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Chest Pain

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Chest Pain Wei-Sheng Chung, MD, MS Vice-superintendant, Potzh General Hospital Etiology (I) Acute ischemic coronary syndrome Acute pericarditis Aortic dissection Valvular disease • Pulmonary Pulmonary embolus Pneumothorax Pleurisy pneumonia Cardiac/ vascular Etiology (II) Esophageal reflux Esophageal perforation Biliary colic Esophageal rupture Peptic ulcer disease/ gastritis Gastrointestinal •Other Musculoskeletal Herpes zoster psychogenic Acute ischemic coronary syndrome Symptoms/ signs Squeezing chest pain Radiating to arm/jaw Diaphoresis Nausea/vomiting Tachycardia or bradycardia Shortness of breath Signs of CHF Diagnosis/Treatment History ECG and Cardiac monitor Cardiac enzyme (CPK-MB, LDH, GOT; troponin I) Intravenous access Oxygen Pain control (nitrate, morphine) Catheterization, PTCA, or thrombolytic therapy Acute pericarditis Substernal pain, worsening with inspiration Increased with recumbency Relieved by leaning forward Anorexia Fever Pericardial friction rub Cardiac tamponade signs Symptoms/Signs  Elevated jugular venous pressure  Hypotension  Tachycardia  Paradoxical puls Etiology(I) Idiopathic origin Viral infection Coxsackievirus A and B Echoviruses Adenoviruses HIV Bacterial and purulent infections Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Anaerobic bacteria Gram-negative species Etiology (II) Fungal infection Histoplasma capsulatum Aspergillus species Mycobacterial infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rickettsial infection Parasitic infection Irradiation Trauma or surgery Postpericardiotomy syndrome Etiology (III) Drugs Procainamide HCl Hydralazine HCl (Apresoline) Isoniazid (Nydrazid) Phenytoin (Dilantin) Metabolic disorders Hypothyroidism Uremia (dialysis-related) Vasculitis Neoplasms Myocardial infarction Etiology (IV) Connective tissue disease Systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid arthritis Sarcoidosis Scleroderma Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Amyloid Aortic dissection Influenza virus vaccine (FluMist, Fluvirin, Fluzone) Diagnosis/ treatment ECG CRP, ESR Cardiac enzyme (CPK-MB; troponin I) Echocardiogram Pericardiocentesis Directly toward the underlying disease NSAID (aspirin, indomethacin, naproxin) Aortic dissection Aortic dissection Symptoms/ Signs Severe chest pain with radiating to back Paraplegia Cold legs (compromised perfusion) Differential blood pressure Decreased absent pulses Neurologic deficit Evidence of pleural effusion Evidence of pericardiac tamponade Diagnosis/ treatment Chest X-ray Chest CT scan Angiography MRI Type A: surgical intervention Type B: medical intervention unless o Occlusion of major vessel o leaking Prognosis Acutely - mortality ?75 – 80% ! Pulmonary embolus Symptoms/ Signs Sudden onset of chest pain Dyspnea Hypoxemia Diagnosis Electrocardiography Chest X-ray Blood-gas analysis Plasma D-dimer level Lung scintigraphy Pulmonary angiography Spiral CT Echocardiography Treatment  Low-molecular-weight heparin  aPTT 1.5-2.5 control  Oral anticoagulant treatment should be initiated during Thrombolytic therapy Anticoagulant therapy the first 3 days with an overlap with heparin treatments for at least 4 to 5 days. Heparins could be discontinued when the international normalized ratio (INR) has been therapeutic (range 2.0 to 3.0) for 2 consecutive days.  Patients with a first episode of pulmonary embolism should be treated for at least 3 months if they have a reversible risk factor and for at least 6 months is they have idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Pneumothorax Symptoms/ Signs Chest pain Relative dyspnea hypoxia Diagnosis/ Treatment Chest X-ray Chest CT  1.25% absorbed spontaneously a day  100% O2 increases this 4-6 fold  Fine needle aspiration  If leak persists beyond 7 days o suspect bronchopleural fistula o usually requires surgery o or pleurodesis may have a role Pneumonia Pleurisy Esophageal perforation Symptoms/ Signs Chest pain Dyspnea Hypoxia Fever Sepsis signs Diagnosis/ treatment Chest X-ray Chest CT Tube Thoracotomy Thank You for Your Attention !!
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