private sector and security technology for Homeland security

a d va n c i n g t h e r e f o r m a g e n d a RefoRm in action Fr om the storefr ont to the fr ont lines: The Private Sector and Homeland Security Investment BoaRD of DiRectoRS The Honorable Charles Bass New Hampshire Charles Kolb Committee for Economic Development Pam Pryor Convoy of Hope Cecilia Martinez Executive Director fRom the StoRefRont to the fRont LineS: THE PrivaTE SECTor & HomElaND SECuriTy iNvESTmENT PRoJect DiRectoRS Tina Guthrie reform institute Robert W. Kelly managing Partner CenTauri Solutions, llC Senior advisor, reform institute Editor CHRIS DREIBELBIS reform institute the Reform institute 300 north Washington St, Suite 600 alexandria, Va 22314 tel (703) 535-6897 fax (866) 863-5510 www.reforminstitute.org HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY AND BUILDING A MORE RESILIENT AMERICA: A Message from Senior Advisor Robert W. Kelly  T he United States recently observed anniversaries regarding the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and Hurricane Katrina in late August 2005. The repercussions of these tragic events still haunt us. The indelible images of suffering and destruction and of the heroic efforts of first responders and ordinary citizens remain with us. Another legacy of these episodes is the lingering concern over our ability to respond to and bounce back from a catastrophic event. In the case of both September 11 and Hurricane Katrina, first responders were hampered in their efforts by the lack of proper equipment and the inability of responders in different agencies to communicate with each other. The World Trade Center in New York City was chosen as a target on 9/11 because it represented America’s economic power. The major stock exchanges in New York were closed for several days after the attacks and financial markets remained anxious long after the attacks, which exacerbated a recession that was already underway. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, damaged and destroyed offshore oil platforms and refineries in the region caused a significant spike in gas prices across the country. Damaged infrastructure impeded efforts to assist and evacuate victims in the Gulf Coast and affected the shipping of goods to and through the region. The Gulf Coast is still far from recovering economically from the disaster and progress in rebuilding the infrastructure there has been slow. Much of the emphasis at the federal level remains on preventing another terrorist attack. Although authorities deserve much credit for the absence of any terrorist attacks on U.S. soil since 9/11, we cannot afford to ignore the fact that our enemies are still actively trying to strike us again, nor can we prevent natural disasters from occurring. The U.S. must do more to strengthen the resiliency of our critical infrastructure and supply chain so that the nation can withstand a catastrophic event without severely disrupting economic and social activity. Channeling the technological advancements being generated by our entrepreneurial economy towards developing a more resilient society will vastly improve our security prospects. Resiliency will be the major focus of the Reform Institute’s work in homeland security. This is the first of a series of reports to advance innovation, collaboration, and leadership in building a more resilient nation. This report examines a cross section of technology solutions that involve the following sectors: emergency response, port security, transportation, and interoperability. The Institute will also study critical issues such as cargo container security, protecting the global supply chain, and the link between drug trafficking and terrorism in upcoming monographs. Robert W. Kelly Managing Partner, CenTuari Solutions, LLC Senior Advisor, Reform Institute  ACKNOW l e d g e m e n ts Tina Guthrie Robert Kelly Matthew Freedman Suzanne Luft Cecilia Martinez Chris Dreibelbis Motorola, Inc. Sprint Nextel C-AT, Communications-Applied Technology Planet Associates Inc. CSX Transportation Iridium Satellite LLC ICx Technologies, Inc. Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, Inc. Foster-Miller, Inc. – QinetiQ North America Google Alcatel Lucent General Electric Global Research   TABLE of CONTENTS A Message from Senior Advisor Robert Kelly.................................................................................... Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................. Introduction: Embracng.Prvate.Technology.for.the.Publc.Good....................................... 1 Chapter 1: Emergency.Response................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 2: Port.Securty............................................................................................................... 8 . Chapter 3: Transportaton.......................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 4:.Interoperablty......................................................................................................... 14 About The Reform Institute........................................................................................................ 21   INTRODUCTION EMBR AC I N G P R I VAT E TECH N OLO G Y  for the Public Good C uttng-edge.technologes.such.as.Global. Postonng.System.(GPS).trackng. devces,.geospatal.mappng,.and.wreless. avalablty.have.become.pervasve.n.our.socety...Whle.the.average.consumer.has.benefted. mmensely.from.new.technologes.and.the.nnovatve.uses.developed.for.them.by.enterprsng. frms.n.a.compettve.market,.the.publc.sector. has.yet.to.effectvely.captalze.on.these.advancements...In.order.to.buld.a.more.secure.and. reslent.naton,.we.must.embrace.prvate.sector. nnovatons.and.technology.and.develop.ways. to.mplement.them.n.a.cost-effectve.manner... Takng.advantage.of .the.new.technologes.comng. to.the.forefront.every.day.must.be.a.crtcal.component.of .the.government’s.homeland.securty. strategy. The.Department.of .Homeland.Securty.(DHS). and.the.ndvdual.state.homeland.departments. must.reform.ther.practces.n.order.to.adopt. technology.that.wll.have.a.substantal.mpact.n. advancng.our.natonal.securty...Although.technologcal.advances.offer.promsng.solutons.to. some.of .our.greatest.natonal.securty.concerns,. homeland.securty.authortes.must.be.dscernng.consumers.n.procurng.such.technology...As. former.Homeland.Securty.Secretary.Tom.Rdge. warned.n.an.ntervew.wth.IBIA,.the.government.needs.to.be.careful.t.sn’t.persuaded.to.buy. technology.that.does.not.meet.msson.requrements...“Vendors.are.strong.n.ths.town,”.he. 1 sad,.referrng.to.Washngton...“The.government. can.end.up.buyng.technology.that.mght.not.be. the.most.approprate.for.a.task.and.have.only.a. margnal.mpact.”..Lessons.from.the.prvate.sector.offer.gudance.for.the.publc.sector..The.prvate.sector.nvests.n.technology.usng.a.return. on.nvestment.model..It.s.hghly.motvated.to. purchase.technology.that.s.not.only.approprate. for.the.task.but.that.also.wll.yeld.the.greatest. return..Ths.mndset.s.sorely.lackng.n.the.publc.sector. IN ORDER TO BUILD A MORE SECURE AND RESILIENT NATION, WE MUST EMBRACE PRIVATE SECTOR INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOP THEM IN A COSTEFFECTIVE MANNER. Entrepreneural.companes.are.constantly. researchng.and.developng.new.technologes.to.support.and.enhance.exstng.products... Accordng.to.the.Wall Street Journal,.sxty-three. percent.of .cell.phones.sold.n.2007.wll.be. equpped.wth.a.GPS.locator...A.new.cell.phone. program.started.by.a.company.called.Loopt.uses. GPS.trackng.to.allow.users.wthn.the.network. FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . . The.Reform.Insttute to.locate.other.partcpatng.users.utlzng.an. onlne.map.or.a.cell.phone.that.has.access.to. the.nternet.1.Such.off-the-shelf .technologes. could.have.major.mplcatons.for.homeland. securty.and.emergency.preparedness.personnel...Durng.a.dsaster,.these.new.GPS.lnkng. networks.could.ad.emergency.responders.n. search.and.rescue.efforts...Frends.and.famly. could.go.onlne.and.fnd.the.locaton.of .loved. ones.affected.by.a.dsaster,.whch.could.then. be.passed.on.to.Red.Cross.and.emergency. responders... New.technology.companes,.such.as.Loopt,. have.the.potental.to.become.an.nvaluable. partner.to.DHS.and.emergency.preparedness. personnel,.allowng.them.to.be.more.effectve. when.conductng.search.and.rescue.operatons...Partnerng.wth.the.prvate.sector.n. advance.also.ncreases.coordnaton.effectveness.of .frst.responders.and.the.prvate.sector...These.partnershps.also.establsh.strong. workng.relatonshps.between.the.prvate.and. publc.sectors.that.pay.long-term.dvdends. Innovatve.technologes.offer.benefts. to.homeland.securty.beyond.adng.frst. responders...Ths.report.dentfes.and.pro- motes.technologes.and.solutons.that.present. a.hgh.probablty.of .success.n.decreasng.our. natonal.vulnerabltes.to.specfc.threats... The.Reform.Insttute.s.dedcated.to.promotng.nnovaton,.collaboraton.and.leadershp.n.homeland.and.natonal.securty.polcy... Developng.and.applyng.cuttng-edge.nnovatons.n.protectng.the.naton.wll.requre. extensve.collaboraton.between.the.publc.and. prvate.sectors...The.report.ncludes.examples. of .successful.publc/prvate.partnershps.n.producng.and.deployng.new.technologes...Fnally,. as.shown.n.these.examples,.leadershp.from. homeland.securty.authortes.s.requred.to.adapt. these.technologes.for.use.n.the.demandng.publc.safety.and.homeland.securty.envronment. The.goal.of .ths.report.s.to.rase.awareness. wthn.the.Department.of .Homeland.Securty. (DHS),.Congress,.state.and.local.government,. and.state.homeland.securty.centers.on.ways.. n.whch.to.captalze.on.technologcal.advancement.n.the.prvate.sector.for.the.publc.good... In.addton,.the.report.provdes.nsght.nto.the. prvate.sector’s.ablty.to.reconstruct.new.or. exstng.technologes.n.order.to.protect.. our.naton... 2 ChapTeR 1 E MER gen c y R E S p on s e :  Empowering First Responders and Citizens alabama Googles “help” E mergency.responders.ncludng.polce,. fre.and.emergency.medcal.servce.are. on.the.frontlnes.of .any.major.catastrophe.and.cannot.afford.to.be.hndered.by. lack.of .proper.tools..Emergency.responders. are.prmarly.funded.by.the.states..The.federal. government.also.provdes.mones.to.the.states. through.the.Homeland.Securty.Grant.Program.2. The.recently.passed.legslaton.enactng.many.of .the. recommendatons.of .the. 9/11.Commsson.ttled,. Improving America’s Security Act of 2007,.allows.for.a. greater.percentage.of .the. funds.allocated.to.the.states. to.be.dstrbuted.accordng. to.a.rsk-based.formula,. wth.the.fxed.fundng.to. the.states.reduced.3.The. fxed.pool.of .money.from. the.federal.government.to. the.states.has.been.shrnkng.over.recent.years,.and. the.new.requests.for.grants.need.to.be.more.targeted.to.the.new.fundng.mechansm..Ths.chapter.wll.hghlght.technology.that.s.already.n. exstence,.and.that.can.be.updated.for.homeland. securty.use.n.the.states,.and.hghlghts.some. new.technologes.that.are.on.the.horzon.. 3 In.past.artcles.and.Congressonal.testmony,.the. Reform.Insttute.has.noted.that.geospatal.mappng.programs.such.as.Google Earth.provde. an.excellent.resource.for.empowerng.emergency. responders.and.the.publc.to.better.plan.and. make.decsons.n.tmes.of .dsaster..As.we.wtnessed.n.New.Orleans.wth.Hurrcane.Katrna,. the.mmedate.aftermath. of .a.catastrophe.s.a.crucal. perod.when.ndvduals. often.must.make.decsons. and.take.acton.before. authortes.can.respond.. Empowerng.ndvduals.to. create.and.share.response. plans.wth.ther.famles. or.co-workers.remans. an.essental.unmet.need.. Google.Earth.s.an.off-theshelf .technology.that.can.be. enhanced.to.meet.the.needs. of .emergency.responders. and.the.publc. Alabama.has.partnered.wth.Google.Earth.to. create.a.new.program.called.“Vrtual.Alabama.”4. The.Alabama.Department.of .Homeland.Securty. (AL.DHS).states.that.ths.program.allows.users. to.vew.a.wde.varety.of .nformaton,.ncludng. nfrastructure,.evacuaton.routes,.flood.zones,. FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . . The.Reform.Insttute “THE GOOGLE EARTH ENTERPRISE HAS PROVIDED A HIGHLY EFFECTIVE FRAMEWORK IN WHICH TO SUPPORT PUBLIC SECTOR PROGRAMS IN ALABAMA.” —ALABAMA STATE HOMELAND SECURITY OFFICE. school.dstrcts.and.watersheds..Agences.usng. the.program.access.ths.nformaton.through. a.secure,.Web-based.applcaton..The.program. began.by.creatng.a.database.of .polce.statons,. hosptals,.utlty.lnes,.and.other.pertnent. nfrastructure..Ths.was.done.through.a.collaboratve.effort.from.all.the.countes.n.the. state..All.government.workers.have.access.to. the.webste,.and.can.ether.send.n.ther.nformaton,.or.they.can.upload.ther.nformaton. drectly.to.the.onlne.program..The.platform. allows.them.to.create.3D.modelng.of .buldngs,.crtcal.nfrastructure.mappng,.and.emergency.evacuaton.routng.. “What.makes.Vrtual.Alabama.so.remarkable.s.the.nput.and.collaboraton.wth.countes.and.other.state.agences,”.sad.Alabama. Homeland.Securty.Drector.Jm.Walker..“We. are.lterally.buldng.ths.program.from.the. ground.up.and.t.s.very.encouragng.to.see.all. levels.of .government.and.ndustry.workng.so. well.together..It’s.really.a.grassroots.effort.that. allows.the.people.who.wll.beneft.from.the. program.to.help.create.t.”. Accordng.to.AL.DHS,.future.applcatons. of .the.ongong.project.are.to.nclude:.delverng.detaled.vews.of .the.nterors.of .buldngs,. ncludng.furnture.and.lve.footage;.drectng. responder.teams.n.emergences.through.the. platform;.overlayng.real-tme.data.(traffc,. etc.).wth.route.mappng.to.better.manage. and.control.resources;.and.ntegratng.a.publc. emergency.broadcast.system..“The.Google. Earth.Enterprse.has.provded.a.hghly.effectve.framework.n.whch.to.support.publc. sector.programs.n.Alabama..As.a.platform,.t. has.helped.produce.the.common.operatonal. 4 pcture.needed.to.protect.lves.and.safeguard. Alabama.ctzens.n.tmes.of .man-made.or.natural.dsasters..Havng.a.secure,.dynamc,.common.nformaton-sharng.platform.has.allowed. Alabama.to.reach.the.next.level.n.emergency. preparedness.and.dsaster.management,”.accordng.to.the.state.homeland.securty.offce..“When. a.tornado.ht.the.state.on.March.1,.the.Federal. Emergency.Management.Agency,.Natonal. Guard.and.other.organzatons.helpng.n.the. clean-up.were.able.to.connect.to.the.ste.and. fnd.useful.data.on.gas.ppelnes,.property.owner. names.and.other.pertnent.nformaton.”. The.program.s.currently.operatonal.n.56. out.of .57.countes.wth.more.than.1500.users. representng.hundreds.of .agences..The.success.of .the.program.wll.depend.on.how.the. Alabama.state.government.uses.the.new.web. portal.to.nform.the.publc.durng.an.emergency..In.order.to.be.effcent,.the.publc.wll. need.tmely.nformaton.on.evacuaton.routes,. hosptal.and.shelter.avalablty.and.closures,.and. avalablty.of .water.and.fuel.durng.evacuaton. delays..It.s.crtcal.that.key.players.n.all.hosptals,.shelters,.meda.outlets,.and.the.Department. of .Transportaton.have.access.to.update.the. nformaton.onlne.durng.an.emergency.. Because.stuatonal.awareness.s.the.frst.prorty. n.an.emergency,.access.to.the.system.for.these. key.players.wll.provde.mportant.management. tools.for.crss.managers.and.frst.responders.. The.publc.wll.also.be.better.nformed.as.a. result.of .ths.cohesve.effort.by.the.state. Alabama.and.Google.Earth.have.done.commendable.work.n.coordnatng.ths.ntal.effort.. By.manpulatng.ths.program.to.make.t.more. robust,.the.publc.wll.be.provded.wth.the. most.up-to-date.nformaton.possble..Ths.also. provdes.the.opportunty.for.ndvduals.to.fnd. the.nformaton.themselves.onlne.or.through. the.local.meda.wthout.burdenng.the.already. overwhelmed.emergency.responders.. electronic Mapping That is easy to Use and Distribute Durng.a.major.catastrophe,.frst.responders.need.to.have.access.to.the.most.up-to- C H A P T E R 1 —. Emergency.Response:.Empowering First Responders and Citizens date.nformaton.avalable..Durng.Hurrcane. Katrna.n.2005.ncomplete.nformaton.relayed. between.responders.at.the.scene.and.offcals. n.Washngton,.namely.the.Federal.Emergency. Management.Agency.(FEMA).and.DHS,.exacerbated.the.chaotc.stuaton..Intally,.DHS.thought. that.there.was.only.one.locaton.where.the.survvors.had.been.postoned;.they.had.assumed.that. the.Superdome.and.the.Conventon.Center.were. the.same.locaton..If .there.was.a.more.up-to-date. mappng.capablty,.ths.confuson.could.have. been.negated..Both.maps.would.have.been.dstrbuted.to.all.partes,.and.would.have.provded. stuatonal.awareness.to.all.nvolved..In.addton,. federal.authortes.would.have.had.a.clearer.pcture.of .the.amount.of .people.that.needed.food,. water,.supples,.and.eventual.evacuaton.. Planet Associates Inc..s.lookng.to.solve. many.of .these.dstrbuton.problems.5.The.company.has.created.an.Intellgent.Infrastructure. PDF.(PDF).system.targeted.to.mprove.stuatonal.awareness.for.emergency.responders,.state. emergency.management.personnel,.FEMA,.and. DHS...Ths.devce.would.send.floor.plans,.maps,. and.other.detals.needed.to.the.frst.responder,. whch.would.be.readable.n.PDF.format..The. newer.PDF.verson.also.ncludes.the.ablty.to. vew.embedded.data.and.clck.through.the.documents.n.a.layered.approach..Ths.wll.allow. nformaton.to.pop-up.and.brng.documents.that. contan.geospatal.data,.CAD.drawngs,.maps,. and.spreadsheet.data. Ideally.these.new.software.platforms.should. be.easy.to.use.and.requre.lttle.tranng..Ths. system.should.only.requre.one.to.two.days. for.tranng.and.because.t.uses.a.PDF.format,. whch.most.people.have.used.n.ther.day-to-day. lfe,.t.uses.an.exstng.technology.that.would.be. easly.adopted. has.been.crtczed.for.not.alertng.students.to. the.shootngs.and.encouragng.them.to.stay.n. ther.dorm.rooms..The.frst.shootng.occurred. on.campus.at.7:15.a.m..and.the.unversty.dd. not.nform.students.untl.9:26.a.m..that.there. had.been.a.shootng.on.campus..The.nformaton.was.relayed.over.e-mal..When.the.second. ncdent.occurred.there.was.a.second.e-mal. sent.wthn.eght.mnutes.of .the.shootng. warnng.students.to.stay.ndoors.and.to.lock. the.doors..Another.alert.system.that.could.have. been.used.to.warn.students.was.the.school’s. sren,.but.t.was.not.consdered.because.t.was. only.used.for.weather-related.warnngs..The. school.dd.not.have.a.mechansm.n.place.to. nform.all.students.of .the.shootng..E-mals. are.not.useful.to.students.n.transt.or.those. already.n.the.classroom.. Texting alerts on Campus The.recent.tragedy.at.Vrgna.Tech.Unversty. hghlghts.the.need.for.ncreased.preparedness.at. our.schools..On.Aprl.16,.2007,.Seung-Hu.Cho,. a.Vrgna.Tech.student,.murdered.32.people. on.campus.and.njured.25.before.he.commtted. sucde..The.unversty’s.response.to.the.ncdent. 5 Accordng.to.M:Metrc.researchers,.16.6.mllon.college.students.have.cell.phones,.whch. represents.95.percent.of .the.17.5.mllon.full-. and.part-tme.college.students.counted.by.the. Census..These.statstcs.pont.to.a.remarkable. opportunty.to.provde.emergency.nformaton. to.students.n.a.tmely.manner.durng.a.crss.. Textng.and.nstant.messagng.over.cell.phones. represent.contemporary.modes.of .communcaton.that.are.wdely.used,.especally.by.members. of .Generaton.Y.(ages.18-30)..These.technologes.can.be.used.to.nform.communtes.about. pendng.natural.dsasters.or.other.emergences. Snce.the.school.shootngs,.Vrgna.Tech.has. contracted.wth.the.National Notification FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . . The.Reform.Insttute Network,.whch.wll.provde.cell.phone.alerts,. phone.calls.drectly.to.dorm.rooms,.and.nstant. message.pop-ups.workng.wth.AOL,.MSN,.and. Yahoo.startng.at.the.begnnng.of .the.new.fall. semester.6.. Roam Secure Inc.,.another.alert.notfcaton. company,.holds.a.current.contract.wth.Vrgna. state.agences.to.provde.ths.mportant.servce.7. The.company’s.most.recent.contract.s.wth.the. Unversty.of .Mary.Washngton.n.Vrgna..The. contract.wll.cost.$40,000.wth.annual.renewal. fees..Ths.servce.wll.also.provde.text.alerts.to. cell.phones.durng.an.emergency.to.all.students. and.faculty,.nearby.graduate.and.professonal. studes.students,.and.to.parents..“The.recent. tragedy.at.Vrgna.Tech.emphaszed.the.mportance.of .havng.such.a.system.n.place,”.Teresa. Mannx,.drector.of .news.and.publc.nformaton.at.the.unversty,.sad.n.an.e-mal..“It.s. our.goal.that.we.can.be.prepared.for.any.crss.” Many.unverstes.across.the.country.have. now.begun.to.assess.the.vablty.of .text.alert. systems,.ncludng.colleges.n.Texas,.Florda,. New.York,.and.Pennsylvana..Ths.mportant. tool.has.also.been.recognzed.by.such.dverse. nsttutons.as.the.U.S..Ar.Force,.Homeland. Securty’s.Natonal.Medcal.Response.Teams,. the.Red.Cross,.and.the.Los.Angeles.County. Department.of .Health..Mir3,.based.n.San. Dego,.holds.the.contracts.wth.these.enttes.8.. The.company.also.holds.smaller.contracts.wth. local.grocery.stores.that.utlze.the.servce.for. removng.recalled.food.tems. Preparedness.plans.must.nclude.redundances..There.s.no.one.plan.that.wll.notfy.everyone.across.campus,.but.nvolvng.more.people. n.the.network.and.n.the.decson.makng. process.wll.make.communtes.safer.and.more. reslent.n.the.long.term..Also,.n.addton.to. alertng.students.for.preventon,.addtonal. steps.should.be.taken.to.prepare.for.response.. For.example,.establshng.short.range.secure. wreless.mesh.systems.on.college.campuses.that. frst.responders.could.use.to.access.nteror. vdeo.securty.cameras.n.a.hostage.stuaton. would.provde.addtonal.stuatonal.awareness. useful.for.ncdent.response. 6 Using Wi-Fi to Connect Responders After.a.large-scale.dsaster,.such.as.the.brdge. collapse.n.Mnneapols,.Mnnesota.n.August. 2007,.trage.unts.are.set.up.n.order.to.provde.mmedate.care.to.the.vctms.of .the. event..Ths.can.be.an.extremely.confusng. tme,.tryng.to.shuffle.patents.to.hosptals. that.may.already.be.full.or.over-capacty.. Dependng.on.the.amount.of .njures.and. casualtes,.t.can.be.very.dffcult.for.famly.and.frends.to.locate.loved.ones.because. there.s.no.database.to.track.each.person’s. whereabouts..New.wreless.technologes.are. now.allowng.the.process.of .tragng.patents. to.be.more.effcent,.and.less.of .a.logstcal. nghtmare.. Accordng.to.Jonathan.Tech,.professor. of .medcne.at.Harvard.Unversty.and.an. attendng.physcan.n.emergency.medcne.at. Brgham.and.Women’s.Hosptal.(BWH),.“It’s. very.hard.to.keep.those.patents.n.track.and. make.sure.we.are.handlng.all.of .the.most. serous.cases.rght.away.”.The.Unversty.of . Calforna,.San.Dego.s.also.startng.an.ntatve.called.the.Wreless.Internet.Informaton. System.for.Medcal.Response.n.Dsasters. project.(WIISARD)..The.most.recent.drll. was.held.last.summer,.and.all.on-scene.frst. responders.and.publc.health.personnel. receved.Tags,.whch.are.electronc.W-F.tags. used.to.enter.the.data..The.W-F.enabled. personal.dgtal.assstants.(PDAs).were.able.. to.scan.a.barcode.on.the.tags.that.would.. catalog.patent.nformaton.ncludng.health. status.and.medcnes.that.had.been.dstrbuted;.the.scanner.was.also.used.to.upload. patent.nformaton.. Durng.the.exercse,.supervsors.were.gven. a.W-F.enabled.tablet.to.assess.the.scene,.and. scan.the.vctms’.barcodes.n.order.to.track. whch.hosptals.would.be.recevng.specfc. patents..All.data.was.then.sent.to.the.database.at.the.unversty.and.then.forwarded.to. the.ncdent.command.center. The.company.Motion Computing Inc.,. based.n.Austn,.Texas,.uses.the.technology. to.help.wth.nteroperablty.ssues.to.connect. C H A P T E R 1 —. Emergency.Response:.Empowering First Responders and Citizens other.wreless.systems.9.Ths.devce.works.to. mprove.workflow.wth.sngle.ntegrated.data. capture.and.allows.for.facltaton.of .real-tme. communcatons..It.was.orgnally.used.n.consumer.electroncs.and.gamng.applcatons.. Now.ths.technology.has.been.renvented.to. provde.much.needed.assstance.to.our.emergency.responders. It.s.mportant.to.note.that.for.many.of .the. technologes.mentoned.above.to.be.avalable,. operablty.of .the.communcatons.nfrastructure.must.exst..Durng.dsasters.the.very.nfrastructure.that.these.technologes.rely.on.to.be. functonal.s.mpared.due.to.the.destructve. nature.of .natural.or.manmade.events..In.order. for.the.technologes.to.be.avalable.for.emergency.response,.plans.and.arrangements.must. be.n.place.pror.to.a.dsaster.at.local,.state.and. federal.levels.to.allow.for.the.necessary.restoraton.of .the.communcatons.nfrastructure.. The.Whte.House Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned.report.ncludes.the.recommendaton.for.commercal.rapdly.deployable.communcatons.capabltes.to.restore. operablty.and.acheve.nteroperablty..It.s. mportant.that.federal,.state.and.local.jursdctons.have.arrangements.to.deploy.communcaton.capabltes.to.augment.exstng.nfrastructure.mpared.durng.a.dsaster.and.ncrease. capacty.n.areas.saturated.wth.emergency. response.users..Sprint Nextel.has.Emergency. Response.Teams.wth.scalable.capabltes.to. rapdly.deploy.moble.nfrastructure.wth.support.teams.managng.the.entre.effort.and.provdng.support.to.end.users..Operable.communcatons.are.essental.to.emergency.response. 7 ChapTeR 2 Using Innovation to Protect Shipping P ort securit y:  S ecurng.our.ports.s.a.crtcal.aspect.of .protectng.the.supply.chan..Amerca’s.ports. are.an.ntegral.part.of .the.U.S..economy.. Accordng.to.a.study.conducted.by.Martn. Assocates,.Unted.States.deep-draft.seaports.and. seaport-related.busnesses.generated.approxmately.8.4.mllon.Amercan.jobs.and.added.nearly.$2.trllon.to.the.economy.10.A.terrorst.attack. at.a.U.S..port.or.a.catastrophc.event.that.causes. ports.to.shut.down.would.severely.dsrupt.economc.actvty..Explotng.technology.to.enhance. port.securty.wll.contrbute.substantally.to. strengthenng.the.reslency.of .the.U.S. Port.securty.has. been.a.major.focus. of .recent.acton.n. Congress..The.new. law.mplementng. many.of .the.9/11. Commsson.recommendatons.that.had. not.prevously.been. addressed.wll.requre. 100.percent.scannng.of .cargo.headed.for. Amercan.ports.by.the.year.2012.11.Technology. s.now.at.the.forefront.of .ths.mplementaton. requrement..Currently,.DHS.pre-screens.many. of .the.shppng.companes;.once.they.are.prov8 en.credble.all.of .ther.contaners.are.consdered. safe.and.not.ndvdually.scanned..The.screenng. process.s.nadequate.because.t.assumes.that. the.contaner.s.secure.throughout.the.transport. process..Technology.exsts.that.can.neutralze. ths.concern.by.guaranteeng.contaner.securty. throughout.ts.travel. Container Security Devices New.devces.are.helpng.to.contan.the.fears. that.the.next.drty.bomb.can.be.brought.nto.the. country.through.our. shppng.lanes..A.contaner.securty.devce. (CSD).has.been.manufactured.that.wll.lock. the.cargo.doors.from. the.nsde..The.system. desgned.by.the.Dutch. frm.ZOCA.locks.and. unlocks.the.devce. remotely.12.Handheld. devces.are.dstrbuted. to.customs.offcals. and.can.scan.and.relay. the.barcode.nformaton.back.to.the.company. for.verfcaton..The.company.also.verfes.the. securty.code.and.the.coordnates.before.access. s.granted.to.the.contaner..Many.companes. use.GPS.and.global.precptaton.measurement. C H A P T E R 2 —. Port.Securty: Using Innovation to Protect Shipping (GPM).technologes.n.order.to.track.cargo,. but.because.these.technologes.are.not.avalable. everywhere,.ZOCA.partnered.wth.Iridium Satellite.system.to.montor.shppng.contaners. remotely.to.further.reduce.the.threat.13 General Electric Global Research.has.also. been.nvestng.tme.and.money.nto.the.area.of . port.securty.research.14.Ther.frst.generaton. cargo.securty.technology.ncludes.a.contaner. securty.devce.smlar.to.the.devce.that.ZOCA. has.created..The.CSD.s.palm-szed.and.attaches. to.the.doorjamb.nsde.the.contaner..The.CSD. communcates.ts.locaton.and.when.and.where. t.has.been.opened.to.a.wreless.reader.at.the. port..When.the.contaner.arrves.at.the.port,.the. customs.offcals.have.access.to.ths.nformaton. as.well.. Whle.these.technologes.are.mprovng.the. safety.of .our.commercal.traffc,.there.s.stll. concern.that.the.contaner.walls.can.be.breached. and.that.the.cargo.contaner.can.be.penetrated. by.smply.removng.the.entre.door..General. Electrc.s.focusng.ts.research.to.nclude.securty.provsons.to.address.these.concerns..Lght. sensors.and.moton.sensors.can.be.added.to.the. nteror.of .the.contaner,.whch.would.alert.the. manufacturers.and.customs.offcals.f .someone. has.entered.the.contaner.through.the.doors.or. through.the.walls..In.addton,.General.Electrc. VerWse.technology.uses.a.mult-sensor.network. to.track.the.cargo.and.report.on.envronmental. condtons.of .the.cargo,.such.as.temperature.. Ths.technology.could.be.moved.nsde.of .the. cargo.contaner.at.the.begnnng.of .ts.delvery.. of .Massachusetts,.where.LNG.tankers.and.ol. product.tankers.dock.and.unload.fuel.near.resdental.areas..The.exploson.that.would.result.f . a.LNG.shp.s.attacked.would.be.dsastrous.and. could.kll.thousands.n.ts.path,.accordng.to.a. study.on.the.vulnerablty.of .Tractabel’s.Everett. Boston.faclty..16.Authortes.closed.Boston.to. LNG.mports.mmedately.followng.September. 11,.2001,.and.LNG.tankers.bound.for.the. Massachusetts.port.stll.requre.U.S..Coast. Guard.escorts.whle.200.mles.at.sea.17 ACCORDING TO A STUDY CONDUCTED BY MARTIN ASSOCIATES, UNITED STATES DEEPDRAFT SEAPORTS AND SEAPORT-RELATED BUSINESSES GENERATED APPROXIMATELY 8.4 MILLION AMERICAN JOBS AND ADDED NEARLY $2 TRILLION TO THE ECONOMY. The.future.locatng.of .LNG.facltes.n. Boston.and.other.areas.s.stll.a.concern.for. local.resdents.and.state.and.local.poltcans.. In.a.letter.to.the.Federal.Energy.Regulatory. Commsson.opposng.an.LNG.faclty.planned. near.the.cty.of .Fall.Rver,.then-Governor. Mtt.Romney.of .Massachusetts.explaned.that,. “There.s.smply.no.way.that.(t).makes.sense.to. ste.an.LNG.faclty.n.ths.locaton.n.the.post. 9/11.world.”18. In.order.to.address.these.securty.ssues. and.stop.a.small.boat.attack,.Foster-Miller, a QinetiQ.company,.has.proposed.development. of .an.advanced.Boat.Trap.system.19.Accordng. to.ther.webste,.Boat.Trap.s.a.non-lethal,.ballstc.net.that.s.deployed.from.a.helcopter.at.hgh. speed.to.ensnare.the.propellers.of .a.targeted. speedboat,.whch.would.cause.the.craft.to.stop. mmedately..The.system.was.tested.n.2005.at. Camp.Lejeune,.North.Carolna.and.at.South. Padre.Island,.Texas,.and.at.CAPEX.demonstratons.n.Honolulu,.Hawa.wth.100.percent. success..In.addton.to.homeland.securty.pro9 protecting Ships Cargo.shps.are.not.mmune.from.attacks.ether.. The.USS.Cole.was.attacked.n.2000.by.a.small. boat.carryng.explosves..In.2002,.the.Lmburg. ol.tanker.was.attacked.by.a.small.boat.flled.wth. explosves,.whch.klled.one.crew.member.and. sent.more.than.90,000.barrels.of .ol.nto.the. Gulf .of .Aden.15.Concerns.over.attacks.on.the. shppng.ndustry.were.understandably.elevated. after.September.11,.2001.. Small.boat.attacks.on.Lqud.Natural.Gas. (LNG).shps.are.a.partcular.concern.for.the.state. FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . .The.Reform.Insttute tecton.for.ports,.the.new.system.could.also.be. used.by.the.Coast.Guard.for.drug.nterdctons. Shps.can.also.be.targeted.underwater.by. ndvduals.or.wth.explosve.devces..The. Underwater.Port.Securty.System.(UPSS).s. a.combnaton.of .an.Underwater.Inspecton. System.and.an.Integrated.Ant-Swmmer. System..The.UPSS.s.a.portable.devce.that. can.be.used.wth.any.shp..The.Underwater. Inspecton.system.uses.dvers.or.a.remote. devce.that.can.be.used.when.condtons.are. dangerous.to.look.for.any.evdence.of .tamperng.wth.the.hull.of .the.shp.or.devces.under. the.pers.. The.Integrated.Ant-Swmmer.system.uses. hgh-frequency.sonar.mages.to.detect.that.t.s. ndeed.a.swmmer.and.not.some.sort.of .marne. mammal.or.another.object..The.Coast.Guard. has.also.tested.ths.system.wth.swmmers.to. try.to.fool.t..Accordng.to.Petty.Offcer.2nd. Class.Jachob.Smth,.“We’ve.had.the.dvers.go.at. the.system.at.all.speeds.and.from.all.angles,.and. t.detects.them.every.tme.” This Fido Needs No Bone The.Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002.(SAFETY).was.enacted. by.Congress.to.encourage.the.development.and. deployment.of .new.and.nnovatve.ant-terrorsm.products.and.servces.by.provdng.lablty. protectons..The.law.affords.sgnfcant.legal. lablty.protectons.for.provders.of .Qualfed. Ant-Terrorsm.Technologes,.whch.covers. both.products.and.servces..Ths.desgnaton. has.encouraged.the.development.and.operaton. of .ant-terrorsm.technologes.that.otherwse. mght.be.delayed.or.abandoned.because.of . lablty.concerns. The.Fdo.unt,.created.by.a.Washngton.D.C.. based.company, ICx,.s.one.of .the.products. wth.the.SAFETY.Act.preferred.status.desgnaton..Fdo.s.a.bomb.snffng.devce.that.s. handheld.or.can.be.mounted.on.a.vehcle.or. robot..The.applcatons.are.wdespread..The. Transportaton.Securty.Admnstraton.(TSA). began.plot-testng.the.unts.to.screen.sealed. lqud.bottles,.and.the.Dstrct.of .Columba. Department.of .Park.and.Recreaton.used.them. to.scan.the.Natonal.Mall.for.explosves. Accordng.to.ICx’s.webste,.“Fdo.explosves. detectors.utlze.propretary.amplfyng.fluorescence.polymers.(AFP).to.detect.trace.levels.of . explosve.materals.n.parts.per.quadrllon.(ppq).. Ths.level.of .detecton.s.comparable.to.that.of . hghly.traned.explosves.detecton.cannes,.the. gold.standard.n.explosves.detecton.technology..Unlke.the.alternatve,.the.exquste.senstvty. of .the.Fdo.supports.detecton.of .both.explosve.vapor.and.partculates.wthout.the.need. to.modfy.the.system.n.any.way..Ths.unque. desgn.enables.prevously.unheard.of .functonalty.for.explosves.detecton.equpment.” The.portablty.of .the.equpment.s.deal.n. a.port.where.t.s.not.feasble.to.have.a.sngle. checkpont..There.s.also.very.lttle.tranng. nvolved.wth.the.equpment;.ths.contrasts. wth.that.of .a.K-9.unt.where.the.Explosve. Detecton.K-9.course.s.a.ten.week.program. for.the.handlers.and.the.dogs.receve.sx.weeks. of .tranng.on.explosve.odors.pror.to.meetng. ther.handlers,.accordng.to.the.North.Amercan. Polce.Work.Dog.Assocaton...ICx.s.also.workng.on.long-term.solutons.to.provde.new.lowcost,.easy-to-use.capabltes.for.the.detecton. of .explosves.on.fshng.boats,.contaner.vessels,. pleasure.boats.and.other.watercraft.. 10 ChapTeR 3 T Practical Solutions to Protecting the Supply Chain Aganst.Terrorsm.(C-TPAT).program..If .the. companes.are.certfed.under.NAFTA.or.CTPAT,.they.are.allowed.to.move.through.the. “Green.Lane”.at.the.border.wth.an.expedted. nspecton.process.. Tr ans p ortat ion :  he.Unted.States.ground.transportaton. system,.whch.ncludes.ral,.mass.transt.and.truckng,.affects.all.Amercans. and.s.a.vtal.part.of .our.economy..Accordng. to.the.Amercan.Truckng.Assocaton,.n.2005. truckers.hauled.10.7.bllon.tons.of .freght..Ths. accounted.for.68.9.percent.of .the.freght.moved. n.the.country..The.ralroads.carred.more.than. 30.mllon.ral.cars.loaded.wth.coal,.chemcals,. lumber,.food.and.automobles..Protectng.crtcal.nfrastructure.s.essental.to.our.economy.. Only.recently.has.ral.and.ground.transportaton. receved.suffcent.attenton.from.federal.polcymakers..Improving America’s Security Act of 2007. wll.approprate.more.than.$4.bllon.over.four. years.for.ral,.transt,.and.bus.securty.grants.. Addtonally,.the.brdge.collapse.n.Mnnesota. has.precptated.heghtened.nterest.n.Congress. n.strengthenng.our.agng.nfrastructure.. Increased.federal.nvestment.should.complement. efforts.already.beng.undertaken.by.the.states. and.prvate.companes.. Smugglng.of .weapons.of .mass.destructon. nto.the.U.S..va.trucks.has.always.been.a.major. concern,.but.border.securty.must.be.balanced. wth.sustanng.the.commercal.actvty.that. ths.naton.reles.upon..Many.of .the.trucks.that. pass.through.our.borders.from.Mexco.and. Canada.are.gven.specal.status.under.the.North. Amercan.Free.Trade.Agreement.(NAFTA). and.now.under.the.Customs-Trade.Partnershp. 11 electronic Manifests In.October.2006,.U.S..Customs.and.Border. Protecton.(CBP).mandated.that.foregn.trucks. transmt.advance.manfest.nformaton.before. enterng.the.Unted.States.through.land.ports.of . entry.20.Mane.and.Mnnesota.are.the.latest.states. to.begn.usng.the.system;.they.have.90.days.to. use.and.test.the.system.and.wll.be.fully.operatonal.begnnng.October.16,.2007. Truckng.companes.are.adaptng.to.the.new. securty.demands.and.complyng.wth.the.addtonal.requrements..“CTA.and.the.provncal. truckng.assocatons.have.been.workng.drectly. wth.carrers,.CBP.and.U.S..customs.brokers. to.resolve.techncal.ssues.n.order.to.make.emanfest.functonal..Ths.has.been.a.dffcult.and. long.process,.but.much.has.been.accomplshed,”. sad.Canadan.Transportaton.Authorty.Chef . Executve.Offcer.Davd.Bradley.n.a.press. release. Electronc.manfests.are.an.mportant.tool.n. dentfyng.potental.smugglng.attempts.by.workers.and.terrorsts.alke..Companes.lke.Maddocks Systems Inc.,.headquartered.n.Beachwood.Oho,. are.provdng.a.valuable.asset.n.the.fght.aganst. FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . . The.Reform.Insttute smugglng.and.terrorsm..These.electronc.manfests.also.provde.addtonal.benefts.to.the.carrers,.ncludng.reducton.of .processng.tmes.at. ports.and.the.ablty.to.track.the.status.of .crew,. conveyances,.equpment,.and.shpments,.such. as.notces.that.shpments.have.arrved,.are.beng. held,.or.have.been.released. emergency Shut-Off Valves The.transport.of .chemcals.across.the.country. also.represents.a.serous.publc.safety.concern.. Respondng.to.the.threat,.the.U.S..Chemcal. Safety.and.Hazard.Investgaton.Board.(CSB). ssued.a.safety.bulletn.n.June.2007.to.emphasze.the.mportance.of .nstallng,.testng,.and. mantanng.chlorne.detecton.and.emergency. shutdown.devces.on.chlorne.ral.car.transfer. systems.21.The.chlorne.threat.s.not.hypothetcal..In.Mssour,.a.2002.chlorne.release.caused. by.a.faulty.emergency.shutdown.system.dscharged.48,000.pounds.of .chemcals.nto.the. ar..Hundreds.of .resdents.were.evacuated.or. sheltered-n-place. Accordng.to.the.Occupatonal.Safety.and. Health.Admnstraton.(OSHA),.severe.acute. effects.of .chlorne.exposure.n.humans.have. been.well.documented.snce.World.War.I,.when. chlorne.gas.was.used.as.a.chemcal.warfare. agent..Other.severe.exposures.have.resulted. from.the.accdental.rupture.of .chlorne.tanks.. These.exposures.have.caused.death,.lung.congeston,.pulmonary.edema,.pneumona,.pleursy,.and.bronchts.22.Chlorne.s.an.mportant. chemcal.used.n.the.manufacture.of .bleach,. pharmaceutcals.and.for.water.purfcaton. 12 The.CSB.has.found.that.approxmately.30. percent.of .ral.cars.do.not.have.emergency.shutdown.devces.nstalled..Prvate.manufacturers. are.producng.emergency.shut.off .valves.that.fll. ths.need.. Powell Fabrication and Manufacturing Inc.’s.Emergency.Gas.Shut.Off .Valve.Closure. Systems.are.desgned.to.prevent.sgnfcant. releases.of .hazardous.gases.lke.chlorne.23.In. the.case.of .an.accdental.release,.the.emergency. valve.closure.system.wll.close.the.valves.n.ten. seconds.or.less,.effectvely.preventng.further. release.from.the.contaner. Insttutng.the.CSB’s.recommendatons. throughout.the.ral.system.s.essental.to.protectng.our.communtes..“Chlorne.s.a.very. useful,.but.hghly.toxc.substance.that.needs. approprate.safeguards.to.prevent.releases.and. protect.the.publc,”.sad.safety.board.member. John.Bresland..Technologcal.advances.avalable. on.the.market.wll.facltate.the.safe.and.orderly. transport.of .ths.key.commodty.... protecting the Rails Through public/ private partnerships Hazardous.materals.travel.through.major.metropoltan.areas.n.the.U.S.on.a.daly.bass..The. naton’s.economy.s.dependent.on.the.movement.of .these.materals.across.the.country;. were.an.attack.to.be.carred.out,.the.homeland. securty.mplcatons.of .such.an.attack.would. be.enormous..An.accdent.or.terrorst.attack. aganst.a.tran.carryng.hazardous.materals. whle.travelng.through.a.heavly.populated.area. could.endanger.mllons.of .people.and.severely. dsrupt.an.ndspensable.part.of .our.transportaton.system..Close.collaboraton.between.the. publc.and.prvate.sectors.s.requred.to.deal. wth.ths.challenge. Authortes.n.New.Jersey,.New.York.and. Kentucky.have.formed.partnershps.wth.CSX Transportation (CSXT).to.address.ths.ssue.24. “Ensurng.that.our.freght.ral.system.s.secure.s. a.top.prorty.for.my.admnstraton,”.sad.New. Jersey.Governor.Jon.Corzne..“CSXT.deserves. credt.for.steppng.up.and.servng.as.a.model.for. a.collaboratve.publc/prvate.securty.ntatve.”25 C H A P T E R 3 —. Transportaton: Practical Solutions to Protecting the Supply Chain The.partnershp.between.the.three.states.and. the.ral.ndustry.enhances.securty.by.facltatng.communcaton.and.nformaton.sharng. between.relevant.government.authortes.and. CSXT.regardng.resources.and.the.ralroad’s. nfrastructure..CSXT.has.also.allowed.access. to.ts.Network.Operatons.Workstaton.(NOW. System).to.state.securty.and.law.enforcement. offcals..Accordng.to.CSXT,.the.system.s. an.onlne.tool.that.enables.state.offcals.to. ndependently.track.the.locaton.of .the.trans. and.provdes.contents.of .ral.cars.beng.hauled. to.each.state..All.states.wll.analyze.the.data. through.ther.local.ntellgence.fuson.centers... Access.to.the.system.allows.states.to.pro- vde.an.enhanced.stuatonal.awareness.to.frst. responders.durng.an.emergency..The.lst.of . chemcals.would.be.provded.as.well.as.locaton.of .the.tran..Because.the.events.are.beng. montored.on.a.daly.bass,.any.emergency.that. arses.wll.be.responded.to.mmedately..Ths. mproves.the.effectveness.of .the.clean-up.and. the.response.tme.of .the.frst.responders..In. addton,.New.Jersey,.New.York,.Kentucky.and. CSXT.are.takng.further.steps.by.conductng. jont.law.enforcement.and.emergency.responder. tranng,.provdng.the.state.and.ther.communtes.a.lst.of .hazardous.materals,.and.undertakng.jont.ntatves.to.reduce.vulnerabltes.at. crtcal.ponts.. 13 ChapTeR 4 Inter ope r a b i l i t y :  The Missing Link in Emergency Response T he.9/11.Commsson.cted.that.the. nablty.to.communcate.was.a.crtcal.element.at.the.World.Trade.Center,. Pentagon,.and.Somerset.County,.Pennsylvana. crash.stes,.where.multple.agences.and.multple. jursdctons.responded..The.commsson.found. that.compatble.and.adequate.communcatons. among.publc.safety.organzatons.at.the.local,. state,.and.federal.levels.remans.a.problem.and. must.be.addressed..States.have.begun.to.recognze.how.vtal.t.s.for.all.emergency.responders. to.be.able.to.communcate.quckly.and.effectvely.n.tmes.of .emergency.. In.general,.nteroperablty.refers.to.the.ablty.of .emergency.responders.to.work.seamlessly. wth.other.systems.or.products.wthout.any. “COMMUNICATIONS IN NEBRASKA IS NOT GEE-WHIZ. WHAT WE’VE DONE IS NOT FLASHY, BUT IT WORKS.” —AL BERNDT, NEBRASKA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY ASSISTANT DIRECTOR specal.effort..Wreless.communcatons.nteroperablty.specfcally.refers.to.the.ablty.of .emergency.response.offcals.to.share.nformaton.va. voce.and.data.sgnals.on.demand,.n.real.tme,. when.needed,.and.as.authorzed..For.example,. when.communcatons.systems.are.nteroperable,. polce.and.frefghters.respondng.to.a.routne. ncdent.can.talk.to.each.other.to.coordnate. efforts..Communcatons.nteroperablty.also. makes.t.possble.for.emergency.response.agences.respondng.to.catastrophc.accdents.or. dsasters.to.work.effectvely.together..Fnally,.t. allows.emergency.response.personnel.to.maxmze.resources.n.plannng.for.major.predctable. events.such.as.the.Super.Bowl.or.an.nauguraton,.or.for.dsaster.relef .and.recovery.efforts. There.are.a.varety.of .challenges.to.nteroperablty:.some.are.techncal,.some.fnancal,.and. some.stem.from.human.factors.such.as.nadequate.plannng.and.lack.of .awareness.of .the. real.mportance.of .nteroperablty..Accordng. to.a.report.publshed.n.February.2003.by.the. Natonal.Task.Force.on.Interoperablty,.the. emergency.response.communty.vews.the.followng.as.the.key.ssues.hamperng.emergency. response.wreless.communcatons: •. Incompatble.and.agng.communcatons.. equpment;. •. Lmted.and.fragmented.budget.cycles.and.. fundng;. 14 C H A P T E R 4 —. Interoperablty:.The Missing Link in Emergency Response Motorola in the States “Wireless communications is a critical tool for our nation’s public safety agencies, especially given today’s heightened homeland security concerns. It is the mechanism for providing our first responders with the right information at the right time and in the right place, whether that information is transferred via voice, data, or images. Spectrum designated for exclusive use by public safety is the lifeline to their emergency response, detection and prevention capabilities. Simply put, without access to adequate spectrum, wireless communications cannot take place, effectively and ubiquitously.” Gregory Brown, President and Chief Operating Officer of Motorola, in prepared testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, June 11, 2003 The State of Michigan “Michigan Public Safety Communications System” (MPSCS) provides a perfect example of statewide shared networks that serve the communications needs for multiple levels of government. The August 2003 blackout, which was the largest in United States history, proved the value of MPSCS. While commercial wireless carriers were failing due to overuse and lack of emergency power systems at their tower sites, MPSCS continued to provide dependable uninterrupted communications to its users. MPSCS also played a role to State of Michigan Emergency Management through its Network Communications Center, by identifying the blackout area through its alarm and control capabilities. Recently, MPSCS has provided interoperable communications for multiple agencies for large-scale events like the 2005 AllStar Game and the 2006 Super Bowl. STARCOM21 is a statewide digital Project 25 (P25) trunked mobile radio system built, owned and operated by Motorola in partnership with the State of Illinois. STARCOM21 provides public safety agencies with the sophisticated tools they need to do their jobs more effectively plus the interoperability to allow communications with federal, state and local agencies. Participating public safety agencies pay Motorola a monthly fee, based on a contract-specified service level to utilize the network. Another essential quality of the STARCOM21 solution is the incorporation of 700 MHz spectrum into the design. STARCOM21 users have the opportunity to immediately take advantage of this additional spectrum since most of the State of Illinois is clear of the incumbent TV broadcasters in the band. The STARCOM21 architecture will accommodate the new spectrum and allow for continued growth of the network. New spectrum provides the needed capacity for the expansion and continued build-out of mission critical systems. The DTV bill which Congress recently passed will clear 24 MHz of new spectrum for critically important public safety interoperable communications and provide $1 billion for new public safety radios. The new 700MHz spectrum can provide a graceful migration path to P25 standards-based solutions and will bring added features. •. Lmted.and.fragmented.plannng.and.coordnaton;. •. Lmted.and.fragmented.rado.spectrum;.and •. Lmted.equpment.standards. Linking Responders Law.enforcement,.fre.servce,.emergency. medcal.servce,.and.other.emergency.response. personnel.are.makng.progress.towards.effectve.and.modern.msson.crtcal.communcaton.systems..Spendng.habts.n.the.states.are. also.reflectng.ths.focus..Federal.grant.funds. 15 have.shfted.from.spendng.28.percent.on. communcatons.equpment.n.2003,.to.over.70. percent.n.2006..Much.of .the.communcatons. equpment.used.by.emergency.responders.s. beng.upgraded.to.the.Project.25.(P25).sute. of .standards-based.dgtal.equpment,.whch. mproves.communcaton.between.state.and. local.governments.and.between.neghborng. local.jursdctons..A.partnershp.among.user. representatves.from.federal.agences,.state.and. local.governments,.plus.ndustry.manufacturers. s.drvng.a.standards.process.that.enables.the. FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . . The.Reform.Insttute offerng,.compettve.procurement,.and.operaton.of .nteroperable.dgtal.two-way.wreless. communcatons.products.and.systems.that. meet.msson.crtcal.needs.of .publc.safety. practtoners.. “HAVING AN ICRI WILL REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE BECAUSE WE RESPOND TO A LOT OF MUTUAL-AID SITUATIONS, AND IT WILL HELP US BRING EVERYONE TOGETHER AND HELP US DO OUR JOBS BETTER.” —MOUNT LAUREL (NJ) POLICE DEPARTMENT LIEUTENANT JOSEPH LEHMANN JR. A.key.enabler.for.nteroperablty.s.the.exstence.or.planned.deployment.of .statewde.or. regonal.publc.safety.networks..Many.states. and.regons.have.sgnfcant.nvestments.n. large-scale.shared.networks..These.networks. offer.a.hgh.degree.of .nteroperablty.wthn. ther.geographc.coverage.areas.and.can.be. lnked.to.other.networks.through.gateways.. To.date,.thrty-one.states.have.or.are.n.the. process.of .deployng.statewde.networks.(three. more.are.currently.n.procurement)..Recent. trends.towards.regonal,.mult-jursdctonal. and.mult-dscplnary.approaches.can.meet. the.needs.of .cty,.county.and.local.users.whle. mprovng.day-to-day.msson.effectveness. and.ncdent.response.nteroperablty.when. needed... In.Nebraska,.studes.conducted.as.early.as. 1992.found.gaps.n.rado.coverage,.outdated. equpment,.and.ncompatble.communcatons. systems..Accordng.to.the.assstant.drector.of . the.Nebraska.Emergency.Management.Agency,. Al.Berndt,.“Communcatons.n.Nebraska.s. not.gee-whz..What.we’ve.done.s.not.flashy,. but.t.works.”.Wth.federal.dollars,.Nebraska. has.acqured.hand-held.rados.and.car-mounted. moble.rados.and.pagers,.bult.new.towers,.and. replaced.old.dspatcher.consoles... 16 Whle.standards.for.compatblty.and. nteroperablty.may.address.communcatons. between.dsparate.technologes,.they.do.not. address.the.need.to.communcate.across.systems.and.rados.operatng.n.dfferent.frequency. bands..Mult-band.and.software.defned.rado. technology.wll.allow.frst.responders.to.roam. and.operate.drectly.on.systems.that.employ.dfferent.spectrum..To.facltate.communcatons. between.urban.frst.responders.usng.an.800. MHz.trunked.rado.system.and.a.rural.sherff . wth.a.hgh.band.rado.system,.companes.lke. Communications-Applied Technology, C-AT,.a.Vrgna.based,.veteran-owned,.small. busness.telecommuncatons.company,.are. lookng.to.support.state.agences.and.ncorporate.rapdly.deployable.solutons.that.wll.allow. for.quck.set-up.durng.a.natural.dsaster.or. man-made.ncdent.27. Accordng.to.the.company’s.webste,.the. Incdent.Commanders’.Rado.Interface.(ICRI). provdes.for.tactcal.rado.nteroperablty.for. emergency.response.personnel,.and.nterconnects.muncpal.publc.safety.rados,.state.and. federal.rados.and.telephone.n.just.a.couple. of .mnutes.through.the.unmanned.ICRI..It. also.helps.to.enhance.the.rado.lnk.between. an.emergency.response.team.operatng.n.areas. of .poor.rado.frequency.transmsson,.such.as. n.tunnels.or.buldngs..DHS.has.also.seen.the. value.n.provdng.small.communtes.wth.tactcal.nteroperable.communcatons.equpment.. Under.the.Commercal.Equpment.Drect. Assstance.Program.(CEDAP).program,.FEMA. dstrbuted.71.of .the.ICRI.devces.to.select. smaller.communtes.wth.populatons.of .less. than.100,000.people. In.New.Jersey,.the.Mount.Laurel.polce. department.has.been.a.recpent.of .the.CEDAP. program..The.nterface.has.been.extremely.successful.n.solvng.the.nteroperablty.ssues.they. have.been.havng..The.New.Jersey.State.Polce. operate.on.800.MHz.and.wll.be.movng.to.the. dgtal.700.MHz.frequency.n.the.near.future.. Other.agences.n.the.area.can.be.found.on. VHF.and.UHF..Accordng.to.MLPD.Leutenant. Joseph.Lehmann.Jr.,.“Havng.an.ICRI.wll.really. C H A P T E R 4 —. Interoperablty:.The Missing Link in Emergency Response make.a.dfference.because.we.respond.to.a. lot.of .mutual-ad.stuatons,.and.t.wll.help.us. brng.everyone.together.and.help.us.do.our.jobs. better.”..In.the.future.ctes.may.opt.for.other. solutons.ncludng.wreless.nfrastructure.and. Internet.Protocol.(IP)solutons,.but.because. these.alternatves.are.years.away.from.functonalty,.an.nterface.system.wll.be.extremely.helpful.for.fre,.EMS.and.law.enforcement.n.the. short.term. The.challenge.for.the.federal.government.n. the.area.of .nteroperablty.does.not.end.wth. fundng.for.equpment..Equpment.for.our. frst.responders.s.a.prorty,.but.along.wth.that. should.come.dedcated.fundng.for.mantenance,.updatng.software,.and.on-gong.tranng. for.new.software..If .there.s.not.an.nvestment. n.the.long.term.vablty.of .the.equpment,.t. wll.st.statonary.and.the.federal.mones.wll. be.wasted.n.the.long.run..Ether.the.federal. government.needs.to.dedcate.fundng.for.longterm.strateges.or.the.states.need.to.show.that. they.can.support.ths.technology.for.long-term. pror.to.recevng.fundng.. In.addton.to.C-AT,.Motorola.s.workng.to. develop.mult-band.rado.capablty.and.software.based.waveforms.to.overcome.frequency. lmtatons.to.land.moble.rado.(LMR).based. communcatons.technology.28.Motorola.also. recognzes.that.prvate.IP.networks.and.the. Internet.offer.great.potental.for.addressng. nteroperablty.barrers.wth.the.vast.number.of . dsparate.systems.n.operaton.today..Accordng. to.Bll.Anaya,.Motorola’s.vce.presdent.of . government.relatons,.“as.opposed.to.the.new. dgtal.systems.gong.n.today.that.are.based. on.the.open.P25.standard,.many.legacy.LMR. communcatons.systems.n.use.today.are.wdely. ncompatble,.they.do.not.facltate.communcaton.wth.users.on.other.systems.under.normal. operatng.condtons..Gettng.these.dsparate. systems.to.support.nteroperablty.s.a.challenge.due.to.dfferent.operatng.frequences.and. types.of .technologes..Motorola.s.delverng.IPbased.nteroperablty.solutons.that.can.connect. users.on.any.network,.any.technology.and.any. frequency.band.for.voce.nteroperablty.”. 17 In.2005,.the.State.of .Georga.used.fundng.from.the.Law.Enforcement.Terrorst. Preventon.Program.to.procure.a.statewde. IP-based.nteroperablty.soluton.ntended.to. address.the.communcatons.challenges.faced. n.metro.Atlanta.and.other.parts.of .the.state.. The.state.awarded.a.phased.mplementaton. contract.to.Motorola.for.a.MOTOBRIDGE. IP.soluton..Today,.ths.phased.approach.to.a. regonal.system.n.metropoltan.Atlanta.s.connectng.dsparate.systems.n.leu.of .a.statewde. system..Gradual.deployment.mnmzes.the. budget.mpact.whle.makng.steady.progress. toward.the.nteroperablty.results.needed.by. frst.responders.n.the.regon.. aiding emergency personnel Hurrcane.Katrna.brought.many.challenges.for. emergency.responders..Frst.responders.had.to. contend.wth.power.outages,.fres,.floodng,.and. communcatons.ssues..Long.dstance.communcaton.was.affected.because.the.swtch.controllng.the.phone.lnes.was.located.below.sea. level;.wth.reports.of .floodng.n.the.area,.the. swtch.had.to.be.powered.down..The.floodng. made.t.extremely.dffcult.to.get.the.personnel. on.ste.to.gauge.the.extent.of .repars. Sprint Nextel.partnered.wth.the.Amercan. Red.Cross.durng.Hurrcane.Katrna.to.provde. wreless.phones.and.servce.to.enable.crtcal.communcaton.n.order.to.ensure.speedy. recovery.of .vctms.and.dstrbuton.of .supples.29.The.company.was.preparng.days.before. the.storm.ht.by.pre-postonng.resources.for. the.recovery.efforts..The.busness.contnuty. offce.referenced.ther.Lvng.Dsaster.Recovery. Plannng.and.ensured.that.all.personnel.were. avalable.and.on-ste.to.assst.durng.the.dsaster..Wthn.three.days,.the.command.post.was. up.and.runnng..The.Sprnt.Nextel.command. post.ncluded.a.mess.tent,.showers,.approxmately.40.RVs.and.a.helcopter.that.was.used. for.ntal.damage.assessments. The.company.estmated.that.damages.to.ts. network.nfrastructure.were.between.$150-200. mllon..The.nfrastructure.had.been.damaged.over.a.90,000.square.mle,.three-state. FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . . The.Reform.Insttute regon..Retal.stores.were.damaged.and.all.the. relef .for.mpacted.customers.was.very.costly.. Accordng.to.Greg.Fenell,.drector,.busness. contnuaton,.Sprnt.Nextel,.“It’s.pretty.close.to. a.worst.case.scenaro;.t.s.the.largest.escalaton. we’ve.had.n.a.long.tme..Our.wreless.and.long. dstance.networks.were.really.mpacted..The. only.thng.worse.would.be.a.major.earthquake. n.Los.Angeles.or.San.Francsco.”30 Through.all.ths.damage.to.ther.own.operatons,.ther.Sprnt.Nextel.Emergency.Response. Teams.were.drectly.nvolved.n.the.dstrbuton.of .Drect.TalkSM-enabled.moble.phones. to.emergency.responders..“Drect.Talk.s.an. off-network.walke-talke.servce.that.allows. enabled.phones.to.communcate.handset-tohandset.wthn.a.range.of .up.to.6.mles.(terran,. structures,.and.other.envronmental.factors. permttng),.completely.ndependently.of .any. wreless.network.”.They.delvered.over.20,000. phones.to.110.state,.local.and.federal.emergency.personnel.n.the.affected.areas.enablng. operable.and.nteroperable.communcatons.. They.also.deployed.fve.Satellte.Cell.Stes.OnLght.Trucks.n.the.affected.areas.to.provde. enhanced.servce.and.augment.exstng.nfrastructure.damaged.by.the.hurrcane. The.assstance.they.provded.to.the.states. also.enabled.them.to.speed.recovery.to.ther. own.operatons..Sprnt.Nextel.personnel.were. placed.n.the.Emergency.Operatons.Centers. (EOC’s).at.the.state.and.local.levels..Through. ths.partnershp.they.could.learn.frst.hand. whch.areas.power.was.beng.restored.to.and. could.rapdly.deploy.personnel.to.those.areas. to.restore.phone.servce..Because.the.Sprnt. Nextel.personnel.were.based.n.the.EOC’s,.ths. access.also.authorzed.them.to.move.quckly. through.checkponts.to.provde.servce.to.customers.and.to.provde.communcaton.stuatonal.awareness.to.local.and.state.offcals..The. partnershp.wth.the.state,.the.Amercan.Red. Cross.and.prvate.busness.served.an.essental. role.n.the.response.to.ths.dsaster..It.not.only. facltated.returned.servce.to.the.people.n.New. Orleans,.but.also.to.the.emergency.responders. and.state.authortes. 18 a Capital Idea Alcatel-Lucent.has.partnered.wth.the.Natonal. Captal.Regon.n.order.to.buld.a.wreless. broadband.network.needed.to.manage.the.many. dfferent.muncpaltes.n.the.regon..Ths.s. the.frst.wreless.network.establshed.n.the. states.for.emergency.response..Ths.Regonal. Wreless.Broadband.Network.wll.be.based. on.off-the-shelf .technology.and.wll.gve.the. polce.and.fre.fghters.access.to.send.mages. through.the.network.whch.could.nclude.blue. prnts,.maps,.and.photos.of .suspected.targets.. Motorola.also.played.a.role.n.ths.broadband. network.by.developng.the.moble.vdeo.applcaton.software.used.by.the.plot.system.to.enable. and.manage.group.vdeo.calls.among.multple. frst.responders.n.a.user-frendly.manner..These. programs.wll.provde.enhanced.capabltes.for. emergency.responders.and.gve.them.the.tools. necessary.to.protect.our.ctzens. The.Natonal.Captal.Regon.conssts.of . the.Dstrct.of .Columba.and.18.other.jursdctons.n.Vrgna.and.Maryland..The.coordnaton.of .all.these.jursdctons.requres.a. cohesve.nfrastructure.plan.for.an.effectve. nteroperable.communcaton.network..“If .we. dd.ths.separately,.we.would.end.up.wth.the. nteroperablty.problems.lke.we.have.had.n. land.moble.(rado).today,”.Robert.LeGrande,. former.nterm.chef .technology.offcer.for.the. Dstrct.of .Columba.sad..“We.all.agreed.to.do. the.same.technology.and.same.frequency.at.the. same.tme.n.a.network-of-networks.desgn..It. gves.us.seamless.roamng,.seamless.operablty.”.Ths.network-of-networks.wll.also.provde. for.a.layout.for.a.potental.natonwde.plan.for. nteroperablty. Accordng.to.the.Natonal.Governors. Assocaton,.prncples.for.a.natonwde.plan. nclude: •. An.ntegrated.system-of-systems.n.regular.use,. whch.would.allow.all.emergency.responders.to. use.and.communcate.through.data,.voce,.and. vdeo.wth.anyone.that.has.access.to.the.system. n.real.tme; •. The.burden.of .federal.nteroperablty.should. reman.n.federal.hands; C H A P T E R 4 —. Interoperablty:.The Missing Link in Emergency Response •. The.burden.of .nteroperablty.wthn.the.local,. regonal.and.trbal.agences.should.reman.n. the.state.government; •. Collaboraton.wth.neghborng.agences.n.the. plannng.and.acquston.of .communcatons. system;.and •. Grant.fundng.should.be.a.prorty.for.states. and.the.federal.government.31 Fundng.for.the.program.s.comng.from.the. Department.of .Homeland.Securty’s.Urban. Area.Securty.Intatve.grants..The.network.wll. cost.$110.mllon.under.a.fve-year.Indefnte. Delvery.Indefnte.Quantty.contract.(IDIQ).. The.beneft.of .ths.contract.allows.for.more. jursdctons.to.buy.n.at.a.later.date..“The. IDIQ.allows.for.other.ctes.to.procure.systems. off .ths.contract,.ganng.speed.and.effcency.n. the.process,”.sad.Andy.Smth,.drector.of .publc.safety.for.LGS,.an.Alcatel-Lucent.subsdary. The.challenge.for.the.captal.regon.ntatve. was.coordnatng.the.many.muncpaltes.to. agree.to.work.together.on.the.same.system.and. the.same.frequency..Ths.hurdle.was.overcome.. Once.the.system.s.up.and.runnng,.the.next. challenges.wll.nclude.prortzng.access.to.the. system,.and.communcatng.wth.other.agences. on.a.regonal.bass..Inter-agency.coordnaton. s.often.hampered.by.the.dfferent.lngo.and. nomenclature.used.by.varous.agences..Many. tmes.the.language.and.acronyms.that.are.used. n.one.agency.are.dfferent.from.another..The. federal.government.s.seekng.solutons.to.ths. problem.. The.Natonal.Informaton.Exchange.Model. (NIEM),.a.partnershp.of .the.U.S..Department. of .Justce.and.the.U.S..Department.of . Homeland.Securty,.“s.desgned.to.develop,.dssemnate,.and.support.enterprse-wde.nformaton.exchange.standards.and.processes.that.can. enable.jursdctons.to.effectvely.share.crtcal. nformaton.n.emergency.stuatons,”.accordng.to.ther.webste.32..“NIEM.supports.the. day-to-day.operatons.of .agences.throughout. the.naton,.and.seeks.to.break.down.barrers.to. nformaton.sharng.by.developng.standards.for. nformaton.sharng.between.communtes.of . nterest.at.all.levels.of .government.” Conclusion Local,.state,.and.federal.government.emergency. response.employees.deserve.to.have.access.to. technology.that.wll.enable.them.to.prepare,.prevent.and.recover.from.all.hazards.ncludng.natural.dsasters,.commercal.accdents,.and.terrorst.acton.aganst.the.Unted.States..Technology. that.n.many.cases.s.already.avalable.should. be.used.to.prevent.these.catastrophes..Where. such.an.event.cannot.be.prevented,.we.must.be. reslent.enough.to.mtgate.ts.cascadng.effects.. Our.securty.and.our.future.depend.on.our.ablty.to.learn.from.the.examples.above.... 19 FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES . . The.Reform.Insttute endnotes 1.. Loopt.Inc.,.https://loopt.com/loopt/sess/ndex.aspx.. 2.. State.Contacts.and.Grant.Award.Informaton,.The. Department.of .Homeland.Securty,..http://www.dhs. gov/xgovt/grants/. 3.. Unted.States..Cong..Senate..110th.Congress,.1st.Sesson.. S.4,.Improvng.Amerca’s.Securty.Act.of .2007,.110th. Congress...Congressonal.Blls,.GPO.Access...4.January. 2007.http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cg-bn/getdoc. cg?dbname=110_cong_blls&docd=f:h1enr.txt.pdf.. 4.. Vrtual.Alabama,.August.24,.2007,.http://www.vrtual.org/... 5.. Planet.Assocates.Inc.,.http://www.planetassoccom/.... 6.. 3n.(Natonal.Notfcaton.Network),.http:// www.3nonlne.com/company/ndex.php.. 7.. Roam.Secure,.http://www.roamsecure.net/.. 8.. MIR3.Intellgent.Notfcaton,.http://www.mr3.com/.. 9.. Moton.Computng,.http://www.motoncomputng.com/.. 10..Martn.Assocates,.“Unted.States.Port-Sector.Economc. Impacts.–.2006,”.August.2007,.http://aapa.fles.cms-plus. com/PDFs/Port%20Sector%20Economc%20Impacts% 20Chart.pdf. 11..Kean,.Thomas.H.,.Char.and.Hamlton,.Lee.H.,.VceChar..9/11.Commsson.Report..Natonal.Commsson. on.Terrorst.Organzatons...July.22,.2004..http://www.911commsson.gov/report/911Report.pdf.. 12..ZOCA,.http://www.zoca.nl/.. 13..Irdum.Satellte.LLC,.http://www.rdum.com/.. 14..General.Electrc.Global.Research,.http://www.ge.com/ research/.. 15..Unted.States.Department.of .State,.Internatonal. Informaton.Programs,.Press.Statement.on.USS.Cole. Attack..Updated.November.16,.2006..http://usnfo.state. gov/s/nternatonal_securty/terrorsm/uss_cole.html.. 16..Fay,.James,.Spills and Fires from LNG and Oil Tankers in Boston Harbor,.March.26,.2003..http://www.borderpowerplants.org/pdf_docs/boston_LNG_tanker_fre_mpact. pdf.. 17..The.Jamestown.Foundaton,.Al.Qaeda.And.Martme. Terrorsm,.Part.II,.Volume.1,.Issue.5..November.7,. 2003..http://jamestown.org/terrorsm/news/artcle. php?artcled=23400.. 18..Reynolds,.Mark,.Lloyd’s likens LNG attack to nuclear explosion: U.S. regulators don’t share the concerns of the top official at the world’s second-largest commercial insurer..The. Provdence.Journal,.September.21,.2004...http://www. projo.com/massachusetts/content/projo_20040921_ ma21lng.134600.html.. 19..Foster-Mller,.Inc..-.QnetQ.North.Amerca,.http:// www.foster-mller.com/.. 20..Unted.States.Customs.and.Border.Protecton,.ACE. Overvew.for.Truck.Carrers.–.Mandatory.Electronc. Manfests..December.12,.2006..http://www.cbp.gov/ xp/cgov/newsroom/fact_sheets/trade/ace_factsheets/ ace_overvew/ace_carrers.xml.. 21..U.S..Chemcal.Safety.and.Hazard.Investgaton.Board.. Emergency.Shutdown.Systems.for.Chlorne.Transfer... No..2005-06-I-LA..June.2007..http://www.csb.gov/. safety_publcatons/docs/CSBChlorneShutdownBulle tn.pdf.. 22..Occupatonal.Safety.and.Health.Organzaton..[Hathaway. et.al..1991;.Gosseln.1984]..OCCUPATIONAL. SAFETY.AND.HEALTH.GUIDELINE.FOR. CHLORODIPHENYL.(42%.chlorne)..http://www. osha.gov/SLTC/healthgudelnes/chlorodphenylchlorne/recognton.html. 23..Powell.Fabrcaton.and.Manufacturng.Inc.,.http://www. powellfab.com/.. 24..CSX.Transportaton,.http://www.csx.com/.. 25..CSX.Transportaton,.Press.Release,.July.17,.2007..http:// www.csx.com/?fuseacton=meda.news_detal&=49292.. 26..Natonal.Task.Force.on.Interoperablty..Safecom. Program..What.Publc.Offcals.Need.to.Know.About. Interoperablty..February.2003..http://www.safecomprogram.gov/NR/rdonlyres/4B5F0FC8-4339-407E-8AD808AEBA931068/0/When_They_Cant_Talk_Lves_are_ Lost_NTFI_Brochure.pdf.. 27..C-AT,.Communcatons-Appled.Technology,.http:// www.c-at.com/.. 28..Motorola,.http://www.motorola.com/medacenter/ news/detal.jsp?globalObjectId=4939_4227_23.. 29..Sprnt.Nextel,.http://www.sprnt.com/ndex.html.. 30..Mller,.Kevn.C..Hard Times in the Big Easy: Sprint Nextel’s Response to Hurricane Katrina,.Strohl.Systems..http://www. recoverychroncles.com/MedaPR/_fles/eNewsletter/53/SprntNextel.pdf.. 31..Trella,.Joe,.Strateges.for.States.to.Acheve.Publc. Safety.Wreless.Interoperablty,.Natonal.Governor’s. Assocaton,.November.20,.2006..http://www.nga.org/ Fles/pdf/0903INTEROP.pdf.. 32..Natonal.Informaton.Exchange.Model,..http://www. nem.gov/.. 20 The Reform Institute’s Unique, Independent Voice The Reform Institute is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) educational organization, representing a unique, independent voice working to strengthen the foundations of our democracy and build a resilient society. The Institute champions the national interest by formulating and advocating for valuable, solutions-based reforms in vital areas of public policy, including homeland and national security, energy independence and climate stewardship, economic opportunity, immigration policy, and government and election reform. The Institute is committed to advancing a solutions-based reform agenda. Resolving the most intractable problems confronting our society will require fundamental reform at the core of our democratic system. As a nonpartisan public policy organization, the Institute conducts objective research and analysis on critical issues and promotes reforms that restore Americans’ faith in government and the political process. The Institute was founded in 2001 by a group of people knowledgeable about campaigns and elections who were deeply disillusioned with corrupt fundraising activities and the political “closed shop.” The initial bipartisan Honorary Chairs of the Advisory Committee were Senator John McCain (R-AZ) and former Senator Bob Kerrey (D-NE). In recent years, the Institute has expanded its work to critical issues that reveal the need for significant reform of the political process and demand bipartisan leadership. The Institute is a unique, independent voice in the constellation of nonprofit organizations. The Institute brings together a broad base of reformers from all ideological spectrums, including business leaders, policy experts, and retired and current elected officials and, most importantly, average Americans who are tired of politics as usual. The Institute’s distinctive network is reflected in the members of our Advisory Committee—a bipartisan group of notable academics, legal experts, election administrators, and public officials. This includes the Honorable Ralph Munro (Former Secretary of State, Washington State), Tami Buhr (Harvard University), Marion Just (Wellesley College), Norm Ornstein (American Enterprise Institute), Tom Mann (Brookings Institution), Anthony Corrado (Colby College), U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), David Pottruck (former CEO, Charles Schwab), and former U.S. Senators David Boren (D-OK) and Bob Kerrey (D-NE). These and other members have joined forces to carry forward the reform agenda from a centrist vantage point. The Reform Institute’s Board of Directors is comprised of former Congressman Charles Bass (R-NH), Charles Kolb (Committee for Economic Development), and Pam Pryor (Convoy of Hope). In addition, Daniel Ortiz of the University of Virginia’s School of Law serves as Legal Advisor and Cecilia Martinez is the Executive Director. The Reform Institute 300 North Washington Street, Suite 600 Alexandria, VA 22314 Tel (703) 535-6897  Fax (866) 863-5510 www.reforminstitute.org