Food Security and Nutrition in the Developing World

IFPRI Food Security and Nutrition in the Developing World Trends, Policies, and Strategies IFPRI INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Objectives IFPRI  Overview of food security in the developing world  Overview of nutritional status in the developing world  Overview of micronutrient malnutrition  Causes of food insecurity and malnutrition  What needs to be done to reduce malnutrition? Page 2 Poverty, Food Security, and Nutrition IFPRI School Achievement Cognitive ability Productivity Work Capacity Nutrition Poverty Health Food Insecurity Page 3 Source: Rafael Flores, IFPRI 2001 Food Insecurity in the Developing World IFPRI 402 081 751 461 051 002 052 001 35 33 05 0 ai sA r eh tO aci r fA h t roN ci ficaP dna ra eN dna t saE CA L ASS anihC aidnI snoilliM Page 4 Source: FAO State of Food Insecurity in the World, 1999 Food Insecurity in the Developing World IFPRI OAP 20% India 25% LAC 7% NENA 4% SSA 23% China 21% Page 5 Source: FAO State of Food Insecurity in the World, 1999 Summary IFPRI People who live on less than US$1 a day: 1.2 billion People to feed in developing countries: 4.5 billion People who are food insecure: 800 million Page 6 The Vast Majority of Malnutrition is in Asia IFPRI Newborns with low birth-weight at term 52 0.647 0.597 0.962 % 02 51 01 5 0 acirfA nretse W acirfA elddiM aisA lartneC htuoS aisA ES 8.062 millions Page 7 Source: UN-ACC-SCN-IFPRI-4 Report on World Nutrition Situation Prevalence and Numbers of Stunted Preschool Children, 2000 IFPRI 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % numbers Eastern Africa Central America Western Africa South America Northern Africa South-East Asia South Central Asia LAC Page 8 Source: UN-ACC-SCN-IFPRI-4 Report on World Nutrition Situation Prevalence and Numbers of Underweight Preschool Children, 2000 IFPRI 50 numbers 40 30 20 10 0 Eastern Africa Central America Western Africa South America Northern Africa South-East Asia South Central Asia LAC Page 9 % Source: UN-ACC-SCN-IFPRI-4 Report on World Nutrition Situation Prevalence and Numbers of Wasted Preschool Children, 2000 IFPRI 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 numbers % Eastern Africa Central America Western Africa South America Northern Africa South-East Asia South Central Asia LAC Page 10 Source: UN-ACC-SCN-IFPRI-4 Report on World Nutrition Situation Double Burden: Proportion of Households with Both Underweight and Overweight Members IFPRI 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 14.7 9.8 8.1 3.1 Vietnam China Indonesia Kyrgyz Republic Source: Popkin, Horton and Kim 2000 Page 11 Summary of Nutritional Status in Developing Countries IFPRI  11 % of children are born with low birth weight 20% in SC Asia  165 million children under 5 are stunted 72 million in SC Asia  138 million children under 5 are underweight 73 million in SC Asia  50 million children under 5 are wasted 37 million in SC Asia Double burden of malnutrition is increasing in Asia Page 12 Micronutrient Malnutrition: Anemia in Pregnant Women IFPRI 08 07 % 06 05 04 03 02 01 0 acirfA tsaE acirfA tse W aisA lartneC htuoS eporuE nretsaE ainaecO Page 13 Source: UN-ACC-SCN-IFPRI-4 Report on World Nutrition Situation Micronutrient Malnutrition: Iodine Deficiency Disorders IFPRI 53 03 130 124 % 52 02 51 01 5 0 152 172 acirfA aisA tsaE htuoS naenarretideM nretsaE eporuE millions Page 14 Source: UN-ACC-SCN-IFPRI-4 Report on World Nutrition Situation Micronutrient Malnutrition: Calcium Deficiency in Bangladesh IFPRI Page 15 Extent Micronutrient Malnutrition IFPRI  2 billion suffer from anemia; 50% of pregnant women in Asia  2 billion suffer from zinc deficiency  2 billion suffer from iron deficiency  250 million children are vitamin A deficient Page 16 Consequences of Micronutrient Malnutrition IFPRI  Consequences • • • • • Higher mortality Higher morbidity Lower cognitive ability Lower work productivity Impaired reproduction Page 17 Child Malnutrition Rates by Region: Percent of Underweight Children Under-five Years Old IFPRI Region 1970 1995 Total Change -23 -4 -17 -6 -11 -15 South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia Near East/North Africa Latin Am/Caribbean All regions 72 35 40 21 21 46 49 31 23 15 10 31 Page 18 Change in % of Underweight Children Under Five Years Old (1970-95) IFPRI 50 45 40 35 30 25 1970 1975 1980 1985 -15 percentage points 1990 1995 Page 19 What are the Causes of Malnutrition? IFPRI Two Views Economists •Slow GDP growth •Low incomes Nutritionists enough calories or protein • Poor nutrition knowledge • Micronutrient deficiencies • Infections Page 20 •Not UNICEF Conceptual Framework IFPRI Women’s Education & Status Food Security Dietary Intakes Care for Mothers and Children Health Status Health Environment & Services Child Nutritional Status Page 21 Net Per Capita Agricultural Production IFPRI Index (1989 –91 = 100) 120 110 100 90 80 70 Sub-Saharan Africa Low-income countries South Asia 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Page 22 1995 Inorganic Fertilizer Application Rates IFPRI Fertilizer Application Rate (kg NPK / ha) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1961 Tropical LAC 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Tropical SSA Tropical SA Tropical SEAsia Page 23 Dietary Quality and Micronutrients IFPRI  Micronutrient malnutrition is a major public health problem.  What food policies and programs can be implemented to ensure improved dietary quality?  Can staple food crops be developed that are high in micronutrient content? Page 24 Real Prices of Coarse Rice, Bangladesh 1977-98 IFPRI 25 20 1998 Tk/kg 15 10 5 1979/80 1991/92 1995/96 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 1983/84 1984/85 1985/86 1986/87 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1996/97 1997/98 0 Real Rice Price (CPI defl.) 1987/88 Real Rice Price (non-food CPI def.) Page 25 Source:Ahmed et al, Out of the Shadow of Famine, Johns Hopkins Press, 2000 Indices of Real Prices of Selected Foods for Bangladesh IFPRI Year Rice Paddy 1.00 0.75 0.74 0.76 0.72 0.71 0.60 0.59 Wheat 1.00 0.63 0.60 0.69 0.60 0.61 0.55 0.57 Sorghum 1.00 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.61 Page 26 1973-75 1976-78 1979-81 1982-84 1985-87 1988-90 1991-93 1994-96 Indices of Real Prices of Selected Foods for Bangladesh IFPRI Year Spinach Tomatoes Pumpkin Onions 1.00 1.04 0.81 0.67 0.94 1.30 1.10 1.23 1.00 1.02 1.20 1.23 1.82 3.13 2.18 2.68 1.00 0.90 0.81 1.23 1.12 1.51 1.71 1.96 1.00 0.87 1.36 0.95 1.13 1.25 1.46 1.32 1973-75 1976-78 1979-81 1982-84 1985-87 1988-90 1991-93 1994-96 Page 27 Indices of Real Prices of Selected Foods for Bangladesh IFPRI Year Ruhi Fish 1.00 1.33 1.41 1.44 1.86 1.93 2.21 2.27 Hilsa Fish 1.00 1.35 1.39 1.15 1.38 1.41 1.54 1.60 1973-75 1976-78 1979-81 1982-84 1985-87 1988-90 1991-93 1994-96 Page 28 Estimated Contribution of Major Determinants to Reductions in Child Malnutrition, 1970–95 IFPRI Health environment 19.3% Food availability 26.1% Women's status 11.6% Women's education 43.0% Source: Smith and Haddad (1999) Note: Malnourished children refers to underweight children Page 29 Women with more education have: IFPRI Greater capacity to process information  Greater capacity to acquire skills  More stimulating interactions with children  Greater knowledge of nutrition … all of which are important to the quality of child care and food security Page 30 Direct actions to reduce malnutrition IFPRI Better nutrition for pregnant women  Targeted nutrition program (school feeding programs) Preventing and treating micronutrient deficiency diseases Preventing diet related chronic diseases Page 31 Indirect actions to reduce malnutrition IFPRI  Improving women status (girls education)  Focus agricultural research on dietary quality  Improving water, sanitation and health service delivery Improving technology and legislation for micronutrient fortification Food price policy for increasing the quality and quantity of food Page 32 Conclusions IFPRI  Good nutrition is both a development and ethical imperative  Human capital is the most precious asset in a rapidly globalizing world Reducing food insecurity and malnutrition is the first and most important step towards increasing quality of human capital Page 33