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The Story of the “Capsunari”-
Romanian Migrants on
Labour Market in Spain
“Migration and Social Policies in Europe”
June 8th -10th 2006
Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Migration, labour market and employment policies
Ana Bleahu
Institute for Quality of Life,
Romanian Academy of Sciences
The research is focused on the study of
Romanian imigrants on the labour market in
Spain and comprise:
1. Methodology and sources of data
2. Romanians on official labour market
3. Formal and informal strategies of recruitment
and integration on labor market
4. Conclusions
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
I. Methodology and sources of data
The research is based on:
Qualitative data:
interviews with Romanians with temporary work contract in Spain (2006)
interviews with Romanian migrants, residents in Catalonia (2003)
interviews with Romanian authorities (2005, 2006)
Official statistics:
For the period 1996 – 2004 - Anuario Estadistico de Extranjeria 1996, 1997, 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
For the year 2005:
Informes Estatisticos: Extranjeros con tarjeta o autorización de residencia en
vigor a 31 de diciembre de 2005
Boletín Estadístico de Extranjería e Inmigración
For the year 2006:
Informes Estatisticos: Extranjeros con tarjeta o autorización de residencia en
vigor a 31 de martie de 2006
Boletín Estadístico de Extranjería e Inmigración
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
II. Romanian immigrants
in Spain:
There are three kinds of status of Romanian
immigrants in Spain:
1) Legal immigrants (with Spanish citizenship, with
residentship and permit of work)
2) Legal immigrants with temporary work
contracts:
- intermediate by Romanian government based on bilateral
agreements between Romania and Spain
- intermediate by private companies
3) Illegal immigrants
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
About legal immigrants: programs for
regularization of immigrants in Spain:
Year of program Number Applied Number Approval Type of permit
and legislation Regularized rate offered
1985 - Law on the 44,000 23,000 52% One-year renewable
Rights and residence and work
Freedoms of permit
Foreigners
1991 135,393 109,135 81% Three-year residence
1996 - Royal Decree 25,000 21,300 85% Five-year residence
2000 - Immigration 247,598 153,463 62% One-year temporary
Law residence/work
2001 350,000 221,083 63% One-year temporary
residence
2005* Decree 690,679 - - A one-year renewable
2393/2004 work and residence
permit
Source of data: Levinson, 2005,
*Source of data: Arango, 2005
The Immigration Law (2000) marked the transition from policies focused on controlling immigration
flows (política de extranjería) to policies that looked more broadly at immigration and integration
(política de immigración).
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
How they arrived in Spain?
Migration strategies of Romanians in Spain:
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Asking for asylum
Illegal Romanian border crossing
(with or without paying a guide)
Buying Shengen visa (for Germany
and France)
Having turist accommodation
in Spain
Having legal seasonal contracts for
work in Spain (intermediate by a
Romanian company)
Legally crossing the Romanian border
(3 month in Romania, 3 abroad)
Having legal seasonal contracts for
work in Spain (based on bilateral
agreements)
Asking for 3 months visa for finding a
job in Spain
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Legal Romanian immigrants: with
citizenship :
Romanians with Spanish citizenship
188
112
88
53
38 39 37 40
21
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
The main reasons for receiving Spanish citizenship are : 78 persons leave in
Spain more then 10 years, 39 persons have one Spanish parent, 67 persons are
married with Spanish partner.
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Romanian solicitants for Asylum:
Romanian solicitants for Asylum
1,515
1,478
1,453
1,251
1,066
1,033
891
869
813
456
344
235
221
131
121
22
31
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
NUMBER OF SOLICITANTS
“Por nacionalidades, los mayores solicitantes son los rumanos de etnia gitana,
que alegan ser perseguidos por ser de esta minoría nacional.” Anuario
Estadistico de Extranjeria 1997 (p. 39)
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
How many are they?
Number of Romanians with residentship and
with permit of work between 1996 and 2005
192134
2005 126298
83372
2004 63926
54688
2003 46251
33705
2002 39373
24856
2001 18626
10983
2000 4012
4423
1999 3048
3013
1998 2414
1989
1997 1459
1386
1996 1078
w ith permit f or w ork residents
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Who are they?
Some characteristics of legal Romanian
immigrants:
Romanian residents by sex
2006 115668
90257
2005 107596
84538
2004 49102
34270
2003 33,873
20,798
2002 21502
12178
2001 16081
8728
2000 6920
4012
1998 1918
1495
1997 1291
979
women men
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Who are they?
Some characteristics of legal Romanian
immigrants:
Romanians immigrants by group of age
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
0-15 years 16-64 years Up 65 years
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Where are they leaving in Spain?
Spatial distribution of Romanians:
Distribution of Romanians in different regions of Spain
TA N
V A
M IA
A
ID
A
IA
JA
AL IAS
EM NA
S
L L HA
ST N
A
LA O
S
R
I
O
AL LUÑ
A
R
O
C
C
R
E
C
SC
IO
U
LA RI
E
IA
C
R
AR
R
G
LI
D
R
LU
D
-L
R
N
U
EA
U
XT NC
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
R
M
V
N
G
M
A
D
A
E
A CA
A
S
N
A
N
C
AI
TI
B
R
A
P
S
.V
T-
A
M
S
E
C
O
C
C
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
High Romanians concentration and visibility:
in Cast-La Mancha 35% from total immigrants workers are Romanians workers, in
Aragon 31% and La Rioja 23%
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Dynamics of the number of
Romanian workers at regional level:
LA RIOJA
PAIS VASCO
NAVARRA
MURCIA
MADRID
GALICIA
EXTREMADURA
COM.VALENCIANA
CATALUÑA
CASTILLA-LEON
CAST-LA MANCHA
CANARIAS
BALEARES
ASTURIAS
ARAGON
ANDALUCIA
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Types of work contracts:
Types and number of contracts of Romanian workers
2004 - men 1705 31062 79
2004-women 3455 8620 170
2004 5160 39682 249
2003 3492 28863 171
2002 6867 54335 441
Jornada parcial Jornada completa Fijos discontinuos
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
How they work?
Duration of the contracts :
Period of contract for work of Romanian workers
9888
Indef inite
6570
57208
Non determination
30588
199
0.185073239
3840
6 months-1 year
2102
10297
3-6 months
8463
14219
1-3 months
11011
5064
2 w eeks – 1 month
3023
6810
less 15 days
2446 2002 2004
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
How they work?
Types of companies:
Types of companies where are involved
Romanians workers (2004)
59388
14612 15023
2133 3491
8
betw een 1 and 25 betw een 26 and 50 betw een 51 and betw een 101 and betw een 500 and up to 1000
100 500 1000
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Romanian workers on sector
of activities:
Number of Romanians immigrants on sector of activities Proportion of Romanian immigrants on sector of activities
2005 2005
2004 2004
2002 2002
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
AGRICULTURA CONSTRUCCIÓN INDUSTRIA SERVICIOS AGRICULTURA CONSTRUCCIÓN INDUSTRIA SERVICIOS
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Level of education of
Romanian Workers:
Level of education of Year % Number What
of age
Romanian workers - 2004 persons have
who they in
abandon 2004
the (possib
Post secondary school 996 primary le
school migran
ts)
Technical university 363
89/90 2.4 68 30
Secondary school 70978 90/91 1.8 48 29
91/92 1.3 34 28
Vocational school 2026 92/93 1.5 62 27
93/94 0.6 17 25
Unfinished primary 94/95 0.7 27 24
17232
school Total 286
Alliterate 16040 Source: Romanian National Institute
for Statistics
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Official demand for Romanian
workers:
Demand for Romanian workers
2004
2003
2002
2001
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Official demand for immigrant
workers:
Demand for immigrant workers
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004
Demand for Romanian workers Demand for other immigrant workers
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
3. Mechanisms of recruitment of
Romanian immigrant workers in Spain:
Legal and official recruitment:
based on Legal Agreement between Romania and Spain
direct recruitment (Spanish companies – Romanians
workers)
Forced illegal recruitment: traffic of women and children
Informal recruitment:
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
3.1. Official recruitment:
Total direct contracts
Total Romanians for Total contracts Total contracts (nominal contracts
temporary work intermediated by the intermediated by intermediate thru
abroad Romanian state private companies consulate or embassy)
2004 80325 55901 4620 -
2005 105000 94774 11000 51000
Regarding temporary migration in Spain:
From the total number of contracts intermediated by the National Office for Work Migration
between 2002 and 2004 :
34.142 of Romanians temporary contracts
only 5% of this contracts are for men
55% of this women are between 26 and 35 years,
30% are between 36 and 45;
the majority came from South of Romania (Muntenia and Oltenia)
the database comprises 64.000 Romanians interested in working in
Spain: 27% graduated secondary school, 70% medium education, 3%
high education
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Costs for an official contract for
temporary work:
• Is based on Official Agreement between
Romania and Spain
• Presume a fix costs:
Total costs (Passport, a proof for using passport,
transport in Romania, medical certificate, photo and
Xerox copy, translation, taxes for visa, transport for
Spain ) are between 1100 – 1500 RON between 400
and 500 EURO.
Social insurances for Spanish state 68,83 EURO
Costs for living in Spain 77 EURO
Usual contract: 770 EURO per month
Benefit for a migrant after a month of work is around
150 EURO
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
There are some irregularities in the
process of legal recruitment:
• There are a lot of intermediary companies in Romania (it
could be the transport companies)
• There are intermediary persons who work for Spanish
companies in Spain and Romania (leaders of
Romanians groups of workers)
• There are some “hidden costs”
• The legal contracts are not translated into Romanian
language
• There are not clear criteria for selection of persons in
Romania
• There are a lot of unfriendly administrative practices:
“during 2005, 1007 files for nominal contracts for Romanias were
lost” (Source: Cotidianul, Romanian newspaper)
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
3.2. Illegal recruitment, traffic for work:
At the Romanian border there were recorded 27 cases of people smuggling, 61 people
smugglers and 205 victims.
From these totals, Spain was the country of destination in the following cases:
• Cases of women traffic related to prostitution: 9 networks
• Cases of people smuggling: 17 networks of illegal migration, 24 guides
• Cases of traffic for work: 3 networks, 150 persons
• Cases of traffic of beggars: 1 network
Spain is the main destination country for traffic of work: 150 persons (source: Report
of Custom Police, 19.05.2006)
“MADRID, May 24, 2006 (AFP) - More than 60,000 Romanians and Bulgarians have
been smuggled into Spain via France by trafficking networks in the first four months of
this year” (source: The La Razon, newspaper)
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
3.3. Informal recruitment:
“Kamikaze method” - in the first 3 months of this
year 4950 Romanians were rejected at different
European borders from a total of 1.650.000 (Source:
Report of Diplomatic Missions of Romania)
“women first”
“how is your luck”, - the migrants approach a
Spanish person on the street or in shops, start
a spontaneous dialog asking for something to
work
through religious brotherhood from Spain
thru personal network
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Informal recruitment thru
personal networks:
The main roles of the networks migration were:
to inform people from Romania about the migration strategies.
People from Germany and France which became the first “station” in
the way of the Romanian migrants to Spain (especially Romanian
but even German people originated from Transylvania).
to support with money and advices the newcomers
to assure the newcomers places for living and introduced them to
official or informal labor market.
See case study!
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
A case study: a network of migration
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
The dynamics of the role of
the migrants’ networks:
Before 2002 After 2002
• informal network for informal network for
support the support the
Romanian migrants Romanian migrants
played an tend to demise
important role itself
• mafia structure • mafia structure tends
tended to exploit a to exploit the work of
target group: women common
thru traffic of circulatory
women migrants
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Conclusions:
during 1990-2002 the illegal migration of Romanians to Spain
was sustained by informal transnational networks
the legal and illegal migrants from France, Germany, Austria
and Italia became the most important networks points of
support
before 2002 the networks was certain openness towards
people belonging to the origin community, after 2002 the
networks became more restrictive this relationship started to
grow cold and the contacts become less often.
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Conclusions:
In the beginning of After a while
migration Then they begin to
A job in Spain is not use the new society
perceived as low they now live in as a
status, no matter what standard, the links
kind of job it is, because with home
the migrant does not see community weaken
himself as being a part and the frustrations
of the receiving society. of integration
Rather he sees himself begin and they start
as a member of his to feel
home community. discrimination, and
xenophobic attitudes
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
Conclusions:
Most of the migrants started as
circulatory or seasonal migrants in
search for work. During time they reject
the whole mechanism in their sending
countries, they choose to settle in the
receiving countries and to “to live in the
easiest way” and became themselves
legalized migrants.
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
“For me Spain is the country
that has given me a real chance to live”
(Romanian migrant, man, age 31)
“A lot of people think that your country is the
country where you feel better.
So my country is Spain”
(Romanian migrant, women, age 30,
researcher in Romania, housekeeper in Spain)
Ana Bleahu
a_bleahu@yahoo.com
Institute for Quality of Life,
Romanian Academy, Bucharest
15.06.2010 Ana Bleahu - Institute for Quality of Life - Romanian Academy
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