta
(Central Java), and a sub-office in Pontianak (West Kalimantan).
Gemawan, Lembaga Pengembangan Masyarakat Swadaya dan Mandiri (Institute for the
Development of an Independent and Self-supporting Community), is based in West
Kalimantan and was founded in 1999. Its mission is to strengthen civil society through
political awareness, community organization, advocacy, humanitarian assistance and
promotion of social justice and economic independence. Gemawan has projects in
humanitarian assistance, anti-corruption, gender empowerment, and education located in
various sites in West Kalimantan.
II. Description of the sites
CRS-Gemawan works in 6 of the relocation camps, assisting approximately 1,800
families (an estimated 9,000 people). All of the sites are located in the Kabupaten
(regency) of Pontianak. Five are located in Kecamatan (subdistrict) Sungai Raya. One,
Pulau Nyamuk, is located in Kecamatan Sungai Kakap.
The sites are all located less than 1º south of the equator and fall in the Inter Tropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The average rainfall per year is 2597.3 mm, with an average
monthly rainfall of 216.4 mm. The rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the
year. June, July and August are the driest months and the lowest average monthly
rainfall is 132.1 mm (August). Most of the sites are classified as B1 according to the
Oldeman agroclimate classification system. This means that there are more than 8
continuous months with an average rainfall of over 200 mm per month.
The IDP population is Madurese. Previously, most lived in the Sambas area to the north
of Pontianak. The soils in that area are very different from the soils in the relocation
sites, so they do not have experience managing peatland soils. Previously, many grew
corn as their staple crop and raised cows. As a result of the riot and their relocation, the
IDPs either lost or were forced to leave behind all of their possessions and livestock. So
they had to change their agricultural practices also, growing vegetables for market.
Furthermore, they are not familiar with the market system in Pontianak, compounding
their difficulties in growing unfamiliar crops in an unfamiliar and difficult to manage
type of land. Only 3 of the relocation sites are suitable for rice cultivation (SP I, SP III
and Pulau Nyamuk), so many IDPs must depend on the sale of cash crops in order to buy
rice for their families.
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Currently, the IDPs do not have a clear legal status and do not have an official title to
their land. As mentioned above, the government has not followed through on its
commitments. The IDPs do not have identification cards, for instance, and find it
difficult to access some government services, such as health care. As for land status,
there have been conflicting land claims by local people, slowing down the process of land
titling. Studies have shown that farmers without a clear legal claim to the land are less
likely to practice sustainable agriculture techniques and are not as willing to invest major
resources in the land.
A. Tebang Kacang – Satuan Permukiman (SP) I
This is the oldest of the relocation sites, built in 1999. There are approximately 496
families (estimated 2480 people) living in this relocation site. Each family is allotted
1.25 hectares - .25 hectares for the house and garden area surrounding the house and 1
hectare for cropping. Prior to land clearing, approximately 60% of the land was covered
in tertiary forest and 20% with shrubs.
According to the contractor’s survey undertaken prior to the construction of the
relocation site in 1999, the area includes several soil types. The main area is covered by
peatland soil of varying thicknesses, from 50 to greater than 250 cm in depth. Other soil
types include Gleisol Tonik and Aluvial Gleik. The tables below show the land
classification categories used by the Indonesian government and corresponding
classifications from other taxonomic systems.
No. Pusat Penelitian Tanah (1983) FAO/UNESCO (1985) USDA (1987)
1. Aluvial Gleik Gleyic Fluvisol Typic Fluvaquent
2. Gleisol Tionik Dystric Gleysol Typic Sulfaquent
3. Organosol Hemik Dystric Histosol Typic Tropohemist
Soil Type Area in hectares
Gleisol Tionik 59.9
Aluvial Gleik 324.1
Organosol Hemik, 50-100 cm 267.9
Organosol Hemik, 100-150 cm 426.3
Organosol Hemik, 150-200 cm 366.9
Organosol Hemik, 200-250 cm 250.2
Organosol Hemik, > 250 cm 188.7
Total 1884
The pH was measured at less than 4 on average. The report estimated that 3.8-4.4 tons of
lime per hectare to raise the pH to 4.8, the minimum pH required for the suggested crops.
At this rate, it would cost the farmer almost 1.5 million rupiah to raise the pH on their
1.25 hectares to a level suitable for cropping. This is a cost that the Madurese farmers,
many of whom lost or left behind most of their possessions during the riots, would not be
able to afford.
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Based on the results of an investigation by a government official from an agricultural
research center, the land at this site was classified as alluvial sulfide peatland (HSM,
alluvial bersulfat bergambut, from Widjaja-Adhi classification system for peatlands,
2000). This research was conducted in 2003, while the data above was collected in 1999.
The investigation conducted in 2003 was not as extensive as that conducted in 1999.
Essentially, the peat layer is shallow (20-25 cm in depth) and the measured pH was
between 5 and 5.5. The pyrite layer was found to be very near the surface, less than 10
cm in depth. The primary vegetation found at this site is alang-alang (Imperata
cylindrica). The differences between the two sets of data may reflect the agroecological
changes that have occurred over the last 4 years of agricultural use of the land, namely
the subsidence of the peatland and the exposure of the pyrite layer.
The people at this site are able to cultivate rice on this land, one or two crops per year.
They also grow vegetables and other crops. As this is the most established of all the
relocation sites, there are various types of fruit trees growing around the houses. The
other sites, by comparison, have a barren look and do not have well-established perennial
plants growing.
This site is located approximately 42 km from Pontianak, accessible by car and by boat
via canals.
B. Tebang Kacang – SP II
This is one of the newer sites. The total number of families in this site is 283 (or 1415
people) though it has the capacity for 420 families. As in SP I, each family gets .25
hectare for home gardens and 1 hectare for cultivating other crops.
Previously, the land was primarily tertiary forest (80%) and shrubs (15.3%). The soils
are essentially organosols of varying thicknesses.
Soil Type Area in hectares
Organosol Hemik, 50-100 cm 95.2
Organosol Hemik, 100-150 cm 417.2
Organosol Hemik, 150-200 cm 588
Organosol Hemik, 200-250 cm 197.6
Total 1298
The pH was measured at approximately 4 on average. The contractor’s report estimated
that about 4.2-4.5 tons of lime per hectare would be needed to raise the pH to 4.8.
According to research conducted by the government official in 2003, the land at this site
can be classified as very deep peatland, with the peat layer exceeding 3 meters in depth.
The data above was collected by the contractor in 1999, prior to the construction of the
relocation site. It should be noted that there is a 1992 presidential decree prohibiting
development of peatlands over 3 m in depth that has not been widely observed. The pH
was measured at 4-4.5, which may reflect the effects of the application of the lime that
was distributed in 2002 in addition to ash produced from burning to clear the land.
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This site is not as accessible as SP I or SP III. The road is passable by car up until Bhakti
Suci. From Bhakti Suci to SP II, the road is only passable by car during the dry season,
essentially 3 months of the year. Most of the time, only motorcycle transportation can
get through.
C. Tebang Kacang – SP III
This site is located close to SP I, has relatively good access by road and is located
approximately 42 km from Pontianak. There are approximately 400 families in this
relocation site (2000 people).
Based on the results of an investigation by a government official from an agricultural
research center, the land at this site was classified as alluvial sulfide peatland (HSM,
alluvial bersulfat bergambut, from Widjaja-Adhi classification system for peatlands,
2000), like the land at neighboring SP I. This research was conducted in 2003.
Essentially, the peat layer is shallow (20-25 cm in depth) and the measured pH was
between 5 and 5.5. The pyrite layer was found to be very near the surface, less than 10
cm in depth. The primary vegetation found at this site is ferns. The people at this site are
able to grow rice in addition to other vegetable crops.
D. Parit Haji Ali
This is also one of the newer sites. People have occupied the houses there for less than 2
years. Currently, there are approximately 61 families (305 people) at this site, though the
site has a capacity for 200 families.
In Parit Haji Ali, previously most of the land was under secondary forest (91.7%). This
land borders protected peatland forest. This presents a problem for farmers in this site, as
primates and other animals from the forest have become pest problems, damaging their
crops.
Soil Type Area in hectares
Organosol Hemik, 75-150 cm 565
Organosol Hemik, 150-225 cm 98
Organosol Hemik, 225-300 cm 22
Total 685
The pH at this site was measured at less than 4 on average and would need 3.9-4.2 tons of
lime per hectare to raise the pH to acceptable levels.
As in SP II, which is located close to Parit Haji Ali, the soil investigation in 2003 showed
that the soil can be classified as very deep peatland, with the peat layer exceeding 3 m.
The pH was measured between 4 and 4.5. As Parit Haji Ali and SP II have the deep
peatland soils, farmers encounter more difficulties cultivating their land. Consequently,
there are many empty houses in both of these sites, as people either refused to move there
in the first place or simply gave up after attempting to farm there.
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According to the plan, each family would get .25 hectares for home gardens and .75
hectares for cropping. Because the land was in secondary forest, it has been more
difficult for the farmers to clear the land. Consequently, some have not been able to fully
utilize their land.
E. Bhakti Suci
This site is classified as non-agriculture and the people at this site are expected to derive
their livelihoods from off-site employment, primarily at the plywood factory nearby.
This site is the closest to Pontianak, only 25 km by a relatively good road. Many people
at this site were previously farmers. Each family is provided with 600 square meters
around the house for home gardens and many use this land to grow cash crops. Others
who live in this site have worked out arrangements to utilize land to grow crops. Some
have a sharing agreement with the local population, borrowing and cultivating the land
and sharing the harvest with the landowner. Others at Bhakti Suci have purchased land
from local people. Still others go to another relocation site, Pulau Nyamuk, which has
unoccupied land, to cultivate crops.
According to the contractor, the soil in this site has been classified as aluvial gleik, with a
pH of less than 4. The Bhakti Suci site is adjacent to gambut areas and some of the land
sharing or purchase agreements include peat soils. An investigation in 2003 showed that
the land in this site can be classified as shallow alluvial sulfide soil. There is a shallow
top layer of peat, between 10-20 cm in thickness. A pyrite layer was discovered at less
than 50 cm from the surface of the soil. The pH of the soil was measured at 5.5 to 6.
F. Pulau Nyamuk
This site is the most remote and as the name indicates, it is not accessible by land. From
Pontianak, it is 20 km to the river port, from where it is a 1-hour trip to the island by boat.
The relocation site borders protected forest. It is located on the coast and consequently
seawater intrusions occasionally occur. The community does have a water gate but it
does not regulate the water flow well.
Soil Type Area in hectares
Gleisol Tionik 196.4
Organosol Saprik, 0-75 cm 216.6
Organosol Hemik, 75-150 cm 48
Total 461
The relocation site has the capacity for 118 families but currently only 57 families live
there. The relative isolation of this site and the lack of public schools and other facilities
are disincentives and many families were not willing to live there. However, there are
some who come from some of the other relocation sites to cultivate land at Pulau
Nyamuk because the land there is plentiful and is not as problematic as other land in the
other sites. Each family is allowed .25 hectare of land for home gardens (lahan
pekarangan) and .75 hectares for cropping (lahan usaha), but effectively there is more
land available because there are so few families who live there.
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The pH at Pulau Nyamuk ranges from 6 to 6.5 (according to testing in 2003), so it is not
as acid as the soil found at other sites. Farmers are able to cultivate rice at this site and
people come from other relocation sites to cultivate land in Pulau Nyamuk, as the soil
there is considered better than that found at other sites and the land is more plentiful.
III. Siantan Hulu model
North of Pontianak is an area of peatland that has been successfully exploited by Chinese
farmers for a number of years. They have evolved an agricultural system to effectively
manage the peatlands for high productivity. This area produces the majority of
vegetables and other produce that are sold in Pontianak markets. The land in Siantan is
mostly deep peat soil. In addition to vegetables, aloe vera, papaya and pineapple are
often cultivated on peat soils. This model was adapted for use in the design of the
agricultural extension plan for the IDPs in the relocation sites.
To correct the soil pH, farmers in this region use ash. Ash is an alternative to lime as a
soil ameliorant. It is preferred because it can be produced by the farmers and doesn’t
require expenditure of money. The required quantities of lime can be too expensive for
small farmers. To produce the ash, they construct pondok abu (ash huts), which are
simple 4m x 4m roofed but unenclosed structures. The huts provide a place for
controlled burning, reducing the danger of peat fires. Farmers collect shrubs, grass,
weeds, or crop residues to burn. In addition, some farmers will scrape off the top layer of
dried-out peat soil to burn also.
The vegetable production is integrated with pig production. The pig manure is used as an
organic fertilizer for the vegetables. Raising pigs also is a risk-management strategy, an
alternative source of income in case of failures in the marketing of the vegetables.
Furthermore, if some vegetables are not marketable or are not sold in a timely manner,
they can become fodder for the pigs. Other soil amendments include waste products
from shrimp and salt fish processing, which can be obtained from local markets. Pig-
raising and the use of pig manure would not be culturally appropriate for the Madurese
IDPs, who are observant Muslims. Traditionally, the Madurese raise cattle so the
integration of cattle-raising would be a more culturally appropriate intervention.
However, because they lost their livestock during the riots and currently do not possess
cattle, a more likely alternative is to integrate the use of chickens and their manure into
the agricultural system.
The farmers in Siantan make a series of raised planting beds (bedengan). The beds
measure approximately 1-1.7 m wide by 10- 20 m long and at least 10 cm high. There is
a 50 cm space between the planting beds. The beds are oriented along a North-South
line. They use a staggered planting system to ensure continuous production for the
markets.
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IV. Project description
A. Pre-project conditions
At the start of the project in August 2002, the conditions for agriculture in the relocation
sites were not good. Drainage was not optimal and some areas were partially flooded
during certain times of the year. Some lands had not been fully cleared – remaining trees
and tree stumps hindered full cultivation of the agricultural land. Furthermore, many
lacked adequate tools and other inputs (seeds, soil amendments, etc.) to practice
agriculture efficiently. The local government had not followed through on promises to
help the IDPs adapt to conditions at the relocation sites. The people also lacked
knowledge of effective peat soil cultivation methods. They were encountering severe
disease and pest problems and were not getting good yields. Uncontrolled burning of
felled trees and other brush was common.
B. Phase I – August to September 2002
During the first, 3-month phase of the project, emphasis was given to improving the basic
agricultural conditions. To help people clear and cultivate their land, tool kits including
axes, machetes, hoes and rakes were distributed to 1,900 families. To correct the soil
acidity, families in 5 of the 6 relocation sites were given 100 kg each of lime. Families in
Pulau Nyamuk did not receive lime because the soil pH there was already within an
acceptable range. To improve soil fertility, 150 kg of organic fertilizer (animal manure)
were distributed each family in all 6 relocation sites. Finally, the IDPs participated in
community work efforts to deepen and improve drainage canals, which reduced flooding
and improved the field conditions. This was a Food-for-Work activity, so participant
families were recompensed with monthly distributions of 50 kg of rice.
Seeds were also distributed to farmers. Relatively short-term crops were chosen for
quick return, marketability, and appropriateness to agroecological conditions. Seeds for
corn, string beans, chili and cucumber were distributed to the families.
C. Phase II – February – December 2003
The second phase of the project began in February 2003 and will finish in December
2003. With a longer time frame, there was an opportunity for a greater emphasis on
agricultural development and extension as opposed to emergency relief. While inputs
were still needed, there was sufficient time to focus on the principal information and
capacity-building needs of the people. The plan for the second phase of the project
included workshops on land preparation, natural control of pests and diseases, marketing,
post-harvest and plant nursery preparation (for perennial plants). The plan also included
distributions of more seeds, tools, lime and chicken manure. To further improve the
regulation of water, water gates have been planned for some of the sites. The farmers are
organized into farmer groups, each of which chooses 2-3 kaders (leaders). The kaders
attend the workshops and are responsible for training the other members of their groups.
The extension model also includes the use of demonstration and experimental plots for
farmers to try out and compare different techniques or varieties of crops.
The topic of the first workshop was land preparation and management for peatland soils.
The facilitators for the workshop were a government official involved in agricultural
8
research and an experienced farmer from the Siantan Hulu area. Essentially, the
facilitators focused on how to correct the low fertility and acidity of the soil. Farmers
were shown how to make compost, using crop residues, animal manure and Effective
Microorganisms. Because lime can be expensive for the farmers, ash was promoted as a
cheaper and more accessible alternative. Because of the danger of uncontrolled burning
on the peat soils, it was recommended to localize burning only in specific areas. The
workshop also touched on effective water management practices and the risks of
excessive drainage and irreversible drying of the peat soils. Finally, farmers were shown
how to check for the pyritic layer and how to manage it. Farmers in the relocation sites
prefer to use chemical fertilizers, as they have always done in the past, however organic
fertilizers were recommended instead, as chemical fertilizers can cause further
acidification of the soil.
The land preparation workshop was key because without adequate soil management, the
crops are more vulnerable to nutrient deficiencies/toxicities and attack by pests and
diseases. The second workshop dealt with natural control of pests and diseases. Farmers
reported many pest and disease problems with their crops. Just as they prefer to use
chemical fertilizers, the farmers also prefer chemical pesticides to control disease
problems. They are not as accepting of organic alternatives, particularly when the
disease problems they face are more severe than what they faced in the Sambas region.
The workshop focused on understanding the agroecology and the relationships between
organisms. The importance of regular monitoring and observation was stressed, as
farmers can learn a lot directly from the environment through this process. The dangers
and negative impacts of chemical pesticides were illustrated. Farmers learned some basic
principles of integrated pest management and practiced making various types of organic
pesticides.
The other planned workshops will deal with marketing, post-harvest and plant nursery
maintenance. Marketing of their vegetable produce has been problematic as they have
difficulty accessing the market (it is a relatively closed system in Pontianak) and obtain
low prices. The plant nursery maintenance workshop is intended to help the farmers
propagate and raise perennial plants. Some possibilities include papaya, jackfruit,
avocado, cashew, soursop, neem and some N-fixing trees. Cultivation of these types of
crops will help diversify the agricultural system and may provide alternative sources of
income. The N-fixing plants can provide much needed nutrients for the soil.
During the second, 9-month phase of the project more agricultural inputs were
distributed. Farmers received between 25 and 175 kg of lime, depending on the size of
their landholdings; those in Bhakti Suci, the non-agriculture site with only a 600 square
meter planting area per family, received the least, while those with more than 1 ha
received the most. As before, those in Pulau Nyamuk did not receive lime because the
soil acidity was not a problem there. Farmers also received between 25 and 175 kg of
chicken manure and as above, quantities depended on the size of the landholdings. A
variety of seeds was also distributed, with different types distributed to different
locations, depending on conditions and requests from the people. Seeds included
soybeans, peanuts, mung beans, bitter melon, stringbeans, cowpeas, cucumber, amaranth,
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tomato, mustard greens, kangkung, chili and eggplant. Agriculture tools distributed
included shovels, rakes, hoes and watering cans. A few manual saws were given to
people at Parit Haji Ali, who were still having trouble clearing their land of trees and tree
stumps.
Prospects/plans for the future
The basic challenge of this project is to assist people who have no experience with
peatlands and few resources to manage a resource that requires high levels of inputs and
knowledge to cultivate. Additionally, these are people who are somewhat traumatized
and dispirited by their experiences as victims of ethnic conflict, forced from their homes
and losing many of their possessions. We have been able to supply some of the required
inputs and some of the required technical knowledge but 1 year is not enough time. For
instance, one basic challenge has been how to correct the low fertility and acidity of the
soil. While we can supply lime and chicken manure in the short term, the farmers will
have to find their own means to improve soil fertility and correct soil acidity in the future.
Lime is expensive for the farmers in the quantities required and would be difficult to
transport, especially to certain sites which are inaccessible by car for most of the year.
The next best alternative is ash, which would exacerbate the haze problem, encourage
further deforestation and present a risk of peat soil fires. As for soil fertility, farmers do
have access to vegetative materials that can be used in composting but for the most part,
do not have access to large quantities of animal manures because livestock ownership is
low. Some farmers are using urea and other chemical fertilizers, which can exacerbate
the soil acidity problem, but not all are able to afford these materials.
While this project will end in December, we are planning to continue working with the
IDPs in 2004. We will need to continue assisting the IDPs with the technical knowledge
on how to sustainably cultivate the peatlands. We will need to focus on more effective
land and water management strategies, working with the community to develop long-
term resource management plans. Some ideas for future activities include integration of a
livestock component (possibly poultry) to diversify the agriculture system, provide
alternative sources of income and nutrients for the soil. Further promotion of N-fixing
plants will also be necessary to improve soil fertility. We will also need to improve
marketing, increasing access to markets and investigating alternative cash crops. As rice
cultivation is not possible at some of the sites, farmers depend on the sale of cash crops to
purchase rice. Finally, we will also need to work with the IDPs to regularize their legal
status and help them obtain legal title to their land.
Bibliography
Penyusunan Rencana Tata Ruang Desa (RTRD) Relokasi, Laporan Akhir (2000).
Propinsi Kalimantan Barat, Kabupaten Pontianak, Lokasi Parit Sumber Bahagia 1,
Parit Sumber Bahagia 2 (Parit Sidomulyo), Pulau Nyamuk. Prepared by
Konsultan PT. Sari Yasa Renjana untuk Kantor Wilayah Transmigrasi
Kalimantan Barat, Proyek Pembinaan Transmigrasi dan Mobilitas Penduduk,
Propinsi Kalimantan Barat.
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Penyusunan Rencana Tata Ruang Desa (RTRD) Relokasi, Laporan Akhir (2001).
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Tebang Kacang, Lokasi Bhakti Suci (Non-pertanian). Prepared by Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional, Universitas Tanjung Pura, Lembaga Penelitian untuk
Pemerintah Propinsi Kalimantan Barat, Dinas Sosial Tenaga Kerja dan
Kependudukan, Proyek Penyiapan Pengerahan Penempatan dan Pemberdayaan
Kawasan Transmigrasi.
Penyusunan Rencana Tata Ruang Desa (RTRD) Relokasi, Laporan Akhir (2001).
Propinsi Kalimantan Barat, Kabupaten Pontianak, Kecamatan Sungai Raya, Desa
Kuala Dua, Lokasi Parit Haji Ali. Prepared by Departemen Pendidikan Nasional,
Universitas Tanjung Pura, Lembaga Penelitian untuk Pemerintah Propinsi
Kalimantan Barat, Dinas Sosial Tenaga Kerja dan Kependudukan, Proyek
Penyiapan Pengerahan Penempatan dan Pemberdayaan Kawasan Transmigrasi.
Penyusunan Rencana Teknis Satuan Pemukiman (RTSP), Tahap III A dan Rencana
Teknis Jalan (RTJ) Pola TU-TPLB (Hemat Lahan), Draft Laporan Akhir, Volume
1, Laporan Utama (1999/2000). Propinsi Kalimantan Barat, Kabupaten
Pontianak, Lokasi Tebang Kacang, SP 1 dan 2. Prepared by Departemen
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Universitas Tanjungpura, Lembaga Penelitian untuk
Departemen Transmigrasi dan Pemukiman Perambah Hutan R.I., Direktorat
Jenderal Permukiman, Bagian Proyek Pemukiman Kembali Korban Kerusuhan
Sambas, Propinsi Kalimantan Barat.
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