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Carpal Instability

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Carpal Instability Chris Oliver FRCS (Orth) DM Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh http://www.orthopaedic.ed.ac.uk c.w.oliver@ed.ac.uk Definition Carpal Instability ? carpal injury where loss of normal alignment of the carpal bones develops “inability to bear physiological load” with an associated loss of normal carpal alignment carpal dysfunction Key Issue ~ Carpal Instability “instability” versus “malalignment” Key Issue ~ Carpal Instability static versus dynamic kinetic versus kinematic Epidemiology Carpal Instability 10% of all carpal injuries result in instability Aetiology ~ Carpal Instability variable congenital trauma after “sprain” fracture+/- dislocation end stage of mal or non-union rheumatoid arthritis neoplastic Pathomechanics Carpal Instability intercalated segment lunate is in state of dynamic balance scaphoid induced to flex under compressive load and induces flexion force on lunate triquetral inherently prefers to extend and induces extension force on lunate dynamic balance interrupted, lunate follows unbalanced force Instability Patterns Classification Complex Amadio (1991) dissociative carpal Instability CID non-dissociative instability CIND complex carpal instability CIC adaptive carpal instability CIA Groups CID carpal instability dissociative Instability due to loss of linkage between individual carpal bones bones of same row short ligaments Includes DISI and VISI Unstable scaphoid non-union Proximal CID DISI pattern of carpal malalignment volar wedge shaped graft Groups CIND nondissociative carpal instability dysfunction between rows longer ligaments instability at radiocarpal or midcarpal joints Groups CIC carpal instability complex CID & CIND perilunate dislocation instabilities not otherwise classifiable Groups CIA adaptive carpal instability instability not in wrist malunited wrist # Treatment of Carpal Instability no single treatment (Larsen 1995) chronicity constancy aetiology location direction pattern Proximal Dissociative Carpal Instability unstable scaphoid non-union scapholunate dissociation lunotriquetral dissociation Unstable Scaphoid Malunion proximal scaphoid # follows unconstrained lunate and triquetrum and rotates into extension DISI zigzag radiolunatocapitate alignment treat the scaphoid fracture Most common Scapholunate Instability complete disruption of SL ligament scaphoid rotates around the radiocapitate ligaments repair dorsal portion of SL interosseous membrane stabilise with K wires two months Chronic SL instability degenerative changes midcarpal fusion with resection of scaphoid SLAC procedure Intermediate SL dissociation no degenerative changes fusion scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid fuse midcarpal joint arthroscopic repair Lunotriquetral dissociation dissociative VISI loss of ulnar support from triquetral lunate flexes palmar flexion of lunate less common acute repair late lunotriquetral arthrodesis Dissociative Distal Carpal Instability CID very rare rupture of transverse ligaments, distal row axial radial, axial ulnar, axial-radial-ulnar repair/fuse Non-dissociative radiocarpal instability dorsally malunion of distal radius not a true carpal instability adaptive corrective osteotomy Other Carpal Instabilities midcarpal non-dissociative instability soft tissue reconstructions combined radiocarpal and midcarpal CLIP capito-lunate carpal instability complex failed treatment for perilunate dislocation Reference The treatment of wrist instability ICL - JBJS(b) ~ July 97 Garcia-Elias 684-690 End

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